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Sergeev ME, Voyushina TL, Sergeeva OA, Belozerskaya GG. Efficient enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of peptide secondary amides for use as serine proteinase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Vakurov AV, Gladilin AK, Partridge J, Izumrudov VA, Mozhaev VV, Levashov AV, Halling PJ. Peptide Synthesis in Dimethylformamide-Based Organic Media Catalysed by Non-Covalent Chymotrypsin–Polyelectrolyte Complexes. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429909015231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Tawaki S, Klibanov AM. Chemoselectivity of Enzymes in Anhydrous Media is Strongly Solvent Dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429309030952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichirou Tawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexander M. Klibanov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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4
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Sareen R, Bornscheuer UT, Mishra P. Synthesis of kyotorphin precursor by an organic solvent-stable protease from Bacillus licheniformis RSP-09-37. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Selectivity of penicillin G acylase towards phenylacetic acid derivatives in amide bond synthesis in toluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(01)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Fan Y, Kobayashi M, Kise H. Synthesis and Biodegradability of New Polyesteramides Containing Peptide Linkages. Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.32.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Kidd RD, Sears P, Huang DH, Witte K, Wong CH, Farber GK. Breaking the low barrier hydrogen bond in a serine protease. Protein Sci 1999; 8:410-7. [PMID: 10048334 PMCID: PMC2144249 DOI: 10.1110/ps.8.2.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease subtilisin BPN' is a useful catalyst for peptide synthesis when dissolved in high concentrations of a water-miscible organic co-solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). However, in 50% DMF, the k(cat) for amide hydrolysis is two orders of magnitude lower than in aqueous solution. Surprisingly, the k(cat) for ester hydrolysis is unchanged in 50% DMF. To explain this alteration in activity, the structure of subtilisin 8397+1 was determined in 20, 35, and 50% (v/v) DMF to 1.8 A resolution. In 50% DMF, the imidazole ring of His64, the central residue of the catalytic triad, has rotated approximately 180 degrees around the Cbeta-Cgamma bond. Two new water molecules in the active site stabilize the rotated conformation. This rotation places His64 in an unfavorable geometry to interact with the other members of the catalytic triad, Ser221 and Asp32. NMR experiments confirm that the characteristic resonance due to the low barrier hydrogen bond between the His64 and Asp32 is absent in 50% DMF. These experiments provide a clear structural basis for the change in activity of serine proteases in organic co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Kidd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-4500, USA
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9
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Abstract
Water is fundamental for enzyme action and for formation of the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Hence, it may be assumed that studies on the interplay between water and enzymes can yield insight into enzyme function and formation. This has proven correct, because the numerous studies that have been made on the behavior of water-soluble and membrane enzymes in systems with a low water content (reverse micelles or enzymes suspended in nonpolar organic solvents) have revealed properties of enzymes that are not easily appreciated in aqueous solutions. In the low water systems, it has been possible to probe the relation between solvent and enzyme kinetics, as well as some of the factors that affect enzyme thermostability and catalysis. Furthermore, the studies show that low water environments can be used to stabilize conformers that exhibit unsuspected catalytic properties, as well as intermediates of enzyme function and formation that in aqueous media have relatively short life-times. The structure of enzymes in these unnatural conditions is actively being explored.
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10
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Hedenfalk M, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B. Modulation of the measuring range of a radioimmunoassay using an organic water two phase system. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Jönsson Å, Wehtje E, Adlerreutz P, Mattiasson B. Temperature effects on protease catalyzed acyl transfer reactions in organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1381-1177(96)00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Comparison of the ability of ?-glucosidases from almonds and Fusarium oxysporum to produce n-alkyl-?-glucosides in organic solvents. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00143457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The main principles and methods of creating artificial systems with the directional regulation of enzyme activity by an outer physical signal are discussed. We are presenting some experimental results for the systems working in the necessary regime and responding to light and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Varfolomeyev
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
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14
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Anisimova VV, Filippova IY, Lysogorskaya EN, Oksenoit ES, Kolobanova SV, Stepanov VM. Proteinase-catalyzed peptide synthesis in concentrated solutions of urea and other denaturing agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 47:28-35. [PMID: 8907496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pepsin successfully catalyzed the synthesis of several hydrophobic octa- and decapeptides in dimethylformamide-water solutions containing concentrated urea at pH 4.65. The factors that influence peptide synthesis in the presence of urea were studied using condensation of the tripeptides Z-Ala-Ala-Phe-OH and H-Leu-Ala-Ala-OCH3 as a model. The dependence of Z-Ala-Ala-Phe-Leu-Ala-Ala-OCH3 yield on pepsin concentration and pH, as well as the behavior of pepsin during peptide synthesis were studied. It was shown that pepsin catalyzed the synthesis of Z-Ala-Ala-Phe-Leu-Ala-Ala-OCH3 in guanidine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. Other proteinases, subtilisin and thermolysin, were applied for the synthesis of p-nitroanilides of tri- and tetrapeptides in urea solutions. Proteinase-catalyzed peptide synthesis in the presence of denaturing agents might help to overcome the limitations caused by poor solubility of the starting peptide derivatives, although this effect is sometimes counterbalanced by the product solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Anisimova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Russia
