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Payne CM, Knott BC, Mayes HB, Hansson H, Himmel ME, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Fungal Cellulases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1308-448. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Payne
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Computational
Sciences, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brandon C. Knott
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Mixtures of thermostable enzymes show high performance in biomass saccharification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1038-56. [PMID: 24752938 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimal enzyme mixtures of six Trichoderma reesei enzymes and five thermostable enzyme components were developed for the hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw, alkaline oxidised sugar cane bagasse and steam-exploded bagasse by statistically designed experiments. Preliminary studies to narrow down the optimization parameters showed that a cellobiohydrolase/endoglucanase (CBH/EG) ratio of 4:1 or higher of thermostable enzymes gave the maximal CBH-EG synergy in the hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw. The composition of optimal enzyme mixtures depended clearly on the substrate and on the enzyme system studied. The optimal enzyme mixture of thermostable enzymes was dominated by Cel7A and required a relatively high amount of xylanase, whereas with T. reesei enzymes, the high proportion of Cel7B appeared to provide the required xylanase activity. The main effect of the pretreatment method was that the required proportion of xylanase was higher and the proportion of Cel7A lower in the optimized mixture for hydrolysis of alkaline oxidised bagasse than steam-exploded bagasse. In prolonged hydrolyses, less Cel7A was generally required in the optimal mixture. Five-component mixtures of thermostable enzymes showed comparable hydrolysis yields to those of commercial enzyme mixtures.
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McDonald CM, Gould WD, Lindsay MBJ, Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ, Condon PD. Assessing cellulolysis in passive treatment systems for mine drainage: a modified enzyme assay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:48-55. [PMID: 23673738 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A modified cellulase enzyme assay was developed to monitor organic matter degradation in passive treatment systems for mine drainage. This fluorogenic substrate method facilitates assessment of exo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase, endo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase, and β-glucosidase, which compose an important cellulase enzyme system. The modified method was developed and refined using samples of organic carbon-amended mine tailings from field experiments where sulfate reduction was induced as a strategy for managing water quality. Sample masses (3 g) and the number of replicates ( ≥ 3) were optimized. Matrix interferences within these metal-rich samples were found to be insignificant. Application of this modified cellulase assay method provided insight into the availability and degradation of organic carbon within the amended tailings. Results of this study indicate that cellulase enzyme assays can be applied to passive treatment systems for mine drainage, which commonly contain elevated concentrations of metals.
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Redefining XynA from Penicillium funiculosum IMI 378536 as a GH7 cellobiohydrolase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The secretome of Penicillium funiculosum contains two family GH7 enzymes, one of which (designated XynA) has been described as a xylanase. This is unusual because it is the only xylanase in family GH7, which is mainly composed of cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases, and also because XynA is highly similar to the cellobiohydrolase I from Talaromyces emersonii and Trichoderma reesei (72 and 65 % identity, respectively). To probe this enigma, we investigated the biochemical properties of XynA, notably its activity on xylans and β-d-glucans. A highly pure sample of XynA was obtained and used to perform hydrolysis tests on polysaccharides. These revealed that XynA is 100-fold more active on β-1,4-glucan than on xylan. Likewise, XynA was active on both 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-lactopyranoside (pNP-β-d-Lac) and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-cellobioside (pNP-cellobiose), which shows that XynA is principally an exo-acting type 1 cellobiohydrolase enzyme that displays 5.2-fold higher performance on pNP-cellobiose than on pNP-β-d-Lac. Finally, analyses performed using cellodextrins as substrate revealed that XynA mainly produced cellobiose (C2) from substrates containing three or more glucosyl subunits, and that C2 inhibits XynA at high concentrations (IC50 C2 = 17.7 μM). Overall, this study revealed that XynA displays typical cellobiohydrolase 1 activity and confirms that the description of this enzyme in public databases should be definitively amended. Moreover, the data provided here complete the information provided by a previous proteomics investigation and reveal that P. funiculosum secretes a complete set of cellulose-degrading enzymes.
