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Awahara C, Oku D, Furuta S, Kobayashi K, Teruya K, Akaji K, Hattori Y. The Effects of Side-Chain Configurations of a Retro-Inverso-Type Inhibitor on the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV)-1 Protease. Molecules 2022; 27:1646. [PMID: 35268749 PMCID: PMC8911550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of side-chain configurations of D-Ile residues of a retro-inverso (RI)-type inhibitor on the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) protease containing a hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere were clarified. Prior to evaluation using the RI-type inhibitor, the effects of side-chain configurations of Ile residues of the substrate peptide on the HTLV-1 protease were examined to estimate the influence of side-chain configurations on enzyme activity. Based on the estimation of the influence of side-chain configurations on protease affinity, the RI-type inhibitors containing a D-allo-Ile residue in the corresponding substrate sequence, instead of a D-Ile residue, were synthesized via 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. Refolded recombinant HTLV-1 protease (1-116, L40I) was used for the simple and short evaluation of the inhibitory activities of the synthesized RI-type inhibitors. The results clearly indicated that mimicking the whole topology, comprising both the main- and side-chain structures of the parent inhibitor, is effective for the design of potent RI-modified protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyuki Awahara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; (C.A.); (D.O.); (S.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Daiki Oku
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; (C.A.); (D.O.); (S.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Saki Furuta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; (C.A.); (D.O.); (S.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; (C.A.); (D.O.); (S.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan; (C.A.); (D.O.); (S.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Yasunao Hattori
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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2
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Synthesis and activity of tetrapeptidic HTLV-I protease inhibitors possessing different P3-cap moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5795-802. [PMID: 18400502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent behind adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy is the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I). Tetrapeptidic HTLV-I protease inhibitors were designed on a previously reported potent inhibitor KNI-10516, with modifications at the P(3)-cap moieties. All the inhibitors showed high HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity (over 98% inhibition at 50nM) and most exhibited highly potent inhibition against HTLV-I protease (IC(50) values were less than 100nM).
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3
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Maegawa H, Kimura T, Arii Y, Matsui Y, Kasai S, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y. Identification of peptidomimetic HTLV-I protease inhibitors containing hydroxymethylcarbonyl (HMC) isostere as the transition-state mimic. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5925-9. [PMID: 15501070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Towards the development of chemotherapy for the infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), we have established evaluation systems for HTLV-I protease (PR) inhibitors using both recombinant and chemically synthesized HTLV-I PRs. Newly synthesized substrate-based inhibitors containing hydroxymethylcarbonyl (HMC) isostere showed potent anti-HTLV-I PR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikoichiro Maegawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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4
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Herger BE, Mariani VL, Dennison K, Shuker SB. The 10 C-terminal residues of HTLV-I protease are not necessary for enzymatic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:1306-8. [PMID: 15303275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequence alignment of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) protease and other retroviral proteases reveals that the leukemia virus proteases contain residues at the C-terminus that are absent in the other proteases. We have prepared a mutant of HTLV-I protease that does not contain the 10 C-terminal residues and demonstrated that the catalytic efficiency of cleavage of a peptide substrate is unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Herger
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
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5
