1
|
Fu H, Yang Y. How Plants Tolerate Salt Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5914-5934. [PMID: 37504290 PMCID: PMC10378706 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization inhibits plant growth and seriously restricts food security and agricultural development. Excessive salt can cause ionic stress, osmotic stress, and ultimately oxidative stress in plants. Plants exclude excess salt from their cells to help maintain ionic homeostasis and stimulate phytohormone signaling pathways, thereby balancing growth and stress tolerance to enhance their survival. Continuous innovations in scientific research techniques have allowed great strides in understanding how plants actively resist salt stress. Here, we briefly summarize recent achievements in elucidating ionic homeostasis, osmotic stress regulation, oxidative stress regulation, and plant hormonal responses under salt stress. Such achievements lay the foundation for a comprehensive understanding of plant salt-tolerance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumari J, Rathore MS. Na+/K+-ATPase a Primary Membrane Transporter: An Overview and Recent Advances with Special Reference to Algae. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:191-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
3
|
Maathuis FJM, Ahmad I, Patishtan J. Regulation of Na(+) fluxes in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:467. [PMID: 25278946 PMCID: PMC4165222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to salt, every plant takes up Na(+) from the environment. Once in the symplast, Na(+) is distributed within cells and between different tissues and organs. There it can help to lower the cellular water potential but also exert potentially toxic effects. Control of Na(+) fluxes is therefore crucial and indeed, research shows that the divergence between salt tolerant and salt sensitive plants is not due to a variation in transporter types but rather originates in the control of uptake and internal Na(+) fluxes. A number of regulatory mechanisms has been identified based on signaling of Ca(2+), cyclic nucleotides, reactive oxygen species, hormones, or on transcriptional and post translational changes of gene and protein expression. This review will give an overview of intra- and intercellular movement of Na(+) in plants and will summarize our current ideas of how these fluxes are controlled and regulated in the early stages of salt stress.
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Shono M, Wada M, Hara Y, Fujii T. Molecular cloning of Na(+)-ATPase cDNA from a marine alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1511:193-9. [PMID: 11248217 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We cloned novel Na(+)-ATPase (HANA) cDNA from marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo. The full-length HANA cDNA was 4467 bp long and coded for a 1330 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 146,306. The deduced product exhibited around 40% identity in amino acids with Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunits. A hydrophilic sequence of 285 amino acid residues that showed no homology with any sequence listed in databases existed in the M7--M8 junction of HANA. This is the first report on the primary structure of putative Na(+)-transporting ATPase from plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shono
- Japanese International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences-Okinawa Subtropical Station, Ishigaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Salinity limits plant growth and impairs agricultural productivity. There is a wide spectrum of plant responses to salinity that are defined by a range of adaptations at the cellular and the whole-plant levels, however, the mechanisms of sodium transport appear to be fundamentally similar. At the cellular level, sodium ions gain entry via several plasma membrane channels. As cytoplasmic sodium is toxic above threshold levels, it is extruded by plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiports that are energized by the proton gradient generated by the plasma membrane ATPase. Cytoplasmic Na(+) may also be compartmentalized by vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiports. These transporters are energized by the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-PPiase. Here, the mechanisms of sodium entry, extrusion, and compartmentation are reviewed, with a discussion of recent progress on the cloning and characterization, directly in planta and in yeast, of some of the proteins involved in sodium transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Blumwald
