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Balhorn R, Steger K, Bergmann M, Schuppe HC, Neuhauser S, Balhorn MC. New monoclonal antibodies specific for mammalian protamines P1 and P2. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2018; 64:424-447. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1510063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rod Balhorn
- Briar Patch Biosciences LLC, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Steger
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Section Molecular Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Neuhauser
- Pferdezentrum Bad Saarow, Veterinary Faculty of the University, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Basic nuclear proteins were isolated from the sperm of the Syrian hamster Mesocricetus auratus and characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and sequencing. Analyses of the proteins by gel electrophoresis show that sperm of this species contain both protamines 1 and 2. The two proteins were purified by HPLC and the complete primary sequence of hamster protamine 1 was determined by automated amino acid sequence analysis. The protein sequence was subsequently confirmed by sequencing the PCR-amplified protamine 1 gene. The first forty-two residues of the hamster protamine 2 sequence were obtained by amino acid sequence analysis of the isolated protein, and this sequence was also confirmed and extended by sequencing the gene. Total basic nuclear protein was also isolated from sperm of six other species of hamsters, the protamines were identified by HPLC and amino acid analysis, and the proportion of protamines 1 and 2 in each species was determined. Marked differences in the protamine 2 content of sperm were observed among the different species of hamster. This variation and the high level of sequence similarity between mouse and hamster protamines provide insight into how the two protamines may be organized in sperm chromatin. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 54:273-282, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corzett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, University of California, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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3
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Abstract
In animal species, spermiogenesis, the late stage of spermatogenesis, is characterized by a dramatic remodelling of chromatin which involves morphological changes and various modifications in the nature of the nuclear basic proteins. According to the evolution of species, three situations can be observed: a) persistence of somatic histones or appearance of sperm-specific histones; b) direct replacement of histones by generally smaller and more basic proteins called protamines; and c) occurrence of a double nuclear basic protein transition: histones are not directly replaced by protamines but by intermediate basic proteins which are themselves replaced by one or several protamines. However, in some species, two kinds of intermediate basic proteins can be distinguished in spermatid nuclei: transition proteins and protamine precursors. Whereas transition proteins are not structurally related either to histones or to protamines, protamine precursors are further processed at the end of spermiogenesis to give rise to the mature protamine. The molecular characteristics of the protamines as well as number of protamine types present in the spermatozoon vary from species to species. In some cases, protamine-encoding genes, although present, are not expressed to a significant level. The diversity and the precise function of intermediate basic proteins remain open to discussion. Some of them are the precursors of protamines but the mechanism, sequential or not, as well as the enzyme(s) involved in the proteolytic processing, remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wouters-Tyrou
- Unité 459 INSERM, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
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4
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Soon LLL, Ausio J, Breed WG, Power JHT, Muller S. Isolation of histones and related chromatin structures from spermatozoa nuclei of a dasyurid marsupial,Sminthopsis crassicaudata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19970801)278:5<322::aid-jez6>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Queralt R, Adroer R, Oliva R, Winkfein RJ, Retief JD, Dixon GH. Evolution of protamine P1 genes in mammals. J Mol Evol 1995; 40:601-7. [PMID: 7643410 DOI: 10.1007/bf00160507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protamine P1 genes have been sequenced following PCR amplification from 11 mammals representing five major mammalian orders: Rodentia (rat and guinea pig), Carnivora (cat and bear), Proboscidea (elephant), Perissodactyla (horse), and Artiodactyla (camel, deer, elk, moose, and gazelle). The predicted amino acid sequence for these genes together with previously reported sequences results in a data set of 25 different P1 genes and 30 different P1 amino acid sequences. The alignment of all these sequences reveals that protamines are amongst the most rapidly diverging proteins studied. In spite of the large number of differences there are conserved motifs that are also common to birds such as the N-terminal ARYR followed by the triple alternating SRSRSR phosphorylation site. The central region contains 3 arginine clusters consisting of 5-6 arginines each. The C-terminus appears to be the most variable region of the protamines. Overall the molecular evolution of P1 genes is in agreement with the expected species evolution supporting that these genes have evolved vertically.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Queralt
