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Gangliosides Destabilize Lipid Phase Separation in Multicomponent Membranes. Biophys J 2019; 117:1215-1223. [PMID: 31542224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides (GMs) form an important class of lipids found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Typically, they colocalize with cholesterol and sphingomyelin in ordered membrane domains. However, detailed understanding of the lateral organization of GM-rich membranes is still lacking. To gain molecular insight, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of GMs in model membranes composed of coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains. We found that GMs indeed have a preference to partition into the ordered domains. At higher concentrations (>10 mol %), we observed a destabilizing effect of GMs on the phase coexistence. Further simulations with modified GMs show that the structure of the GM headgroup affects the phase separation, whereas the nature of the tail determines the preferential location. Together, our findings provide a molecular basis to understand the lateral organization of GM-rich membranes.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we briefly describe the structural features of gangliosides, and focus on the peculiar chemicophysical features of gangliosides, an important class of membrane amphipathic lipids that represent an important driving force determining the organization and properties of cellular membranes.
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Sonnino S, Chiricozzi E, Grassi S, Mauri L, Prioni S, Prinetti A. Gangliosides in Membrane Organization. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:83-120. [PMID: 29747825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the structure of GM1 was elucidated 55years ago, researchers have been attracted by the sialylated glycans of gangliosides. Gangliosides head groups, protruding toward the extracellular space, significantly contribute to the cell glycocalyx; and in certain cells, such as neurons, are major determinants of the features of the cell surface. Expression of glycosyltransferases involved in the de novo biosynthesis of gangliosides is tightly regulated along cell differentiation and activation, and is regarded as the main metabolic mechanism responsible for the acquisition of cell-specific ganglioside patterns. The resulting sialooligosaccharides are characterized by a high degree of geometrical complexity and by highly dynamic properties, which seem to be functional for complex interactions with other molecules sitting on the same cellular membrane (cis-interactions) or soluble molecules present in the extracellular environment, or molecules associated with the surface of other cells (trans-interactions). There is no doubt that the multifaceted biological functions of gangliosides are largely dependent on oligosaccharide-mediated molecular interactions. However, gangliosides are amphipathic membrane lipids, and their chemicophysical, aggregational, and, consequently, biological properties are dictated by the properties of the monomers as a whole, which are not merely dependent on the structures of their polar head groups. In this chapter, we would like to focus on the peculiar chemicophysical features of gangliosides (in particular, those of the nervous system), that represent an important driving force determining the organization and properties of cellular membranes, and to emphasize the causal connections between altered ganglioside-dependent membrane organization and relevant pathological conditions.
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Gangliosides and the multiscale modulation of membrane structure. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:796-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sonnino S, Prinetti A. Lipids and membrane lateral organization. Front Physiol 2010; 1:153. [PMID: 21423393 PMCID: PMC3059948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the elucidation of the very basic structure and properties of cellular membranes, it became evident that cellular membranes are highly organized structures with multiple and multi-dimensional levels of order. Very early observations suggested that the lipid components of biological membranes might be active players in the creation of these levels of order. In the late 1980s, several different and diverse experimental pieces of evidence coalesced together giving rise to the lipid raft hypothesis. Lipid rafts became enormously (and, in the opinion of these authors, sometimes acritically) popular, surprisingly not just within the lipidologist community (who is supposed to be naturally sensitive to the fascination of lipid rafts). Today, a PubMed search using the key word "lipid rafts" returned a list of 3767 papers, including 690 reviews (as a term of comparison, searching over the same time span for a very hot lipid-related key word, "ceramide" returned 6187 hits with 799 reviews), and a tremendous number of different cellular functions have been described as "lipid raft-dependent." However, a clear consensus definition of lipid raft has been proposed only in recent times, and the basic properties, the ruling forces, and even the existence of lipid rafts in living cells has been recently matter of intense debate. The scenario that is gradually emerging from the controversies elicited by the lipid raft hypothesis emphasizes multiple roles for membrane lipids in determining membrane order, that encompass their tendency to phase separation but are clearly not limited to this. In this review, we would like to re-focus the attention of the readers on the importance of lipids in organizing the fine structure of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