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Igarashi K, Uchihashi T, Koivula A, Wada M, Kimura S, Penttilä M, Ando T, Samejima M. Visualization of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei moving on crystalline cellulose using high-speed atomic force microscopy. Methods Enzymol 2012; 510:169-82. [PMID: 22608726 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415931-0.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases hydrolyze β-1,4-glucosidic linkages of insoluble cellulose at the solid/liquid interface, generating soluble cellooligosaccharides. We describe here our method for real-time observation of the behavior of cellulase molecules on the substrate, using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). When glycoside hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A) was incubated with crystalline cellulose, many enzyme molecules were observed to move unidirectionally on the surface of the substrate by HS-AFM. The velocity of the moving molecules of TrCel7A on cellulose I crystals was estimated by means of image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ogata M, Kameshima Y, Hattori T, Michishita K, Suzuki T, Kawagishi H, Totani K, Hiratake J, Usui T. Lactosylamidine-based affinity purification for cellulolytic enzymes EG I and CBH I from Hypocrea jecorina and their properties. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2623-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Murphy L, Baumann MJ, Borch K, Sweeney M, Westh P. An enzymatic signal amplification system for calorimetric studies of cellobiohydrolases. Anal Biochem 2010; 404:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Enari TM, Niku-paavola ML. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose: is the Current Theory of the Mechanisms of Hydrolysis Valid? Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 5:67-87. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558709044153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Tomaz CT, Rocha AS, Queiroz JA. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography ofTrichoderma reeseicellulases on polypropylene glycol–sepharose. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-120002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Parry NJ, Beever DE, Owen E, Nerinckx W, Claeyssens M, Van Beeumen J, Bhat MK. Biochemical characterization and mode of action of a thermostable endoglucanase purified from Thermoascus aurantiacus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 404:243-53. [PMID: 12147262 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A major extracellular endoglucanase purified to homogeneity from Thermoascus aurantiacus had a M(r) of 34 kDa and a pI of 3.7 and was optimally active at 70-80 degrees C and pH 4.0-4.4. It was stable at pH 2.8-6.8 at 50 degrees C for 48 h and maintained its secondary structure and folded conformation up to 70 degrees C at pH 5.0 and 2.8, respectively. A 33-amino acid sequence at the N terminus showed considerable homology with 14 microbial endoglucanases having highly conserved 8 amino acids (positions 10-17) and Gly, Pro, Gly, and Pro at positions 8, 22, 23, and 32, respectively. The enzyme is rich in Asp (15%) and Glu (10%) with a carbohydrate content of 2.7%. Polyclonal antibodies of endoglucanase cross-reacted with their own antigen and with other purified cellulases from T. aurantiacus. The endoglucanase was specific for polymeric substrates with highest activity toward carboxymethyl cellulose followed by barley beta-glucan and lichenan. It preferentially cleaved the internal glycosidic bonds of Glc(n) and MeUmbGlc(n) and possessed an extended substrate-binding site with five subsites. The data indicate that the endoglucanase from T. aurantiacus is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Parry
- Food Materials Science Division, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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Tuohy MG, Walsh DJ, Murray PG, Claeyssens M, Cuffe MM, Savage AV, Coughlan MP. Kinetic parameters and mode of action of the cellobiohydrolases produced by Talaromyces emersonii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:366-80. [PMID: 12007616 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three forms of cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91), CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II, were isolated to apparent homogeneity from culture filtrates of the aerobic fungus Talaromyces emersonii. The three enzymes are single sub-unit glycoproteins, and unlike most other fungal cellobiohydrolases are characterised by noteworthy thermostability. The kinetic properties and mode of action of each enzyme against polymeric and small soluble oligomeric substrates were investigated in detail. CBH IA, CBH IB and CBH II catalyse the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose, albeit to varying extents. Hydrolysis of a soluble cellulose derivative (CMC) and barley 1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucan was not observed. Cellobiose (G2) is the main reaction product released by CBH IA, CBH IB, and CBH II from microcrystalline cellulose. All three CBHs are competitively inhibited by G2; inhibition constant values (K(i)) of 2.5 and 0.18 mM were obtained for CBH IA and CBH IB, respectively (4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellobioside as substrate), while a K(i) of 0.16 mM was determined for CBH II (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-cellotrioside as substrate). Bond cleavage patterns were determined for each CBH on 4-methylumbelliferyl derivatives of beta-cellobioside and beta-cellotrioside (MeUmbG(n)). While the Tal. emersonii CBHs share certain properties with their counterparts from Trichoderma reesei, Humicola insolens and other fungal sources, distinct differences were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Tuohy
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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12