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Alvarez E, Menéndez-Arias L, Carrasco L. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI is cleaved by different retroviral proteases. J Virol 2004; 77:12392-400. [PMID: 14610163 PMCID: PMC262572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.23.12392-12400.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation factor eIF4G plays a central role in the regulation of translation. In picornaviruses, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cleavage of eIF4G by the viral protease leads to inhibition of protein synthesis directed by capped cellular mRNAs. In the present work, cleavage of both eIF4GI and eIF4GII has been analyzed by employing the proteases encoded within the genomes of several members of the family Retroviridae, e.g., Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), mouse mammary tumor virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. All of the retroviral proteases examined were able to cleave the initiation factor eIF4GI both in intact cells and in cell-free systems, albeit with different efficiencies. The eIF4GI hydrolysis patterns obtained with HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases were very similar to each other but rather different from those obtained with MoMLV protease. Both eIF4GI and eIF4GII were cleaved very efficiently by the MoMLV protease. However, eIF4GII was a poor substrate for HIV proteases. Proteolytic cleavage of eIF4G led to a profound inhibition of cap-dependent translation, while protein synthesis driven by mRNAs containing internal ribosome entry site elements remained unaffected or was even stimulated in transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Franchini G, Fukumoto R, Fullen JR. T-Cell Control by Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type 1. Int J Hematol 2003; 78:280-96. [PMID: 14686485 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes neoplastic transformation of human T-cells in a small number of infected individuals several years from infection. Collective evidence from in vitro studies indicates that several viral proteins act in concert to increase the responsiveness of T-cells to extracellular stimulation, modulate proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene signals, enhance T-cell survival, and avoid immune recognition of the infected T-cells. The virus promotes T-cell proliferation by usurping several signaling pathways central to immune T-cell function, such as antigen stimulation and receptor-ligand interaction, suggesting that extracellular signals are important for HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Environmental factors such as chronic antigen stimulation may therefore be of importance, as also suggested by epidemiological data. Thus genetic and environmental factors together with the virus contribute to disease development. This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating HTLV-1 replication and the T-cell pathways that are usurped by viral proteins to induce and maintain clonal proliferation of infected T-cells. The relevance of these laboratory findings is related to clonal T-cell proliferation and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveffa Franchini
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA.
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7
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Shuker SB, Mariani VL, Herger BE, Dennison KJ. Understanding HTLV-I protease. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:373-80. [PMID: 12770819 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Beckham Shuker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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8
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Franchini G, Nicot C, Johnson JM. Seizing of T Cells by Human T-Cell Leukemia⧸Lymphoma Virus Type 1. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 89:69-132. [PMID: 14587871 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(03)01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes neoplastic transformation of human T-cells in a small number of infected individuals several years from infection. Several viral proteins act in concert to increase the responsiveness of T-cells to extracellular stimulation, modulate proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene signals, enhance T-cell survival, and avoid immune recognition of the infected T-cells. The virus promotes T-cell proliferation by usurping several signaling pathways central to immune T-cell function. Viral proteins modulate the downstream effects of antigen stimulation and receptor-ligand interaction, suggesting that extracellular signals are important for HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Environmental factors such as chronic antigen stimulation are therefore important, as also suggested by epidemiological data. The ability of a given individual to respond to specific antigens is determined genetically. Thus, genetic and environmental factors, together with the virus, contribute to disease development. As in the case of other virus-associated cancers, HTLV-1-induced leukemia/lymphoma can be prevented by avoiding viral infection or by intervention during the asymptomatic phase with approaches able to interrupt the vicious cycle of virus-induced proliferation of a subset of T-cells. This review focuses on current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating HTLV-1 replication and the T-cell pathways that are usurped by viral proteins to induce and maintain clonal proliferation of infected T-cells in vitro. The relevance of these laboratory findings will be related to clonal T-cell proliferation and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveffa Franchini
- National Cancer Institute, Basic Research Laboratory, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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9