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Sonnino S, Prinetti A. Gangliosides as regulators of cell membrane organization and functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 688:165-84. [PMID: 20919654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6741-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides, characteristic complex lipids present in the external layer of plasma membranes, deeply influence the organization of the membrane as a whole and the function of specific membrane associated proteins due to lipid-lipid and lipid-protein lateral interaction. Here we discuss the basis for the membrane-organizing potential of gangliosides, examples of ganglioside-regulated membrane protein complexes and the mechanisms for the regulation of ganglioside membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
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Prinetti A, Loberto N, Chigorno V, Sonnino S. Glycosphingolipid behaviour in complex membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Patel RY, Balaji PV. Characterization of the conformational and orientational dynamics of ganglioside GM1 in a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer by molecular dynamics simulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1628-40. [PMID: 17408589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a single GM1 (Gal5-beta1,3-GalNAc4-beta1,4-(NeuAc3-alpha2,3)-Gal2-beta1,4-Glc1-beta1,1-Cer) embedded in a DPPC bilayer have been studied by MD simulations. Eleven simulations, each of 10 ns productive run, were performed with different initial conformations of GM1. Simulations of GM1-Os in water and of a DPPC bilayer were also performed to delineate the effects of the bilayer and GM1 on the conformational and orientational dynamics of each other. The conformation of the GM1 headgroup observed in the simulations is in agreement with those reported in literature; but the headgroup is restricted when embedded in the bilayer. NeuAc3 is the outermost saccharide towards the water phase. Glc1 and Gal2 prefer a parallel, and NeuAc3, GalNac4 and Gal5 prefer a perpendicular, orientation with respect to the bilayer normal. The overall characteristics of the bilayer are not affected by the presence of GM1; however, GM1 does influence the DPPC molecules in its immediate vicinity. The implications of these observations on the specific recognition and binding of GM1 embedded in a lipid bilayer by exogenous proteins as well as proteins embedded in lipids have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Y Patel
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Sonnino S, Mauri L, Chigorno V, Prinetti A. Gangliosides as components of lipid membrane domains. Glycobiology 2006; 17:1R-13R. [PMID: 16982663 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane components are organized as specialized domains involved in membrane-associated events such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and protein sorting. These membrane domains are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol but display a low protein content. Theoretical considerations and experimental data suggest that some properties of gangliosides play an important role in the formation and stabilization of specific cell lipid membrane domains. Gangliosides are glycolipids with strong amphiphilic character and are particularly abundant in the plasma membranes, where they are inserted into the external leaflet with the hydrophobic ceramide moiety and with the oligosaccharide chain protruding into the extracellular medium. The geometry of the monomer inserted into the membrane, largely determined by the very large surface area occupied by the oligosaccharide chain, the ability of the ceramide amide linkage to form a network of hydrogen bonds at the water-lipid interface of cell membranes, the Delta(4) double bond of sphingosine proximal to the water-lipid interface, the capability of the oligosaccharide chain to interact with water, and the absence of double bonds into the double-tailed hydrophobic moiety are the ganglioside features that will be discussed in this review, to show how gangliosides are responsible for the formation of cell lipid membrane domains characterized by a strong positive curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Sonnino S, Prinetti A, Mauri L, Chigorno V, Tettamanti G. Dynamic and Structural Properties of Sphingolipids as Driving Forces for the Formation of Membrane Domains. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2111-25. [PMID: 16771445 DOI: 10.1021/cr0100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sonnino
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Fortelius M, Mattjus P. Galactose oxidase action on galactose containing glycolipids--a fluorescence method. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 142:103-10. [PMID: 16647698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Features that alter the glycolipid sugar headgroup accessibility at the membrane interface have been studied in bilayer lipid model vesicles using a fluorescence technique with the enzyme galactose oxidase. The effects on oxidation caused by variation in the hydrophobic moiety of galactosylceramide or the membrane environment for galactosylceramide, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were studied. For this study we combined the galactose oxidase method for determining the oxidizability of galactose containing glycolipids, and the fluorescence method for determining enzymatic hydrogen peroxide production. Exposed galactose residues with a free hydroxymethyl group at position 6 in the headgroup of glycolipids were oxidized with galactose oxidase and subsequently the resultant hydrogen peroxide was determined by a combination of horseradish peroxidase and 10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red). Amplex Red reacts with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of horseradish peroxidase with a 1:1 stoichiometry to form resorufin. With this coupled enzyme approach it is also possible to determine the galactolipid transbilayer membrane distribution (inside-outside) in bilayer vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fortelius