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van Tilbeurgh H, Claeyssens M. Detection and differentiation of cellulase components using low molecular mass fluorogenic substrates. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Irwin DC, Zhang S, Wilson DB. Cloning, expression and characterization of a family 48 exocellulase, Cel48A, from Thermobifida fusca. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4988-97. [PMID: 10931180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gene for a 104-kDa exocellulase, Cel48A, formerly E6, was cloned from Thermobifida fusca into Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans. The DNA sequence revealed a type II cellulose-binding domain at the N-terminus, followed by a FNIII-like domain and ending with a glycosyl hydrolase Family 48 catalytic domain. The enzyme and catalytic domain alone were each expressed in and purified from S. lividans and had very low catalytic activity on swollen cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, bacterial microcrystalline cellulose and filter paper. However, in synergistic assays on filter paper, the addition of Cel48A to a balanced mixture of T. fusca endocellulase and exocellulase increased the specific activity from 7.9 to 11.7 micromol cellobiose.min-1.mL-1, more than 15-fold higher than any single enzyme alone. Cel48A retained > 50% of its maximum activity from pH 5 to 9 and from 40 to 60 degrees C. Using SWISSMODEL, the amino-acid sequence of the Cel48Acd was modeled to the known structure of Clostridium cellulolyticum CelF. Family 48 enzymes are remarkably homologous at 35% identity for all their catalytic domains and some of the properties of the 10 members are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Irwin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Tomaz CT, Queiroz JA. Studies on the chromatographic fractionation of Trichoderma reesei cellulases by hydrophobic interaction. J Chromatogr A 1999; 865:123-8. [PMID: 10674935 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work reports new studies on cellulases fractionation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification procedure for the Trichoderma reesei cellulase complex consists of gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-25M followed by an ultrafiltration step. The concentrated enzyme solution was then fractionated on Sepharose CL-6B modified by covalent immobilization of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. The influence of the mobile phase composition on the chromatographic behaviour of the T. reesei cellulase complex was investigated. By using 13% (w/v) ammonium sulphate in eluent buffer, a selective separation of beta-glucosidase with a two-fold increase in specific activity and a recovery of 60% cellobiase activity were obtained. Other commercial hydrophobic supports (octyl- and phenyl-Sepharose) were also tested and compared under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Tomaz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Väljamäe P, Sild V, Nutt A, Pettersson G, Johansson G. Acid hydrolysis of bacterial cellulose reveals different modes of synergistic action between cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase I. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 266:327-34. [PMID: 10561572 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intact and partially acid hydrolyzed cellulose from Acetobacter xylinum were used as model substrates for cellulose hydrolysis by 1,4-beta-D-glucan-cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and 1,4-beta-D-endoglucanase I (EG I) from Trichoderma reesei. A high synergy between CBH I and EG I in simultaneous action was observed with intact bacterial cellulose (BC), but this synergistic effect was rapidly reduced by acid pretreatment of the cellulose. Moreover, a distinct synergistic effect was observed upon sequential endo-exo action on BC, but not on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC). A mechanism for endo-exo synergism on crystalline cellulose is proposed where the simultaneous action of the enzymes counteract the decrease of activity caused by undesirable changes in the cellulose surface microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Piyachomkwan K, Penner MH. Aryl thioglycoside-based affinity purification of exo-acting cellulases. Anal Biochem 1998; 255:223-35. [PMID: 9451508 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ligand-coupling chemistry and mobile-phase composition on the interaction of exo-acting cellulases with an immobilized complementary ligand was investigated. p-Aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-cellobioside (APTC) was used as a representative affinity ligand to which exo-acting cellulases (cellobiohydrolases, CBHs) preferentially bind. A "crude" cellulase preparation from the fungus Trichoderma reesei served as an enzyme source. The adsorption properties of the two principal exo-acting CBHs in this preparation, CBH I and CBH II, are shown to be distinctly different under several scenarios. Their relative affinities, based on column elution behavior and partition equilibrium experiments, are shown to be highly dependent on the functional groups employed for ligand coupling, the extent of functional group hydrolysis, the composition of the mobile phase, and the inherent nature of the enzymes. The dependency on the chemistry of the supporting matrix was illustrated using agarose supports containing cyanate ester, N-hydroxy-succinimide, and epoxy functional groups. When compared under apparent optimal conditions, the affinity of CBH II for immobilized APTC was approximately 10-fold that of CBH I. However, selective adsorption of CBH I or CBH II can be achieved by adjusting experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Piyachomkwan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-6602, USA
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p-Aminophenyl 1-thio-β-d-cellobioside: Synthesis and application in affinity chromatography of exo-type cellulases. Carbohydr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Cellulose, a polymer of |3-1,4-linked D-glucose residues, is the World’s most abundant natural polymer. It occurs predominantly in plants, forming their main structural component, but also occurs widely in other organisms, such as bacteria, algae, fungi and animals. With annual production of around 1.8 x 10
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tonnes, it has attracted considerable study encompassing its synthesis, biodegradation and utilization in several recent reviews (M. P. Goughian
Biotechnol. Genetic Engng Rev.
