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Sirohiwal A, Neese F, Pantazis DA. How Can We Predict Accurate Electrochromic Shifts for Biochromophores? A Case Study on the Photosynthetic Reaction Center. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1858-1873. [PMID: 33566610 PMCID: PMC8023663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein-embedded chromophores are responsible for light harvesting, excitation energy transfer, and charge separation in photosynthesis. A critical part of the photosynthetic apparatus are reaction centers (RCs), which comprise groups of (bacterio)chlorophyll and (bacterio)pheophytin molecules that transform the excitation energy derived from light absorption into charge separation. The lowest excitation energies of individual pigments (site energies) are key for understanding photosynthetic systems, and form a prime target for quantum chemistry. A major theoretical challenge is to accurately describe the electrochromic (Stark) shifts in site energies produced by the inhomogeneous electric field of the protein matrix. Here, we present large-scale quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations of electrochromic shifts for the RC chromophores of photosystem II (PSII) using various quantum chemical methods evaluated against the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) implementation of the similarity-transformed equation of motion coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (STEOM-CCSD). We show that certain range-separated density functionals (ωΒ97, ωΒ97X-V, ωΒ2PLYP, and LC-BLYP) correctly reproduce RC site energy shifts with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The popular CAM-B3LYP functional underestimates the shifts and is not recommended. Global hybrid functionals are too insensitive to the environment and should be avoided, while nonhybrid functionals are strictly nonapplicable. Among the applicable approximate coupled cluster methods, the canonical versions of CC2 and ADC(2) were found to deviate significantly from the reference results both for the description of the lowest excited state and for the electrochromic shifts. By contrast, their spin-component-scaled (SCS) and particularly the scale-opposite-spin (SOS) variants compare well with the reference DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD and the best range-separated DFT methods. The emergence of RC excitation asymmetry is discussed in terms of intrinsic and protein electrostatic potentials. In addition, we evaluate a minimal structural scaffold of PSII, the D1-D2-CytB559 RC complex often employed in experimental studies, and show that it would have the same site energy distribution of RC chromophores as the full PSII supercomplex, but only under the unlikely conditions that the core protein organization and cofactor arrangement remain identical to those of the intact enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Neverov KV, Krasnovsky AA, Zabelin AA, Shuvalov VA, Shkuropatov AY. Low-temperature (77 K) phosphorescence of triplet chlorophyll in isolated reaction centers of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:43-49. [PMID: 25712165 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence characterized by the main emission band at 952 ± 1 nm (1.30 eV), the lifetime of 1.5 ± 0.1 ms and the quantum yield nearly equal to that for monomeric chlorophyll a in aqueous detergent dispersions, has been detected in isolated reaction centers (RCs) of spinach photosystem II at 77 K. The excitation spectrum shows maxima corresponding to absorption bands of chlorophyll a, pheophytin a, and β-carotene. The phosphorescence intensity strongly depends upon the redox state of RCs. The data suggest that the phosphorescence signal originates from the chlorophyll triplet state populated via charge recombination in the radical pair [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Neverov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 33, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
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Mokvist F, Sjöholm J, Mamedov F, Styring S. The Photochemistry in Photosystem II at 5 K Is Different in Visible and Far-Red Light. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4228-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bi5006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mokvist
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratory, P.O. Box 523, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johannes Sjöholm
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratory, P.O. Box 523, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratory, P.O. Box 523, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department
of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratory, P.O. Box 523, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen G, Allahverdiyeva Y, Aro EM, Styring S, Mamedov F. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the electron transfer reactions in photosystem II membrane preparations from Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:205-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Danielsson R, Suorsa M, Paakkarinen V, Albertsson PA, Styring S, Aro EM, Mamedov F. Dimeric and monomeric organization of photosystem II. Distribution of five distinct complexes in the different domains of the thylakoid membrane. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14241-9. [PMID: 16537530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600634200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular organization of photosystem II (PSII) was characterized in distinct domains of the thylakoid membrane, the grana core, the grana margins, the stroma lamellae, and the so-called Y100 fraction. PSII supercomplexes, PSII core dimers, PSII core monomers, PSII core monomers lacking the CP43 subunit, and PSII reaction centers were resolved and quantified by blue native PAGE, SDS-PAGE for the second dimension, and immunoanalysis of the D1 protein. Dimeric PSII (PSII supercomplexes and PSII core dimers) dominate in the core part of the thylakoid granum, whereas the monomeric PSII prevails in the stroma lamellae. Considerable amounts of PSII monomers lacking the CP43 protein and PSII reaction centers (D1-D2-cytochrome b559 complex) were found in the stroma lamellae. Our quantitative picture of the supramolecular composition of PSII, which is totally different between different domains of the thylakoid membrane, is discussed with respect to the function of PSII in each fraction. Steady state electron transfer, flash-induced fluorescence decay, and EPR analysis revealed that nearly all of the dimeric forms represent oxygen-evolving PSII centers. PSII core monomers were heterogeneous, and a large fraction did not evolve oxygen. PSII monomers without the CP43 protein and PSII reaction centers showed no oxygen-evolving activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Danielsson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Bianchetti M, Zheleva D, Deak Z, Zharmuhamedov S, Klimov V, Nugent J, Vass I, Barber J. Comparison of the functional properties of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the isolated CP47-reaction center complex. