1
|
Kang X, Gao W, Cui B, El-Aty AMA. Structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124315. [PMID: 37023877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) endosperm. Sorghum is an important cereal crop that is well suited to grow in regions with high temperatures and limited water resources due to its C4 metabolism. The endosperm of sorghum kernels is a rich source of starch, which is composed of two main components: amylose and amylopectin. The synthesis of starch in sorghum endosperm involves multiple enzymatic reactions, which are regulated by complex genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has identified several genes involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in sorghum endosperm. In addition, the structure and properties of sorghum starch can also be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, water availability, and soil nutrients. A better understanding of the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm can have important implications for the development of sorghum-based products with improved quality and nutritional value. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the structure and genetic regulation of starch formation in sorghum endosperm and highlights the potential for future research to further improve our understanding of this important process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertoft E, Andtfolk C, Kulp SE. EFFECT OF pH, TEMPERATURE, AND CALCIUM IONS ON BARLEY MALT α-AMYLASE ISOENZYMES. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1984.tb04278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
3
|
Allison MJ, Ellis RP, Swanston JS. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF α-AMYLASE AND PHOSPHORYLASE IN DEVELOPING BARLEY GRAIN. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1974.tb06800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
4
|
Yu Y, Mu HH, Mu-Forster C, Wasserman BP. Polypeptides of the maize amyloplast stroma. Stromal localization of starch-biosynthetic enzymes and identification of an 81-kilodalton amyloplast stromal heat-shock cognate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:1451-1460. [PMID: 9536063 PMCID: PMC35053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.4.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1997] [Accepted: 12/03/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the developing endosperm of monocotyledonous plants, starch granules are synthesized and deposited within the amyloplast. A soluble stromal fraction was isolated from amyloplasts of immature maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm and analyzed for enzyme activities and polypeptide content. Specific activities of starch synthase and starch-branching enzyme (SBE), but not the cytosolic marker alcohol dehydrogenase, were strongly enhanced in soluble amyloplast stromal fractions relative to soluble extracts obtained from homogenized kernels or endosperms. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that starch synthase I, SBEIIb, and sugary1, the putative starch-debranching enzyme, were each highly enriched in the amyloplast stroma, providing direct evidence for the localization of starch-biosynthetic enzymes within this compartment. Analysis of maize mutants shows the deficiency of the 85-kD SBEIIb polypeptide in the stroma of amylose extender cultivars and that the dull mutant lacks a >220-kD stromal polypeptide. The stromal fraction is distinguished by differential enrichment of a characteristic group of previously undocumented polypeptides. N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that an abundant 81-kD stromal polypeptide is a member of the Hsp70 family of stress-related proteins. Moreover, the 81-kD stromal polypeptide is strongly recognized by antibodies specific for an Hsp70 of the chloroplast stroma. These findings are discussed in light of implications for the correct folding and assembly of soluble, partially soluble, and granule-bound starch-biosynthetic enzymes during import into the amyloplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Food Science, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Praznik W, Rammesmayer G, Spies T, Huber A. Characterisation of the (1→4)-α-d-glucan-branching 6-glycosyltransferase by in vitro synthesis of branched starch polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)85069-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Krisman CR, Blumenfeld ML. A method for the direct measurement of glycogen synthase activity on gels after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1986; 154:409-13. [PMID: 2425655 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A method for the detection of glycogen synthase activity after nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. After the electrophoretical run, the gels were incubated in situ with UDP-glucose and glycogen. Labeled or unlabeled UDP-glucose could be used, since similar activity patterns were obtained by autoradiography or iodine staining of the gels. The method here described offers several advantages in terms of speed, sensitivity, and economy when compared with other procedures.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baba T, Arai Y, Amano E, Itoh T. Role of the Recessive Amylose-extender Allele in Starch Biosynthesis of Maize. STARCH-STARKE 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19810330304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Kombrink E, Wöber G. Identification and subcellular localization of starch-metabolizing enzymes in the green alga Dunaliella marina. PLANTA 1980; 149:130-137. [PMID: 24306243 DOI: 10.1007/bf00380873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1979] [Accepted: 01/27/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of starch synthesis and degradation were identified in crude extracts of the unicellular green alga Dunaliella marina (Volvocales). By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific staining for enzyme activities, 4 multiple forms of starch synthase, 2 amylases, and at least 2 forms of α-glucan phosphorylase were visible. Using specific α-glucans incorporated into the gel before electrophoresis we have tentatively correlated α-amylase and β-amylase with both hydrolytic activities. The activities of α-glucan phosphorylase and amylase(s) were measured quantitatively in crude extracts, and the concomitant action of α-glucan phosphorylase and amylase(s) was found to account for the fastest rate of starch mobilization observed in vivo. Isolated chloroplasts retained both typical plastid marker enzymes and ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, amylase(s), and α-glucan phosphorylase to a similar percentage. Gel electrophoretic analysis followed by staining for enzyme activity of a stromal fraction resulted in a pattern of multiple forms of starch-metabolizing enzymes analogous to that found in a crude extract. We interpret the combined data as indicating the exclusive location in vivo of starch-metabolizing enzymes in chloroplasts of D. marina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kombrink
- Fachbereich Chemie (Biochemie) der Philipps-Universität, Lahnberge, D-3550, Marburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The free sugar fraction of normal and amylose-related mutants of maize has been studied. The mutant waxy, characterized by a starch deprived of amylose, does not differ from the normal maize so far as free sugars are concerned. We report, however, the presence of maltose in waxy extracts, a disaccharide otherwise supposed to be absent in this genotype. Three high-amylose mutants (amylose extender, dull, and sugary-2) can be differentiated on the basis of the content of free sugars: dull and sugary-2 enhance amylose synthesis without inducing the presence of starch amylolytic products, while amylose extender accumulates a large quantity of maltose and maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization between 3 and 8. In developing endosperm of amylose extender an abnormal amylolytic activity may be responsible for the observed abnormalities in free sugars and starch characteristics.
Collapse
|
12
|
The requirement for a primer in the in vitro synthesis of polysaccharide by sweet-corn (1 → 4)-α-d-glucan syntrase. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Hawker JS, Ozbun JL, Ozaki H, Greenberg E, Preiss J. Interaction of spinach leaf adenosine diphosphate glucose alpha-1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyl transferase and alpha-1,4-glucan, alpha-1,4-glucan-6-glycosyl transferase in synthesis of branched alpha-glucan. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 160:530-51. [PMID: 4208773 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|