- Molecular Genetics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Ekwall H, Plöen L, Courtens JL. Embedding resin space, water contents and chromatin compaction in rabbit sperm nuclei: electron microscopic X-ray spectrophotometry of a brominated probe. Andrologia 1995; 27:175-84. [PMID: 7639350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1995.tb01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
EPON labelled with bromide was used to embed ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa, with the hypothesis that it replaces cell water. X-Ray spectrophotometric microanalysis of sperm nuclei, of egg yolk (an internal standard containing roughly 50% water) and of surrounding embedding resin, revealed that a part of the bromide was bound to the biological components. These latter were saturated when bromide was added in higher concentrations, and the increase in measured bromide could be used to calculate absolute resin contents in sperm nuclei which gives a mean value of 22.62%. Most nuclei (60.80%) were well condensed and displayed a mean resin space close to 17% of the total nuclear volume. The less condensed nuclei had a mean resin space close to 28%. The use of an internal standard revealed that calculated values were underestimated by 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ekwall
- Swedish University of Agriculture, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Uppsala
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7
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Zölzer U, von Hagen HO. Amino acid sequences of P1 protamines and the phylogeny of eutherian mammals: a cladistic study. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 110:805-15. [PMID: 7749628 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid and cDNA sequences of eutherian P1 protamines, known from publications of other authors, were compared by a cladistic method. Fish, toad and bird protamines were used for the pertinent "outgroup comparisons", i.e. they provided relevant data for the comparative alignment of the sequences and for the recognition of evolutionary trends. In the sequence positions compared, each amino acid was individually assigned as a plesiomorphic or apomorphic character state (qualitative treatment). The resulting phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2) is only partially in accordance with common ideas on eutherian phylogeny. Disagreements refer to the branching points of Perissodactyla, Lagomorpha and Rodentia.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zölzer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Stanker LH, Wyrobek A, McKeown C, Balhorn R. Identification of the binding site of two monoclonal antibodies to human protamine. Mol Immunol 1993; 30:1633-8. [PMID: 7505880 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(93)90436-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed a number of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that bind to protamine. One of these antibodies, Hup1N, binds to human protamine 1 but not to protamine 2. In contrast, Mab HupA binds both protamine 1 and protamine 2. The epitopes for these two Mabs were observed to overlap, and were localized to the evolutionarily conservative amino-terminal region of protamine 1. This assignment is based on antibody binding to protamine from different species in which the protamine sequence is known, as well as analysis of antibody binding to synthetic peptides and synthetic peptides with specific amino acid substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Stanker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Livermore, CA 94550
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9
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Direct Sequencing of the Human Protamine P1 Gene and Application in Forensic Medicine. J Forensic Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs13557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Stanker LH, McKeown C, Balhorn R, Lee C, Mazrimas J, Goralka M, Wyrobek A. Immunological evidence for a P2 protamine precursor in mature rat sperm. Mol Reprod Dev 1992; 33:481-8. [PMID: 1472378 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080330415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight proteins in Rattus norvegicus that are immunoreactive with an anti-protamine 2 specific antibody but not with an anti-protamine 1 specific antibody are described. These proteins were detected by coupling high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Briefly, following HPLC separation of rat sperm nuclear proteins, the HPLC fractions were probed with the antibodies. We estimate that the antibody probes are 100-1000 times more sensitive than UV absorbance measurements. Immunoblot analysis following acid-urea