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15
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Töugu V, Talts P, Meos H, Haga M, Aaviksaar A. Aminolysis of acyl-chymotrypsins by amino acids. Kinetic appearance of concentration effect in peptide yield enhancement by freezing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1247:272-6. [PMID: 7696319 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)00237-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of reagent concentrations, various added substances, pH and temperature on the yield of peptide synthesis by chymotrypsin in frozen and liquid solutions at subzero temperatures have been studied. Increased nucleophile concentration in the liquid microinclusions of ice has been shown to be sufficient for explaining the peptide yield improvement found at freezing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Töugu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn
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16
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Lamare S, Legoy MD. Working at controlled water activity in a continuous process: The gas/solid system as a solution. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 45:387-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260450503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Bemquerer MP, Adlercreutz P, Tominaga M. Pepsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in organic media: studies with free and immobilized enzyme. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 44:448-56. [PMID: 7896503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pepsin-catalyzed synthesis of protected peptides was studied in two-phase systems containing up to 5% (by volume) of aqueous phase. A methodological study was carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis of the model protected peptide Z-Phe-Phe-OMe. Several parameters such as concentrations of carboxylic and amino components, pH of the aqueous phase, ratio of organic to aqueous phase volumes and nature of the organic solvent were investigated. It was observed that the most hydrophobic solvents produced the best yields, despite the low solubility of substrates in these media. The log P of the solvent could be used to predict the solvent effect over the reaction yields. Pepsin immobilized by adsorption onto the solid supports Celite and Chromosorb was employed to perform a study of secondary specificity of the enzyme in organic media through the coupling between Z-X-Phe-OH (X = Ala, Asp, Glu, Gly, Phe, Ile, Val, Trp and Tyr) and Phe-OMe. This investigation was performed in two solvent systems: (A) ethyl acetate:citrate buffer pH 4.5 (98:02, v:v) and (B) acetonitrile:citrate buffer pH 4.5 (96:04, v:v). Reaction rate data showed that pepsin had a preference for more hydrophilic substituents in the P2 position. These data are in contrast to the literature for a similar reaction performed in predominantly aqueous media. Thus, for mainly organic media, partition phenomena are very important and may cause an apparent modification of enzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Bemquerer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Cerovský V, Jakubke HD. Acyl transfer reactions catalyzed by native and modified alpha-chymotrypsin in acetonitrile with low water content. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:596-601. [PMID: 7764990 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the S' subsite specificity of native and ethylated alpha-chymotrypsin has been studied via acyl transfer reaction in acetonitrile containing 10 vol% of water. Using Ac-Tyr-OEt as acyl donor, we investigated the partitioning of acyl-chymotrypsins between water and amino acid and peptide-derived nucleophiles. For the investigation of S'2 subsite specificity, a series of 19 dipeptides of the general structure Ala-Xaa (Xaa represents all natural amino acids except cysteine) were used. From the values of the apparent partition constants rho app, the order of preference for the P'2 position is estimated to be: positively charged > hydrophilic > or = hydrophobic > aromatic > Pro > negatively charged side chain. Concerning the S'1 specificity, the same preference is deduced based on the study with the series of amino acid amides and Xaa-Ala dipeptides. In contrast to the nucleophilic specificity of alpha-chymotrypsin in aqueous solutions, free dipeptides and hydrophilic amino acid derivatives as nucleophiles exhibit much higher reactivities for acyl transfer in acetonitrile. We have not observed a significant difference in nucleophilic specificity between native and ethylated chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cerovský
- Leipzig University, Department of Biochemistry, Germany
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19
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Stepanov VM, Voyushina TL, Morozova IP, Adlercreutz P. Side reactions in enzymatic peptide synthesis in organic media: effects of enzyme, solvent, and substrate concentrations. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:522-8. [PMID: 7764892 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The progress of enzymatic peptide synthesis catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis strain 72 (subtilisin 72) in low-water systems was studied. The initial reaction mixture consisted of the solvent, the acyl-group donor (MalAlaAlaPheOMe or ZAlaAlaPheOMe, Mal, maleyl, Z, benzyloxycarbonyl), the nucleophile XaaNH2 (Xaa = Phe, Leu or Ala), and the enzyme adsorbed on porous silica material. All amino acid residues were of the L-configuration. The solvent consisted of acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), and 4% (v/v) of water. The DMF/acetonitrile ratio was varied between 0 and 1/1. At high concentration of the acyl-group donor and approximately equimolar ratio of the nucleophile and the acyl-group donor, quantitative formation of MalAlaAlaPheXaaNH2 or ZAlaAlaPheXaaNH2 occurred. As a result, a method for the synthesis of polypeptide amides was developed. At low concentration of the acyl-group donor and excess of the nucleophile, the condensation by-products with two and three nucleophile molecules were found in the reaction mixtures. The data obtained provided evidence that organic solvents affected the S'1-specificity of alpha-chymotrypsin and the S1-specificity of subtilisin 72, while the S1-specificity of alpha-chymotrypsin and the S'1-specificity of subtilisin 72 were not affected. When the DMF content was increased, the rate of the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions decreased. In contrast to this, an increase in DMF content accelerated the subtilisin 72-catalyzed reactions. Hydrolysis of the acyl-group donor did not occur in the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions. Significant (up to 50%) formation of MalAlaAlaPheOH was observed at the early stage of the subtilisin 72-catalyzed reactions. Later MalAlaAlaPheOH underwent synthesis.