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Heidecker G, Hill S, Lloyd PA, Derse D. A novel protease processing site in the transframe protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 PR76(gag-pro) defines the N terminus of RT. J Virol 2002; 76:13101-5. [PMID: 12438640 PMCID: PMC136720 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.13101-13105.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic RNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 encodes three polyproteins, Gag, Gag-Pro, and Gag-Pro-Pol, which are translated as a result of no, one, and two frameshifts, respectively. In this report we demonstrate that the 77 residues encoded at the C terminus of the Gag-Pro precursor can be collectively detected as an 8-kDa transframe protein (TFP) in virions. Mutant viruses with a C-terminally truncated TFP (19, 32, or 50 residues) had essentially a wild-type phenotype in vitro. However, a virus mutant that encoded only the Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins due to a mutation in the second frameshift site, and hence did not produce TFP, was noninfectious. Mutation analysis of the proteolytic cleavage site between PR and TFP revealed the presence of an additional site and the existence of a p1 peptide separating protease and TFP. While removal of the cleavage site at the PR-p1 junction had a modest effect on virus replication, mutation of the p1-TFP cleavage site led to noninfectious virus and the loss of reverse transcriptase activity. Determination of the amino-terminal sequence of a hemagglutinin-tagged RT demonstrated that the same site is used in processing the Gag-Pro-Pol precursor and thus defines the start of mature RT. Neither mutation alone or in combination caused changes in the amounts or processing patterns of the Gag polyprotein, indicating that protease is active independent of its C terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Heidecker
- Basic Research Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Building 567, Room 154, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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10
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Teruya K, Kawakami T, Akaji K, Aimoto S. Total synthesis of [L40I, C90A, C109A]-human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 protease. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Louis JM, Oroszlan S, Tözsér J. Stabilization from autoproteolysis and kinetic characterization of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proteinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6660-6. [PMID: 10037763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a system for expression and purification of wild-type human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proteinase to attain sufficient quantities for structural, kinetic, and biophysical investigations. However, similar to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proteinase, HTLV-1 proteinase also undergoes autoproteolysis rapidly upon renaturation to produce two products. The site of this autoproteolytic cleavage was mapped, and a resistant HTLV-1 proteinase construct (L40I) as well as another construct, wherein the two cysteine residues were exchanged to alanines, were expressed and purified. Oligopeptide substrates representing the naturally occurring cleavage sites in HTLV-1 were good substrates of the HTLV-1 proteinase. The kinetic parameters kcat and Km were nearly identical for all the three enzymes. Although three of four peptides representing HTLV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were fairly good substrates of HIV-1 proteinase, only two of nine peptides representing HIV-1 proteinase cleavage sites were hydrolyzed by the HTLV-1 proteinase, suggesting substantial differences in the specificity of the two enzymes. The large difference in the specificity of the two enzymes was also demonstrated by inhibition studies. Of the several inhibitors of HIV-1 or other retroviral proteinases that were tested on HTLV-1 proteinase, only two inhibit the enzyme with a Ki lower than 100 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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12
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Müller B, Kräusslich HG. Characterization of human T-cell leukemia virus type I integrase expressed in Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 259:79-87. [PMID: 9914478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal part of the pol gene of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is predicted to encode the integrase (IN) of the virus; however, this protein has not yet been detected in virions or infected cells. We expressed the putative IN from an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-I in Escherichia coli. Comparison with protein resulting from coexpression of HTLV-I protease (PR) and Pol in insect cells indicated that the bacterially expressed protein is identical with or very similar to IN released from a PR-Pol precursor by proteolytic cleavage. HTLV-I IN was purified from E. coli under native conditions. The protein behaved like a dimer in size-exclusion chromatography. It carried out activities characteristic of retroviral IN with high efficiency, displaying a strong preference for U5-derived vs. U3-derived sequences in the processing and strand-transfer reactions. In the disintegration reaction, HTLV-I IN not only accepted the double-stranded branched substrate corresponding to the product of a strand-transfer reaction, but was also able to carry out a phosphoryl transfer on a branched molecule with a single-stranded or a single adenosine overhang.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Müller