3, 39-109 (1985); B. S. Montenecourt & D. E. Eveleigh in
Gene manipulations in fungi
(ed. J. M. Bennett & L. L. Lasure), pp. 491- 512, New York: Academic Press (1985); J. N. Saddler
Microbiol. Sci
. 3, 84-87 (1986)). With this wealth of data at hand, a perspective of fungal cellulase is presented with consideration of current models of action, nature of the enzyme complex, analytical methods and approaches for enhanced production.
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Abstract
The exocellulase E3 gene was cloned on a 7.1 kb NotI fragment from Thermomonospora fusca genomic DNA into Escherichia coli and expressed in Streptomyces lividans. The E3 gene was sequenced and encoded a 596 residue peptide. The molecular masses of the native and cloned E3s were determined by mass spectrometry, and the value for E. coli E3, 59,797 Da, agreed well with that predicted from the DNA sequence, 59,646 Da. The value of 61,200 Da for T. fusca E3 is consistent with E3 being a glycoprotein. E3 is thermostable, retaining full activity after 16 h at 55 degrees C. It also has a broad pH optimum around 7-8, retaining 90% of its maximal activity between pH 6 and 10. The cloned E3s were identical to the native enzyme in their activity, cellulose binding, and thermostability. Papain digestion produced a 45.7 kDa catalytic domain with 77% of the native activity on amorphous cellulose and 33% on crystalline cellulose. E3 belongs to cellulase family B and retains the residues that have been identified to be crucial for catalytic activity in Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II and T. fusca E2. The E3 gene contains a 14 bp inverted repeat regulatory sequence 212 bp before the translational start codon instead of the 30-70 bp found for the other T. fusca cellulase genes. An additional copy of this sequence with one base changed is 314 bp before the translational start codon. The transcriptional start site of the E3 gene was shown to be between these two inverted repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Jiménez J, Domínguez JM, Castillón MP, Acebal C. Thermoinactivation of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00337-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh A, Hayashi K. Microbial cellulases: protein architecture, molecular properties, and biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 40:1-44. [PMID: 7604736 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Biomaterials Conversion Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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Nidetzky B, Claeyssens M. Specific quantification oftrichoderma reesei cellulases in reconstituted mixtures and its application to cellulase-cellulose binding studies. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:961-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim DW, Jeong YK, Jang YH, Lee JK. Purification and characterization of endoglucanase and exoglucanase components from Trichoderma viride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walker LP, Belair CD, Wilson DB, Irwin DC. Engineering cellulase mixtures by varying the mole fraction ofThermomonospora fusca E5 and E3,Trichoderma reesei CBHI, andCaldocellum saccharolyticum ?-glucosidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Activity studies of eight purified cellulases: Specificity, synergism, and binding domain effects. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:1002-13. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Walker LP, Wilson DB, Irvin DC, McQuire C, Price M. Fragmentation of cellulose by the majorThermomonospora fusca cellulases,Trichoderma reesei CBHI, and their mixtures. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992; 40:1019-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260400905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Orgeret C, Seillier E, Gautier C, Defaye J, Driguez H. 4-Thiocellooligosaccharides. Their synthesis and use as ligands for the separation of cellobiohydrolases of Trichoderma reesei by affinity chromatography. Carbohydr Res 1992; 224:29-40. [PMID: 1591767 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)84090-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
4-Aminophenyl 1,4-dithio-beta-cellobioside (6) was obtained by treatment of methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-4-O-triflyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside with the sodium salt of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose, followed by acetolysis and glycosylation of the corresponding bromide with 4-aminobenzenethiol and subsequent deacylation. A similar synthesis starting with the 1-thiolate of 1,4-dithio-beta-cellobiose led to the trisaccharide 4-aminophenyl 1,4,4'-trithiocellotrioside (16). The 4-acetamidophenyl di- and tri-thiocellooligosaccharides were found to be excellent competitive inhibitors of the hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-lactoside with respective Ki values of 25 and 6.5 mM. The two 4-aminophenyl oligosaccharides 6 and 16 were coupled to CH-Sepharose 4B, and the affinity gels were used for the purification of cellobiohydrolases from a crude commercial cellulolytic extract of T. reesei. Cellobiohydrolases I or II were selectively desorbed from gels bearing ligands 6 and 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Orgeret