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20
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Abstract
The discovery that enzymes possess catalytic activity in organic solvents has made it possible to address the question of the influence of the reaction medium on enzymatic specificity. Recently, the substrate specificity, enantioselectivity, prochiral selectivity, regioselectivity, and chemoselectivity of enzymes have been found to dramatically depend on the nature of the solvent. This review discusses the scope, possible mechanisms, and implications of this phenomenon, as well as directions of future research in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wescott
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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21
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Mingarro I, Abad C, Braco L. Characterization of acylating and deacylating activities of an extracellular phospholipase A2 in a water-restricted environment. Biochemistry 1994; 33:4652-60. [PMID: 8161522 DOI: 10.1021/bi00181a600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (ppPLA2) in monophasic low-water media has been explored, for the first time, in a systematic manner. It has been investigated how a number of variables can modulate both acylating and deacylating activities of the enzyme, and several interesting, unexpected results are presented. Among the most relevant, when placing ppPLA2 in the water-restricted environment, are the following: (i) it displays a remarkable alteration of its specificity toward the substrate polar head relative to all-water medium; (ii) it is quite severely inhibited by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which has important implications, particularly concerning its acylation activity; and (iii) it exquisitely discriminates between saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids when esterifying them with LPC. Finally, it is also illustrated how these results can be exploited to optimize the catalytic performance of the enzyme in nonaqueous medium and obtain a nearly 30-fold increase in the yield of phosphatidylcholine synthesis with respect to previously reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mingarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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23
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Tõugu V, Meos H, Haga M, Aaviksaar A, Jakubke HD. Peptide synthesis by chymotrypsin in frozen solutions. Free amino acids as nucleophiles. FEBS Lett 1993; 329:40-2. [PMID: 8354404 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic efficiency of the free amino acids in chymotrypsin-catalyzed acyl transfer in ice at -18 degrees C using ethyl esters of N-maleyl-L-tyrosine and L-tyrosine as the acyl group donors has been studied. Although the amino acids did not act as acyl acceptors in liquid water, the high yields of peptides were obtained in frozen solutions at pH 10.5 (before freezing). The efficiency of amino acids in the formation of the corresponding dipeptides depended on the substrate used, and decreased in the order Ser,Thr,Gln > Lys > Cit > Ala > Ala > Gly > Asn > Arg > Glu > Val > Orn > Asp with no peptide formed with His, Leu, Ile and Pro) for N-maleyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and Ser > Lys > Orn > Arg,Cit > Gln > Thr > Asn > Ala > Gly (with no peptide formed with Glu, Val, Asp, His, Leu, Ile and Pro) for L-tyrosine ethyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tõugu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Akadeemia 23, Tallinn, Estonia
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24
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Calvet S, Clapés P, Torres JL, Valencia G, Feixas J, Adlercreutz P. Enzymatic synthesis of X-Phe-Leu-NH2 in low water content systems: influence of the N-alpha protecting group and the reaction medium composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1164:189-96. [PMID: 8329450 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90247-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The influence of eight different N-terminal protecting groups (For, Ac, Boc, Fmoc, Mal, Pheac, Aloc and Z) on the alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed synthesis of the dipeptide derivative X-Phe-Leu-NH2 in organic media was studied. Groups such as Ac, For, Boc, Z, Mal, Pheac and Alloc always rendered good peptide yields (92% to 99%) either in acetonitrile or in ethyl acetate. Good correlations were found between molecular and physico-chemical characteristics of the N-alpha moiety such as the hydrophobicity (log P), ovality and dipole moment and the global reaction rate parameter k'. High k' values were obtained with the less hydrophobic groups, Ac, For and Mal, that have ovality values close to one and the highest dipole moments. Furthermore, it was found that the relative rate of hydrolysis and aminolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate expressed as the partition parameter p is affected by the N-alpha moiety of the acyl donor. Correlations between this parameter and the dipole moment of the protecting group were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calvet
- Unit for Peptide Chemistry and Biochemistry, C.I.D.-C.S.I.C., Barcelona, Spain
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