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Ding YS, Rich DH, Ikeda RA. Substrates and inhibitors of human T-cell leukemia virus type I protease. Biochemistry 1998; 37:17514-8. [PMID: 9860866 DOI: 10.1021/bi982004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-I is an oncogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia. HTLV-I protease and HTLV-I protease fused to a deca-histidine containing leader peptide (His-protease) have been cloned, expressed, and purified. The refolded proteases were active and exhibited nearly identical enzymatic activities. To begin to characterize the specificity of HTLV-I, we measured protease cleavage of peptide substrates and inhibition by protease inhibitors. HTLV-I protease cleavage of a peptide representing the HTLV-I retroviral processing site P19/24 (APQVLPVMHPHG) yielded Km and kcat values of 470 microM and 0.184 s-1 while cleavage of a peptide representing the processing site P24/15 (KTKVLVVQPK) yielded Km and kcat values of 310 microM and 0.0060 s-1. When the P1' proline of P19/24 was replaced with p-nitro-phenylalanine (Nph), the ability of HTLV-I protease to cleave the substrate (APQVLNphVMHPL) was improved. Inhibition of HTLV-I protease and His-protease by a series of protease inhibitors was also tested. It was found that the Ki values for inhibition of HTLV-I protease and His-protease by a series of pepsin inhibitors ranged from 7 nM to 10 microM, while the Ki values of a series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors ranged from 6 nM to 127 microM. In comparison, the Ki values for inhibition of pepsin by the pepsin inhibitors ranged from 0.72 to 19.2 nM, and the Ki values for inhibition of HIV-1 protease by the HIV protease inhibitors ranged from 0.24 nM to 1.0 microM. The data suggested that the substrate binding site of HTLV-I protease is different from the substrate binding sites of pepsin and HIV-1 protease, and that currently employed HIV-1 protease inhibitors would not be effective for the treatment of HTLV-I infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Ding
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
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14
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Trentin B, Rebeyrotte N, Mamoun RZ. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) originates from the pro and pol open reading frames and requires the presence of RT-RNase H (RH) and RT-RH-integrase proteins for its activity. J Virol 1998; 72:6504-10. [PMID: 9658093 PMCID: PMC109816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.8.6504-6510.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The first description of an active form of a recombinant human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) and subsequent predictions of its amino acid sequence and quaternary structure are reported here. By using amino acid alignment methods, the NH2 and COOH termini of the RT, RNase H (RH), and integrase (IN) domains of the Pol polyprotein were determined. The HTLV-1 RT seems to be unique since its NH2 terminus is probably encoded by the pro open reading frame (ORF) fused downstream, via a transframe peptide, to the polypeptide encoded by the pol ORF. The HTLV-1 Pol amino acid sequence was revealed to be highly similar to that of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), particularly at the RT-RH hinge region. These two domains remain linked for RSV; this may also be the case for HTLV-1. In light of these results, RT, RT-RH, and RT-RH-IN genes were constructed and introduced into His-tagged protein expression vectors. The corresponding proteins were synthesized in vitro, and the DNA polymerase activities of different protein combinations were tested. Solely the RT-RH-RT-RH-IN combination was found to have a significant activity level. Velocity sedimentation analysis suggested that the HTLV-1 RT-RH and RT-RH-IN monomers are likely associated in an oligomeric structure, probably of the alpha3/beta type.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Trentin
- Laboratoire Rétrovirus et Thérapie, IFR INSERM/CNRS No. 66 Pathologies Infectieuses, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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15
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Pettit SC, Sanchez R, Smith T, Wehbie R, Derse D, Swanstrom R. HIV type 1 protease inhibitors fail to inhibit HTLV-I Gag processing in infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1007-14. [PMID: 9686647 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are currently the most effective antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study we determined the effect of four HIV-1 protease inhibitors on human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I). Rhesus monkey cells infected with HTLV-I were treated with different concentrations of indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, or nelfinavir. The effect of these inhibitors was monitored through their effect on the processing efficiency of the viral Gag protein in cells, the natural substrate for the viral protease. These inhibitors failed to block processing of HTLV-I Gag. To confirm these findings, human cells were cotransfected with plasmids encoding infectious copies of HIV-1 and HTLV-I, and the cells were subsequently treated with these same HIV-1 protease inhibitors. At concentrations between 5 and 50 times the IC50 for inhibition of HIV-1 replication, inhibition of HIV-1 Gag cleavage was apparent. In contrast, no effect on HTLV-I Gag processing was seen. At higher concentrations, HIV-1 Gag processing was essentially completely inhibited whereas HTLV-I Gag cleavage was still unaffected. Thus, these inhibitors are not effective inhibitors of HTLV-I Gag processing. Sequence alignments of the HIV-1 and HTLV-I viral proteases and processing sites suggest that the active site of the HTLV-I protease may have subtle differences in substrate recognition compared with the HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Pettit