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nelson DE, Shen B, Bohnert HJ. Salinity tolerance--mechanisms, models and the metabolic engineering of complex traits. GENETIC ENGINEERING 1998; 20:153-76. [PMID: 9666560 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1739-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0088, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serrano R. Salt tolerance in plants and microorganisms: toxicity targets and defense responses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1996; 165:1-52. [PMID: 8900956 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance of crops could be improved by genetic engineering if basic questions on mechanisms of salt toxicity and defense responses could be solved at the molecular level. Mutant plants accumulating proline and transgenic plants engineered to accumulate mannitol or fructans exhibit improved salt tolerance. A target of salt toxicity has been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: it is a sodium-sensitive nucleotidase involved in sulfate activation and encoded by the HAL2 gene. The major sodium-extrusion system of S. cerevisiae is a P-ATPase encoded by the ENA1 gene. The regulatory system of ENA1 expression includes the protein phosphatase calcineurin and the product of the HAL3 gene. In Escherichia coli, the Na(+)-H+ antiporter encoded by the nhaA gene is essential for salt tolerance. No sodium transport system has been identified at the molecular level in plants. Ion transport at the vacuole is of crucial importance for salt accumulation in this compartment, a conspicuous feature of halophytic plants. The primary sensors of osmotic stress have been identified only in E. coli. In S. cerevisiae, a protein kinase cascade (the HOG pathway) mediates the osmotic induction of many, but not all, stress-responsive genes. In plants, the hormone abscisic acid mediates many stress responses and both a protein phosphatase and a transcription factor (encoded by the ABI1 and ABI3 genes, respectively) participate in its action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Serrano
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wolf AH, Slayman CW, Gradmann D. Primary structure of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase from the halotolerant alga Dunaliella bioculata. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:657-666. [PMID: 7647298 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
P-type ATPase-specific oligodeoxyribonucleotides were used to obtain a fragment of the H(+)-ATPase of the salt tolerant alga Dunaliella bioculata by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This fragment served as a probe in screening a cDNA-library from this organism. The complete primary structure of the ATPase protein (DBPMA1) was deduced from sequencing a 4.7 kb cDNA clone. The protein shows highest homology to H(+)-ATPases from higher plants and fungi (43% identity, 67% similarity) but has a higher calculated molecular mass (123 kDa). The latter can be assigned mainly to an additional hydrophilic domain between transmembrane segments VI and VII and to an extended carboxyterminus. These unusual structural features of DBPMA1 are interpreted in terms of providing regulatory sites of the enzyme. Southern blot analysis suggests the presence of only a single copy of the gene in the haploid D. bioculata genome. To investigate the role of the H(+)-ATPase in the adaption of D. bioculata to different external NaCl concentrations, we employed northern blot analyses. The results indicate that the pma1 transcript level of cells growing in salinities between 0.1 and 3 M NaCl is not directly correlated with the external salt concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Wolf
- Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Specht SC, Lopez-Rosado R, Santos-Berrios C, Figueroa-Nieves R. An ouabain-sensitive Na+,K(+)-ATPase in tentacles of the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 110:555-63. [PMID: 7584831 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00172-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tentacles of Stichodactyla helianthus contain an ouabain-inhibitable, (Na+,K+)-stimulated ATPase. The K0.5 for Na+ was 24 mM and for K+, 3.2 mM. The apparent affinity for ouabain was low, I50 = 10(-4) M. The order of cation affinities was Rb+ > K+ > NH4+ = Cs+. The catalytic subunit of the enzyme comprised a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, M(r) = 105 kDa, that was phosphorylated by [32P]ATP in the presence of NaCl and dephosphorylated by the addition of KCl. The alpha subunit was weakly reactive with antibodies directed against the rat alpha subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Specht
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00901
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Skulachev VP. Chemiosmotic concept of the membrane bioenergetics: what is already clear and what is still waiting for elucidation? J Bioenerg Biomembr 1994; 26:589-98. [PMID: 7721720 DOI: 10.1007/bf00831533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present state of the chemiosmotic concept is reviewed. Special attention is paid to (i) further progress in studies on the Na(+)-coupled energetics and (ii) paradoxical bioenergetic effects when protonic or sodium potentials are utilized outside the coupling membrane (TonB-mediated uphill transports across the outer bacterial membrane). A hypothesis is put forward assuming that the same principle is employed in the bacterial flagellar motor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V P Skulachev