electrophoretic separation of rat sperm nuclear proteins, and of the HPLC fractions, also detected putative protamine 2 precursor proteins. The proteins reactive with the anti-protamine 2 antibody are most likely not mature protamine 2, since they were detected in a region of the chromatogram where we would not expect protamine 2 to migrate based on the chromatographic locations of human and mouse protamine 2. Likewise, the immunoblotting experiments demonstrated that the anti-protamine 2 antibody recognized proteins with slower electrophoretic mobilities than would be expected for a mature protamine 2. An anti-protamine 1 monoclonal antibody, Hup1N, that binds rat protamine 1 is also described. Hup1N allowed for identification of the HPLC fractions that contained rat protamine 1. Finally, we demonstrated that Hup1N binds protamine 1 from a large number of species, suggesting a conserved epitope for Hup1N.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Stanker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore
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11
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Chauvière M, Martinage A, Debarle M, Sautière P, Chevaillier P. Molecular characterization of six intermediate proteins in the processing of mouse protamine P2 precursor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:759-65. [PMID: 1541289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In mouse spermatozoa, DNA is compacted by two protamines mP1 and mP2. Protamine mP2 (63 residues) is synthesized in spermatid nuclei as a precursor pmP2 (106 residues) which is subsequently processed at the end of spermiogenesis [Yelick, P.C., Balhorn, R., Johnson, P.A., Corzett, M., Mazrimas, J.A., Kleene, K.C. & Hecht, N.B. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 2173-2179]. Six proteins, three of which were described earlier [Chauvière, M., Martinage, A., Debarle, M., Alimi, E., Sautière, P. & Chevaillier, Ph. (1991) C.R. Acad. Sci. 313, 107-112], have molecular and electrophoretic properties similar to those of pmP2. They were isolated from purified testis nuclei and characterized by amino acid composition, N-terminal sequence and peptide mapping. From the amino acid compositions, it appears that all six proteins are rich in arginine, cysteine and histidine and are closely related to pmP2 and mP2. The N-terminal sequence of each protein overlaps a distinct region of the N-terminal part of pmP2. The C-terminal part of protamine mP2 starting at arginine 15 is common to all proteins as assessed by amino acid compositions and peptide maps. All these structural data demonstrate that the six isolated proteins are products of pmP2 precursor processing. The six intermediate proteins pmP2/5, pmP2/11, pmP2/16, pmP2/20, pmP2/26 and pmP2/32 which contain 102, 96, 91, 87, 81 and 75 residues, respectively, are generated from the pmP2 precursor after N-terminal excision of 4, 10, 15, 19, 25 and 31 residues, respectively. The C-terminal sequence of protamine mP2 is strictly identical to that of its precursor; therefore, no maturation occurs in this part of the molecule. At the present time, the proteolytic pathway involved in the amino-terminal processing leading to the mature form of the protamine mP2 (63 residues) has not been elucidated. However, the different representation of six intermediates in the testis suggests that some stages of processing are faster than others or that some cleavage sites are preferred. The proteins described in this paper could result either from stepwise excision of N-terminal residues or from non-sequential cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chauvière
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université Paris-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
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12
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Adroer R, Queralt R, Ballabriga J, Oliva R. Nucleotide sequence of the protamine P1 gene from the whale Orcinus orca predicts a unique N-terminal amino-acid motif. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:609. [PMID: 1741296 PMCID: PMC310432 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.3.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Adroer
- Molecular Genetics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Courtens JL, Biggiogera M, Fakan S. A cytochemical and immunocytochemical study of DNA distribution in spermatid nuclei of mouse, rabbit, and bull. Cell Tissue Res 1991; 265:517-25. [PMID: 1723930 DOI: 10.1007/bf00340875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA distribution in mouse, rabbit and bull spermatids was analyzed by electron microscopy, after using a Feulgen-like HCl-osmium ammine procedure, and after immunocytochemistry with anti-DNA antibodies. In addition, nucleic acids were visualized with the intercalating dye ethidium bromide and phosphotungstic acid. The parts of DNA displaying a beta helix configuration (possibly A-T rich parts) were identified by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33258. In all 3 species, young spermatid nuclei were seen to have large areas poor in DNA, as well as DNA-rich areas, which were mostly concentrated into a peripheral layer close to the acrosome and into one or several masses, displaying species-specific locations. These DNA-rich areas were stained with Hoechst 33258. Elongating spermatid nucleic contained homogeneously distributed DNA, and this was evident following both immunocytochemistry and nucleic acid histochemistry in all 3 species. However, the distribution appeared more heterogeneous after the Feulgen-like procedure, and was accompanied by a disappearance of Hoechst-fluorescence. In fully elongated spermatids, all nuclear areas stained with Hoechst 33258, while the 3 other techniques labeled either all or species-specific parts of the condensed chromatin. The reasons for these variable reactions are discussed in terms of technique specificities, DNA configuration and nucleoprotein moiety replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Courtens