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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16
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Ding YS, Owen SM, Lal RB, Ikeda RA. Efficient expression and rapid purification of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 protease. J Virol 1998; 72:3383-6. [PMID: 9525666 PMCID: PMC109825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3383-3386.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncovirus that is clinically associated with adult T-cell leukemia. We report here the construction of a pET19-based expression clone containing HTLV-1 protease fused to a decahistidine-containing leader peptide. The recombinant protein is efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli, and the fusion protein can be easily purified by affinity chromatography. Active mature protease in yields in excess of 3 mg/liter of culture can then be obtained by a novel two-step refolding and autoprocessing procedure. The purified enzyme exhibited Km and Kcat, values of 0.3 mM and 0.143 sec(-1) at pH 5.3 and was inhibited by pepstatin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Ding
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
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17
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Ménard A, Leonard R, Llido S, Geoffre S, Picard P, Berteau F, Precigoux G, Hospital M, Guillemain B. Inhibition of activity of the protease from bovine leukemia virus. FEBS Lett 1994; 346:268-72. [PMID: 8013645 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In view of the close similarity between bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) we investigated the possibility of developing specific inhibitors of the proteases of these retroviruses using the purified enzyme from BLV. We tested the ability of this protease to specifically cleave various short oligopeptide substrates containing cleavage sites of BLV and HTLV-I proteases, as well as a recombinant BLV Gag precursor. The best substrate, a synthetic decapeptide bearing the natural cleavage site between the matrix and the capsid proteins of BLV Gag precursor polyprotein, was used to develop an inhibition assay. We determined the relative inhibitory effect of synthetic Gag precursor-like peptides in which the cleavable site was replaced by a non-hydrolyzable moiety. The encouraging inhibitory effect of these compounds indicates that potent non-peptidic inhibitors for retroviral proteases are not unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ménard
- INSERM Unité 328, fondation Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Saiga A, Tanaka T, Orita S, Sato A, Sato S, Hachisu T, Abe K, Kimura Y, Kondo Y, Fujiwara T. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 protease protein expressed in Escherichia coli possesses aspartic proteinase activity. Arch Virol 1993; 128:195-210. [PMID: 8435041 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We amplified the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) protease gene fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned it into a pUC plasmid vector. DNA sequencing data of the protease gene fragment indicated that it contained an open reading frame capable of encoding the active HTLV-1 protease. To express a fusion protein of beta-galactosidase linked with the HTLV-1 protease in Escherichia coli, a plasmid DNA was constructed by inserting the HTLV-1 protease gene DNA into a procaryotic expression vector, pUEX2, consisting of a lacZ gene directed by a lambda phage Pr promoter and designated pUEX-pro. By Western blot analysis using anti-beta-galactosidase antibody, a bigger molecular size band than that of the control beta-galactosidase molecule was observed in E. coli cells transformed with pUEX-pro but not with control pUEX2, suggesting that the particular fusion protein was successfully expressed. This recombinant protease protein in the E. coli cell lysate was demonstrated to be able to cleave the decapeptide substrates composed of amino acid sequences containing proteolytic cleavage sites in the HTLV-1 gag precursor polyprotein. The gag precursor polyprotein expressed in the mammalian cells by the recombinant vaccinia virus system was also expectedly cleaved by this enzyme. Significant inhibition of this protease activity by pepstatin A, an aspartic proteinase-specific inhibitor, confirms that HTLV-1 protease is a member of the aspartic proteinase group as suggested previously. Since the crude lysate without purification is utilized sufficiently as a native HTLV-1 protease reagent, this protease preparation is easily applicable to the large scale screening of HTLV-1 protease inhibitors for the treatment of diseases caused by HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saiga