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16128-33. [PMID: 9632666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence, thermoluminescence, and EPR spectroscopy have been used to investigate the functional properties of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the photosystem II CP47-reaction center (CP47-RC) subcore complex that was isolated (Zheleva, D., Sharma, J., Panico, M., Morris, H. R., and Barber, J. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16122-16127). Chlorophyll fluorescence yield changes induced either by the initiation of continuous actinic light or by repetitive light flashes indicated that the dimeric, but not the monomeric, form of the CP47-RC complex showed secondary electron transport properties indicative of QA reduction. Thermoluminescence measurements also clearly distinguished the monomer from the dimer in that the latter showed a ZV band, which appeared at -55 degreesC, following illumination at -80 degreesC. This band has been determined to be an indicator of the photoaccumulation of QA-. The ability of the dimeric CP47-RC to show secondary electron transport properties was clearly demonstrated by EPR studies. The dimer was characterized by organic radical signals at about g = 2 induced either by illumination or by the addition of dithionite. The dithionite-induced signal was attributed to QA-, but there was no indication of any interaction with non-heme iron. The signal induced by light was more complex, being composed not only of the QA- radical but also of radicals generated on the donor side. Difference analyses indicated that one of these radicals is likely to be due to a D1 tyrosine 161 or D2 tyrosine 161. In contrast, the monomeric CP47-RC complex did not show similar EPR-detectable radicals and instead was dominated by a high yield of the spin-polarized triplet signal generated by recombination reactions between the oxidized primary reductant, pheophytin, and the primary donor, P680. It is also concluded from EPR analyses that both the monomeric and dimeric forms of the CP47-RC subcore complex contain one cytochrome b559 per reaction center. Overall the results suggest that photosystem II normally functions as a dimer complex and that monomerization at the level of the CP47-RC subcore complex leads to destabilization of the bound plastoquinone, which functions as QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bianchetti
- Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
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9
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Temperature dependent hole burning of the 684 nm chlorophyll a of the isolated reaction center of Photosystem II: confirmation of the linker model. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Saturation-recovery and progressive microwave power saturation EPR spectroscopies have been used to probe the location of the chlorophyllZ+ (ChlZ+) radical species in Mn-depleted photosystems II (PSII). The spin-lattice relaxation transients of ChlZ+ were non-single-exponential due to a dipole-dipole interaction with one of the other paramagnetic centers in PSII. Measurements on CN(-)-treated, Mn-depleted PSII membrane samples, in which the non-heme Fe(II) is converted into its low-spin, diamagnetic form, confirmed that the non-heme Fe(II) caused the dipolar relaxation enhancement of ChlZ+. The saturation-recovery EPR data were fit to a dipolar model [Hirsh, D. J., Beck, W. F., Innes, J. B., & Brudvig, G. W. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 532] which takes into account the isotropic (scalar) and orientation-dependent (dipolar) contributions to the spin-lattice relaxation of the radical. The temperature dependence of the dipolar rate constants of ChlZ+ was identical to the temperature dependencies recently observed for the stable tyrosine radical, YD., and the special pair bacteriochlorophyll radical, (BChla)2+, in PSII and in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, respectively. Because the non-heme Fe(II) is known to cause a dipolar relaxation enhancement of the radicals in both of the latter cases, this result provides further evidence that the non-heme Fe(II) causes the dipolar relaxation enhancement of ChlZ+ and, moreover, demonstrates that the magnetic properties of the non-heme Fe(II) in PSII and in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides are very similar. By using the known Fe(II)-(BChla)2+ distance for calibration, we estimate the Fe(II)-ChlZ+ distance to be 39.5 +/- 2.5 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koulougliotis
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Rigby SE, Nugent JH, O'Malley PJ. ENDOR and special triple resonance studies of chlorophyll cation radicals in photosystem 2. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10043-50. [PMID: 8060973 DOI: 10.1021/bi00199a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and special triple (ST) resonance spectroscopies have been used to study the cation radicals of the primary donor, P680, and two secondary donor chlorophylls (Chl) in photosystem 2 (PS2). Two different preparations were employed, Tris-washed PS2 membranes and PS2 reaction centers (D1-D2-I-Cytb559 complex). One secondary donor Chl a cation radical, Chl1.+, was generated in the Tris-washed preparation, while the P680.+ radical cation and a further Chl a cation radical, Chl2.+, were produced in the reaction center preparation. The ENDOR spectrum of the primary donor radical cation of photosystem 1 (P700.+) is also presented for comparison. Hyperfine coupling constants for methyl groups have been measured for all three PS2 radical species and assigned by comparison with previously published spectra of Chl a radicals in vitro. Electron spin densities were calculated from these hyperfine couplings. Comparison of ENDOR spectral features with those of Chla.+ in vitro indicates similar values for Chl1.+ and Chl2.+ radicals but an apparent reduction in unpaired electron spin density for P680.+. It has been proposed from the more detailed studies of purple bacterial reaction centers that such a reduction in spin density can be interpreted as a delocalization over two Chl a molecules. Our calculations therefore suggest that P680.+ is a weakly coupled chlorophyll pair with 82% of the unpaired electron spin located on one chlorophyll of the pair at 15 K. Environmental or geometrical changes to the chlorin ring structure to give a novel monomeric primary donor are also possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Rigby