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, C.N.R.S., Grenoble, France
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31
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Teeri TT, Penttilä M, Keränen S, Nevalainen H, Knowles JK. Structure, function, and genetics of cellulases. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1992; 21:417-45. [PMID: 1576482 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9115-4.50020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Gusakov AV, Protas OV, Chernoglazov VM, Sinitsyn AP, Kovalysheva GV, Shpanchenko OV, Ermolova OV. Transglycosylation activity of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on synthetic and natural substrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:481-5. [PMID: 2015272 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using 4-methylumbelliferyl (MUF) beta-D-cellobioside as a substrate, the ability of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma longibrachiatum to catalyze transglycosylation has been demonstrated. At substrate concentrations greater than 2 mM, the formation of MUF-tetrasaccharide was detected using HPLC. In the course of enzymatic reaction, a concentration of the transglycosylation product passed through a maximum, since at later stages of the reaction the product was further hydrolyzed. At MUF-beta-D-cellobioside concentrations of 2-10 mM, the maximum weight content of MUF-tetrasaccharide amounted to 1-4% of the total content of saccharides. In the reaction system, containing 2.5 mM MUF-beta-D-cellobioside and 10 mM MUF-beta-D-glucoside, MUF-trisaccharide was formed as the main transglycosylation product. In hydrolysis of natural substrates (cellulose and cellotriose) in the presence of MUF-beta-D-glucoside a formation of MUF-trisaccharide was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gusakov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, U.S.S.R
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33
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Rogalski J, Wojtas-Wasilewska M, Leonowicz A. Affinity chromatography of 1,4-?-glucosidase from trichoderma reesei QM 9414. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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36
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Witte K, Heitz HJ, Wartenberg A. Isolation and purification of isoenzymes of cellobiohydrolase I and II of trichoderma reesei using LPLC methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Van Tilbeurgh H, Loontiens FG, Engelborgs Y, Claeyssens M. Studies of the cellulolytic system of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Binding of small ligands to the 1,4-beta-glucan cellobiohydrolase II and influence of glucose on their affinity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:553-9. [PMID: 2806239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Binding onto cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma reesei of glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, derivatized and analogous compounds, is monitored by protein-difference-absorption spectroscopy and by titration of ligand fluorescence, either at equilibrium or by the stopped-flow technique. The data complete earlier results [van Tilbeurgh, H., Pettersson, L. G., Bhikhabhai, R., De Boeck, H. and Claeyssens, M. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 148, 329-334] indicating an extended active center, with putative subsites ABCD. Subsite A specifically complexes with beta-D-glucosides and D-glucose; at 25 degrees C the latter influences the concomitant binding of other ligands at neighbouring sites. For several ligands this cooperative effect for binding (at 0.33 M glucose and temperature range 4-37 degrees C) was characterized by a substantial increase of the enthalpic term (delta delta H = -35 kJ mol-1). Glucose (0.33 M) decreases the association and dissociation rate parameters of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-cellobioside by one order of magnitude: k+ = (3.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(-5) M-1 s-1 versus (5.1 +/- 0.1) x 10(-6) M-1 s-1 (in the absence of glucose) and k- = (1.3 +/- 0.1) s-1 versus (14.0 +/- 0.3) s-1. As deduced from substrate-specificity studies and inhibition experiments, subsite B interacts with terminal non-reducing glucopyranosyl residues of oligomeric ligands and substrates, whereas catalytic (hydrolytic) cleavage occurs between C and D. Association constants 10-100 times higher than those for cellobiose or its glycosides were observed for D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-xylopyranose and cellobionolactone derivatives, suggesting 'transition-state'-type binding for these ligands at subsite C. Although subsite D can accomodate a bulky chromophoric group (MeUmb) its preference for a glucosyl residue is reflected in the lower binding enthalpy of cellotriose (-34 kJ mol-1) as compared to cellobiose (-28.3 kJ mol-1) and MeUmb(Glc)2 (-11.6 kJ mol-1). This model indicates that oligomeric ligands (substrates) interact through cooperativity of their subunits at the extended binding site of cellobiohydrolase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Tilbeurgh
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium
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38