- INRA, Physiologie de la Reproduction, Monnaie, France
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14
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Carré-Eusèbe D, Lederer F, Lê KH, Elsevier SM. Processing of the precursor of protamine P2 in mouse. Peptide mapping and N-terminal sequence analysis of intermediates. Biochem J 1991; 277 ( Pt 1):39-45. [PMID: 1854346 PMCID: PMC1151188 DOI: 10.1042/bj2770039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protamine P2, the major basic chromosomal protein of mouse spermatozoa, is synthesized as a precursor almost twice as long as the mature protein, its extra length arising from an N-terminal extension of 44 amino acid residues. This precursor is integrated into chromatin of spermatids, and the extension is processed during chromatin condensation in the haploid cells. We have studied processing in the mouse and have identified two intermediates generated by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor. H.p.l.c. separated protamine P2 from four other spermatid proteins, including the precursor and three proteins known to possess physiological characteristics expected of processing intermediates. Peptide mapping indicated that all of these proteins were structurally similar. Two major proteins were further purified by PAGE, transferred to poly(vinylidene difluoride) membranes and submitted to automated N-terminal sequence analysis. Both sequences were found within the deduced sequence of the precursor extension. The N-terminus of the larger intermediate, PP2C, was Gly-12, whereas the N-terminus of the smaller, PP2D, was His-21. Both processing sites involved a peptide bond in which the carbonyl function was contributed by an acidic amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carré-Eusèbe
- Laboratoire de Biochemie du Développement, Institut Jacques Monod et Université Paris VII, France
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15
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Chirat F, Martinage A, Briand G, Kouach M, Van Dorsselaer A, Loir M, Sautière P. Nuclear transition protein 1 from ram elongating spermatids. Mass spectrometric characterization, primary structure and phosphorylation sites of two variants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 198:13-20. [PMID: 2040274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ram transition protein 1 (TP1) is present in spermatid cell nuclei in the nonphosphorylated, monophosphorylated and diphosphorylated forms. Its primary structure was determined by automated Edman degradation of S-carboxamidomethylated protein and of peptides generated by cleavage with thermolysin and endoproteinase Lys-C. The ram TP1 is a small basic protein of 54 residues and structurally very close to other mammalian TP1. The mass spectrometric data obtained from the protein and its fragments reveal that ram TP1 is indeed a mixture (approximately 5:1) of two structural variants (Mr 6346 and 6300). These variants differ only by the nature of the residue at position 27 (Cys in the major variant and Gly in the minor variant). The study of phosphorylation sites has shown that four different serine residues could be phosphorylated in the monophosphorylated TP1, at positions 8, 35, 36 or 39. From previous physical studies, it has been postulated that the Tyr32 surrounded by two highly conserved basic clusters was responsible for the destabilization of chromatin by intercalation of its phenol ring between the bases of double-stranded DNA. The presence of three phosphorylatable serine residues in the very conserved sequence 29-42 is another argument for the involvement of this region in the interaction with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chirat
- Unité de Recherche Associée n. 409 au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lille II, France
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16