- Department of Biology, University College London, U.K
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Telfer A, Bishop S, Phillips D, Barber J. Isolated photosynthetic reaction center of photosystem II as a sensitizer for the formation of singlet oxygen. Detection and quantum yield determination using a chemical trapping technique. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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FDMR of chlorophyll triplets in integrated particles and isolated reaction centres of Photosystem II. Identification of P680 triplet. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Allakhverdiev SI, Ahmed A, Tajmir-Riahi HA, Klimov VV, Carpentier R. Light-induced Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the cation radical P680+. FEBS Lett 1994; 339:151-4. [PMID: 8313965 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the primary electron donor of photosystem II, P680, is still under debate. It is not decided if it is composed of a chlorophyll (Chl) monomer or dimer. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the changes in the vibration modes occurring upon photooxidation of P680 in a Mn-depleted PS II preparation. It is demonstrated that illumination of the above in the presence of artificial electron acceptors results in a light-minus-dark absorbance change typical of the formation of P680+. The light-minus-dark difference FTIR spectrum obtained under similar conditions is characterized by two negative peaks located at 1694 and 1652 or 1626 cm-1 that can be assigned to the 9-keto groups of the P680 Chl, the latter band being indicative of a strongly associated group. These vibrations are shifted to 1714 and 1676 cm-1, respectively, in the positive features of the difference spectrum attributed to P680+. The occurrence of two pairs of bands attributed to 9-keto groups is discussed in terms of P680 being formed of a Chl dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Allakhverdiev
- Centre de recherche en photobiophysique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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15
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van der Vos R, van Leeuwen PJ, Braun P, Hoff AJ. Analysis of the optical absorbance spectra of D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 complexes by absorbance-detected magnetic resonance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90008-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kodera Y, Takura K, Kawamori A. Distance of P680 from the manganese complex in Photosystem II studied by time resolved EPR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90462-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Telfer A, De Las Rivas J, Barber J. β-Carotene within the isolated Photosystem II reaction centre: photooxidation and irreversible bleaching of this chromophore by oxidised P680. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Preparation and characterisation of Photosystem II core particles with and without bound bicarbonate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chapman D, Vass I, Barber J. Secondary electron transfer reactions of the isolated Photosystem II reaction centre after reconstitution with plastoquinone-9 and diacylglycerolipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miller AF, Brudvig GW. A guide to electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of Photosystem II membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1056:1-18. [PMID: 1845842 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This guide is intended to aid in the detection and identification of paramagnetic species in Photosystem II membranes, by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectral features and occurrence of each of the electron paramagnetic resonance signals from Photosystem II are discussed, in relation to the nature of the moiety giving rise to the signal and the role of that species in photosynthetic electron transport. Examples of most of the signals discussed are shown. The electron paramagnetic resonance signals produced by the cytochrome b6f and Photosystem I complexes, as well as the signals from other common contaminants, are also reviewed. Furthermore, references to seminal experiments on bacterial reaction centers are included. By reviewing both the spectroscopic and biochemical bases for the electron paramagnetic resonance signals of the cofactors that mediate photosynthetic electron transport, this paper provides an introduction to the use and interpretation of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in the study of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254
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21
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Barber J, Melis A. Quantum efficiency for the photoaccumulation of reduced pheophytin in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Transient absorption spectroscopy of the primary electron donor, P680, in the isolated photosystem II reaction centre. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90241-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Spectral resolution of more than one chlorophyll electron donor in the isolated Photosystem II reaction centre complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90145-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Millisecond time-resolved EPR of the spin-polarised triplet in the isolated Photosystem II reaction centre. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90064-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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