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Mischak H, Hofer F, Messner R, Weissinger E, Hayn M, Tomme P, Esterbauer H, Küchler E, Claeyssens M, Kubicek CP. Monoclonal antibodies against different domains of cellobiohydrolase I and II from Trichoderma reesei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 990:1-7. [PMID: 2914146 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(89)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been produced against two functionally different domains present in two cellobiohydrolases from Trichoderma reesei (CBH I and CBH II). Four groups of antibodies were obtained, which specifically recognized (Western blotting, ELISA) (a) the core protein within CBH I, (b) the core protein within CBH II, (c) the BA region of CBH I, and (d) the ABB' region of CBH II. No cross-reactivities within these four groups were observed. The antibodies reacted also specifically with proteins of similar size to CBH I and CBH II (SDS-PAGE) from other Trichoderma strains (Western blotting), whereas no reaction was observed with cellulases from other fungal sources. Analysis of culture filtrates of T. reesei QM 9414 harvested at various times of growth on cellulose under buffered conditions (pH 5-6) indicated the presence of only single bands of CBH I and CBH II, even after prolonged cultivation (160 h). Cultivation on cellulose in unbuffered media, however, showed the appearance (Western blotting) of additional lower molecular weight proteins, which reacted with the monoclonal antibodies directed against the cores of CBH I and II, but not with those recognizing the respective BA and ABB' regions. The appearance of these lower molecular weight bands was most pronounced in unbuffered media, supplemented with a 3-fold (w/w) amount of organic nitrogen (peptone). Analysis of some commercial cellulase preparations from T. harzianum revealed the same pattern of lower molecular weight proteins, in contrast to samples from other fungal cellulases. Those samples or preparations, showing a multiple pattern of CBH I and CBH II, exhibited higher activities of an acid proteinase. These results imply that the use of unbuffered, high nitrogen-supplemented culture conditions for production of cellulases may lead to considerable proteolytic modification of the secreted cellobiohydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mischak
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Wien, Austria
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Abuja PM, Pilz I, Claeyssens M, Tomme P. Domain structure of cellobiohydrolase II as studied by small angle X-ray scattering: close resemblance to cellobiohydrolase I. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 156:180-5. [PMID: 3178831 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for a domain structure of cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II, 58 kDa) from Trichoderma reesei (Teeri et al., 1987; Tomme et al., 1988) is corroborated by results from SAXS experiments. They indicate a 'tadpole' structure for the intact CBH II in solution (Dmax = 21.5 +/- 0.5 nm; Rg = 5.4 +/- 0.1 nm) and a more isotropic, ellipsoid shape for the core protein (Dmax = 6.0 +/- 0.3 nm; Rg = 2.1 +/- 0.1 nm). The latter was obtained by partial proteolysis with papain which cleaves the native CBH II to give two fragments (Tomme et al., 1988): the core (45 kDa) with the active (hydrolytic) domain and a smaller fragment (11 kDa) coinciding with the tail part of the model and containing the binding domain for unsoluble cellulose. This peptide fragment is conserved in most cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei (Teeri et al., 1987). It contains a conserved region (block A) and glycosylated parts (blocks B and B' duplicated and located N-terminally in CBH II). In spite of different domain arrangements in CBH I (blocks B-A at C-terminals) SAXS measurements (Abuja et al., 1988) indicate similar tertiary structures for both cellobiohydrolases although discrete differences in the tail parts exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Abuja
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Austria
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40
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Tomme P, Van Tilbeurgh H, Pettersson G, Van Damme J, Vandekerckhove J, Knowles J, Teeri T, Claeyssens M. Studies of the cellulolytic system of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Analysis of domain function in two cellobiohydrolases by limited proteolysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 170:575-81. [PMID: 3338453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Limited action of papain on the native forms of two cellobiohydrolases (CBH) from Trichoderma reesei (CBH I, 65 kDa, and CBH II, 58 kDa) leads to the isolation of the respective core fragments (56 kDa and 45 kDa) which are fully active on small, soluble substrates, but have a strongly reduced activity (respectively 10% and 50% of the initial value) on microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). By partial sequencing at the C terminus of the CBH I core and at the N terminus of the CBH II core the papain cleavage sites have been assigned in the primary structures (at about residue 431 and 82 respectively). This limited action of papain on