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Elsevier SM, Noiran J, Carre-Eusebe D. Processing of the precursor of protamine P2 in mouse. Identification of intermediates by their insolubility in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 196:167-75. [PMID: 2001695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two basic proteins, protamines P1 and P2, are present in chromatin of mouse spermatozoa. Protamine P1, the less abundant protein in mouse, has a homolog in most mammals, and its synthesis follows a conventional route. In contrast, protamine P2 has been found only in certain other mammals, including humans, and it is synthesized as a precursor nearly twice as long as the mature protein. Processing of this precursor is not yet understood, although it necessarily takes place in elongating spermatids and is likely to play a role in the chromatin condensation occurring in these haploid cells. We have fractionated basic proteins from mouse testis chromatin and have identified six proteins on electrophoretic gels which, like protamines, are insoluble in SDS. All six were also soluble at the same trichloroacetic acid concentration as protamine P2 and were present in chromatin of elongating spermatids. Radioactive labelling patterns acquired by these SDS-insoluble proteins during translation in vitro of testis RNA indicate that the largest represents the precursor of protamine P2, and suggest that the others represent intermediates generated by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor. Results from pulse 3H labelling in vivo were also consistent with the conclusion that a precursor/product relationship exists between these proteins and protamine P2. Conclusions concerning the kinetics of processing have, in addition, been drawn from this data. Hypotheses concerning possible functional roles played by the precursor are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Elsevier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes 3éme section, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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17
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Martin-Ponthieu A, Wouters-Tyrou D, Bélaïche D, Sautière P, Schindler P, Van Dorsselaer A. Cuttlefish sperm protamines. 1. Amino acid sequences of two distinct variants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:611-9. [PMID: 1999185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of two cuttlefish protamine variants Sp1 and Sp2 have been established from automated sequence analysis and mass spectrometry data. Sp1 (57 residues) and Sp2 (56 residues) have molecular masses of 8410 and 8253 Da, respectively. They are almost identical proteins which differ only by one residue of arginine and the position of two of the serine residues (14 and 37 in Sp1; 13 and 35 in Sp2). With an arginine content of about 77%, cuttlefish protamine is one of the most basic proteins which have ever been characterized and the first typical protamine sequenced in invertebrates. It is closely similar to sperm basic proteins identified in squids but strongly differs from the protamine-like components isolated from the sperm of bivalve molluscs.
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18
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Oliva R, Dixon GH. Vertebrate protamine genes and the histone-to-protamine replacement reaction. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 40:25-94. [PMID: 2031084 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Oliva
- Unidad de Fisiologia, Grupo de Genética Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Oliva R, Dixon GH. Vertebrate protamine gene evolution I. Sequence alignments and gene structure. J Mol Evol 1990; 30:333-46. [PMID: 2111848 DOI: 10.1007/bf02101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the amino acid sequence for nine different mammalian P1 family protamines and the revised amino acid sequence of the chicken protamine galline (Oliva and Dixon 1989) reveals a much close relationship between mammalian and avian protamines than was previously thought (Nakano et al. 1976). Dot matrix analysis of all protamine genes for which genomic DNA or cDNA sequence is available reveals both marked sequence similarities in the mammalian protamine gene family and internal repeated sequences in the chicken protamine gene. The detailed alignments of the cis-acting regulatory DNA sequences shows several consensus sequence patterns, particularly the conservation of a cAMP response element (CRE) in all the protamine genes and of the regions flanking the TATA box, CAP site, N-terminal coding region, and polyadenylation signal. In addition we have found a high frequency of the CA dinucleotide immediately adjacent to the CRE element of both the protamine genes and the testis transition proteins, a feature not present in other genes, which suggests the existence of an extended CRE motif involved in the coordinate expression of protamine and transition protein genes during spermatogenesis. Overall these findings suggest the existence of an avian-mammalian P1 protamine gene line and are discussed in the context of different hypotheses for protamine gene evolution and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oliva
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Koski P, Rhen M, Kantele J, Vaara M. Isolation, Cloning, and Primary Structure of a Cationic 16-kDa Outer Membrane Protein of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)47253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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21
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Oliva R, Goren R, Dixon GH. Quail (Coturnix japonica) protamine, full-length cDNA sequence, and the function and evolution of vertebrate protamines. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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