- Shionogi Institute for Medical Science, Osaka, Japan
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Précigoux G, Geoffre S, Léonard R, Llido S, Dautant A, d'Estaintot BL, Picard P, Ménard A, Guillemain B, Hospital M. Modelling, synthesis and biological activity of a BLV proteinase, made of (only) 116 amino acids. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:237-40. [PMID: 8392000 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is the aetiological agent of Leukosis enzootica bovis [Viral Oncology (1980), G. Klein (Ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp. 231-238], a widely spread disease in cattle. BLV is reported as the animal model of human T-cell leukaemia virus (HLTV) which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukaemia and tropical spastic paraparesis. Like the viruses themselves, the two retroviral proteinases (PR) are very closely related [Virology 142 (1985) 357-377]. BLV and HTLV-I PR are reported as putative proteins made of 126 [J. Virol. 57 (1986) 826-832] and 125 [FEBS Lett. 293 (1991) 106-110] amino acids, respectively (long sequences), belonging to the aspartyl proteinase family [Nature 329 (1987) 351-354], with the aid of molecular modelling, we show that BLV and HTLV-I proteinases made of only 116 and 115 amino acids, respectively (short sequences), display three-dimensional structures similar to that observed for other retroviral aspartyl proteinases. The models are based on three-dimensional structures of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV PR) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 PR). We used solid phase peptide synthesis to produce the putative proteolytic enzyme of BLV (116 amino acids). In this study, we show that the folded synthetic protease accurately hydrolyzes a decapeptide corresponding to the sequence of the Matrice-Capside (MA/CA) cleavage site of the gag polyprotein. In addition, the proteolytic activity is inhibited by a statine ((4S,3S)-4-amino-3-hydroxyl-6-methylheptanoic acid) containing an analogous sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Précigoux
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie, URA 144 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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Menéndez-Arias L, Young M, Oroszlan S. Purification and characterization of the mouse mammary tumor virus protease expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Bláha I, Tözsér J, Kim Y, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S. Solid phase synthesis of the proteinase of bovine leukemia virus. Comparison of its specificity to that of HIV-2 proteinase. FEBS Lett 1992; 309:389-93. [PMID: 1325379 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80813-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 126-residue proteinase (PR) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and its activity was shown using various oligopeptide substrates representing cleavage sites in BLV, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The specificity of the BLV PR was also compared to that of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) PR. Many of the peptides were cleaved at the expected site, however, 6 out of 15 were hydrolyzed only by one of the PRs. Furthermore, one BLV peptide was processed differently by the two enzymes. These results, together with the relative activities and the lack of inhibition of BLV PR by two HIV-1 PR inhibitors, suggest that the BLV PR specificity is substantially different from that of HIV PRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bláha
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Carcinogenesis, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702
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Hayakawa T, Misumi Y, Kobayashi M, Yamamoto Y, Fujisawa Y. Requirement of N- and C-terminal regions for enzymatic activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type I protease. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 206:919-25. [PMID: 1606969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The requirement of N- and C-terminal regions for the enzymatic activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) protease was investigated using a series of deletion mutants. The activity was analyzed by autoprocessing of the protease itself or by processing of the gag p53 precursor. The deletional analyses indicated that Asp38-Gly152 with an additional Met-Pro sequence at the N-terminus was probably sufficient for the enzymatic activity, although the mature HTLV-I protease consists of Pro33-Leu157. A molecular model of HTLV-I protease, which was constructed by comparison with the structure of Rous sarcoma virus protease, predicted that Pro33-Leu37 and Gly143-Leu147 would form a beta-sheet. Our experimental results and the model structure suggest that (a) five amino acids in the N-terminal region (Pro33-Leu37), which are thought to be involved in the beta-sheet, are not crucial for the enzymatic activity; (b) Pro153-Leu157 is not necessary but Pro148-Gly152 is important for the enzymatic activity, in addition to Gly143-Leu147 involved in the beta-sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayakawa
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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