the native enzymes indicates the presence of hinge regions linking the core to these terminal glycopeptides. The latter conserved sequences appear either at the C or N terminus of several cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei [Teeri et al. (1987) Gene 51, 43-52]. The specific activities of the intact enzymes and their cores on two forms of insoluble cellulose (crystalline, amorphous) differentiate the CBH I and CBH II in terms of adsorption and catalytic properties. Distinct functions can be attributed to the terminal peptides: for intact CBH II the N-terminal region contributes in the binding onto both cellulose types; the homologous C-terminal peptide in CBH I, however, only affects the interaction with microcrystalline cellulose. It could be inferred that CBH I and its core bind preferentially to crystalline regions. This seems to be corroborated by the results of CBH I/CBH II synergism experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomme
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, State University, Ghent, Belgium
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41
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van Tilbeurgh H, Loontiens FG, De Bruyne CK, Claeyssens M. Fluorogenic and chromogenic glycosides as substrates and ligands of carbohydrases. Methods Enzymol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)60106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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42
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43
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Boyer RF, Allen TL, Dykema PA. Fractionation ofAspergillus niger cellulases by combined ion exchange affinity chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 1987; 29:176-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260290206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Investigation of cellobiohydrolase from trichoderma reesei by small angle X-ray scattering. Biotechnol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01026739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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47
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Fluorimetric estimation of exo-cellobiohydrolase and β-d-glucosidase activities in cellulase from Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Aryl 4-thioxylobioside and 1,4-dithioxylobiosides as effectors of the enzymic activity for fungal d-xylanases. Carbohydr Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(85)85004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Coughlan MP. The Properties of Fungal and Bacterial Cellulases with Comment on their Production and Application. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 1985. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1985.10647809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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van Tilbeurgh H, Pettersson G, Bhikabhai R, De Boeck H, Claeyssens M. Studies of the cellulolytic system of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Reaction specificity and thermodynamics of interactions of small substrates and ligands with the 1,4-beta-glucan cellobiohydrolase II. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 148:329-34. [PMID: 4039269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-beta-glucan cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II) from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 catalyses the hydrolysis of the 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glycosides derived from cellotriose, cellotetraose and cellopentaose [MeUmb(Glc)n; n = 3 - 5]. The reaction has been followed by quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography. Specific activity for cellobiose removal at apparent substrate saturation were determined as (0.8 +/- 0.2) min-1 for MeUmb(Glc)3 and (9 +/- 2) min-1 for MeUmb(Glc)4. The enzyme showed a deviant specificity with MeUmb(Glc)5 as substrate. Two chromophoric products were formed simultaneously [MeUmb(Glc)3 and MeUmb(Glc)2] with turn-over numbers (17 +/- 4) min-1 and (21 +/- 6) min-1, respectively. Methylumbelliferyl beta-glucoside (MeUmbGlc) and the corresponding cellobioside [MeUmb(Glc)2] were used in equilibrium binding experiments. Both ligands yielded one binding site per molecule of Mr = 54000 upon forced flow dialysis (diafiltration). The association constants found were in fair agreement with those determined from MeUmb fluorescence quenching titrations. Quenching was total at all temperatures investigated for MeUmb(Glc)2, whereas for MeUmbGlc it increased from 80% to 100% between 2 degrees C and 20 degrees C. The association constants fitted linear van't Hoff plots in both cases. MeUmb(Glc)2 and MeUmbGlc were also used as indicator ligands to determine the association constants and thermodynamic parameters of several non-chromophoric ligands of CBH II. The binding of glucose increased the affinity for MeUmb(Glc)2 whereas it displaced MeUmbGlc from its complex. A putative binding site of the CBH II containing four subsites can be proposed. The thermodynamic data for methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and cellobiose as ligands also point at an extended binding site.
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