- Department of Bioenergetics, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wada M, Shono M, Urayama O, Satoh S, Hara Y, Ikawa Y, Fujii T. Molecular cloning of P-type ATPases on intracellular membranes of the marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:699-708. [PMID: 7948924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones (HAA13 and HAA1) which include conserved regions of genes of P-type ATPases were isolated from the marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo by a method that included the polymerase chain reaction. The longer cDNA (3286 bp), HAA13, consisted of an open reading frame that encoded a 106 kDa polypeptide of 977 amino acids with several possible transmembrane domains and conserved regions of eukaryotic P-type ATPases. One transmembrane domain had a leucine zipper structure. HAA1 was not a full-length gene (2054 bp) and lacked the 5' region, but it also included the conserved regions and putative transmembrane domains. Antibodies against the regions and putative transmembrane domains. Antibodies against the polypeptides encoded by HAA13 and HAA1 that have been expressed in Escherichia coli reacted with 100 kDa and 95 kDa polypeptides, respectively, on intracellular membranes of H. akashiwo cells. Immunostaining of H. akashiwo cells revealed that the HAA13 antigen was distributed on membranes around chloroplasts and the HAA1 antigen was located on small vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wada
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Suzuki H, Yoshioka K, Yanagisawa M, Urayama O, Kurihara T, Hosoki R, Saito K, Otsuka M. Involvement of enzymatic degradation in the inactivation of tachykinin neurotransmitters in neonatal rat spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:310-6. [PMID: 7529113 PMCID: PMC1510033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The possible involvement of enzymatic degradation in the inactivation of tachykinin neurotransmitters was examined in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat. 2. The magnitude of substance P (SP)- or neurokinin A (NKA)-evoked depolarization of a lumbar ventral root in the isolated spinal cord preparation was increased by a mixture of peptidase inhibitors, consisting of actinonin (6 microM), arphamenine B (6 microM), bestatin (10 microM), captopril (10 microM) and thiorphan (0.3 microM). The mixture augmented the response to NKA more markedly than that to SP. 3. In the isolated spinal cord-cutaneous nerve preparation, the saphenous nerve-evoked slow depolarization of the L3 ventral root was augmented by the mixture of peptidase inhibitors in the presence of naloxone (0.5 microM) but not in the presence of both naloxone and a tachykinin receptor antagonist, GR71251 (5 microM). 4. Application of capsaicin (0.5 microM) for 6 min to the spinal cord evoked an increase in the release of SP from the spinal cord. The amount of SP released was significantly augmented by the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. 5. Synaptic membrane fractions were prepared from neonatal rat spinal cords. These fractions showed degrading activities for SP and NKA and the activities were inhibited by the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. The degrading activity for NKA was higher than that for SP and the inhibitory effect of the mixture for NKA was more marked than that for SP. Although some other fractions obtained from homogenates of spinal cords showed higher degrading activities for SP, these activities were insensitive to the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. 6. Effects of individual peptidase inhibitors on the enzymatic degradation of SP and NKA by synaptic membrane fractions were examined. Thiorphan, actinonin and captopril inhibited SP degradation, while thiorphan and actinonin, but not captopril, inhibited NKA degradation. The potency of the inhibition of each peptidase inhibitor was lower than that of the mixture.7. The present results suggest that enzymatic degradation is involved in the inactivation of tachykinin neurotransmitters in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Avetisyan AV, Bogachev AV, Murtasina RA, Skulachev VP. ATP-driven Na+ transport and Na(+)-dependent ATP synthesis in Escherichia coli grown at low delta mu H+. FEBS Lett 1993; 317:267-70. [PMID: 8425616 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81290-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In inverted subcellular vesicles of Escherichia coli grown at high delta mu H+ (neutral pH, no protonophorous uncoupler), ATP-driven Na+ transport and oxidative phosphorylation are completely inhibited by the protonophore CCCP. If E. coli was grown at low delta mu H+, i.e. at high pH or in the presence of uncoupler, some oxidative phosphorylation was observed in the vesicles even in CCCP-containing medium, and Na+ transport was actually stimulated by CCCP. The CCCP-resistant transport and phosphorylation were absent from the unc mutant lacking F0F1 ATPase. Both processes proved to be sensitive to (i) the Na+/H+ antiporter monensin, (ii) the Na+ uniporter ETH 157, (iii) the F0 inhibitors DCCD and venturicidin, and (iv) the F1 inhibitor aurovertin. The CCCP-resistant oxidative phosphorylation was stimulated by Na+ and arrested by oppositely directed delta pNa. These data are consistent with the assumption that, under appropriate growth conditions, the F0F1-type ATPase of E. coli becomes competent in transporting Na+ ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Avetisyan
- Department of Bioenergetics, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|