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6A, FI-20520 Abo/Turku, Finland
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Sonnino S, Chigorno V. Ganglioside molecular species containing C18- and C20-sphingosine in mammalian nervous tissues and neuronal cell cultures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1469:63-77. [PMID: 10998569 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides exist as a very complex mixture of species differing in both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. They are particularly abundant in the central nervous system (CNS), where they have been associated with development and maturation of the brain, neuritogenesis, synaptic transmission, memory formation and synaptic aging. Today, many data suggest that some of the effects exerted by gangliosides are due to interactions with proteins that participate in the transduction of signals through the membrane in membrane microdomains. A specific characteristic of CNS gangliosides is the structure of their long-chain base (LCB). In fact, considering all the mammalian cell sphingolipids, gangliosides, sulphatides, neutral glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and ceramides, it would seem that while the LCB with 18 carbons is the main component of all sphingolipids, only CNS gangliosides contain significant amounts of LCB with 20 carbons. C18-Sphingosine is always present in cell gangliosides; the individual ganglioside species containing C18-sphingosine increase during cell differentiation then remain constant during cell aging. Gangliosides containing C20-sphingosine are absent, or present only in traces, in undifferentiated cells but with the onset of cell differentiation they appear, their content slowly but continuously increasing throughout the life span. In this review we discuss the chemistry, physico-chemistry and metabolism of ganglioside species differing in LCB length and introduce the hypothesis that the varying ratio between C18- and C20-gangliosides during CNS development and aging can be instrumental in modulating membrane domain organisation and cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sonnino
- Study Center for the Functional Biochemistry of Brain Lipids, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, LITA-Segrate, The Medical School, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, (Milan), 20090 Segrate, Italy.
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Masserini M, Palestini P, Pitto M. Glycolipid-enriched caveolae and caveolae-like domains in the nervous system. J Neurochem 1999; 73:1-11. [PMID: 10386949 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have been characterized by a booming interest in research on caveolae and caveolae-like membrane domains. The interest in this subject grew further, when their involvement in fundamental membrane-associated events, such as signal transmission and lipid/protein sorting, was postulated. Substantial progress has been reached in understanding the biological role of membrane domains in eukaryotic cells. The neuron, however, which perhaps represents one of the greatest challenges to research on membrane traffic and function, has only been partially investigated. The purpose of the present review is to survey this issue in the nervous system. We confine ourselves to the presence of membrane domains in the nervous system and discuss this in the context of three facts: first, glycolipids are peculiarly enriched in both caveolae and caveolae-like domains and are particularly abundant in the nervous system; second, the neuron is characterized by a basic dual polarity, similar in this respect to other polarized cells, where the role of glycolipid-enriched domains for lipid/protein sorting has been better ascertained; and third, neurons evolved from, and are related to, simpler eukaryotic cells, allowing us to find analogies with more investigated nonneuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masserini
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Milano, Italy
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Palestini P, Pitto M, Ferraretto A, Tettamanti G, Masserini M. Change of ganglioside accessibility at the plasma membrane surface of cultured neurons, following protein kinase C activation. Biochemistry 1998; 37:3143-8. [PMID: 9485467 DOI: 10.1021/bi971838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the mechanism of signal transduction across the plasma membrane from the exo- to the endoplasmic side has been extensively investigated, the possible return of messages back to the outer layer is less known. We studied the effect of protein kinase C activation on the ganglioside accessibility at the exoplasmic face of intact rat cerebellar granule cells in culture, using the enzyme sialidase as the probing molecule. Under the experimental conditions (1 milliunit/mL enzyme, 2 min incubation at 37 degreesC), only GT1b and GD1a gangliosides were partially affected by the enzyme (28.6 and 25.7% hydrolysis, respectively). After cell treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, inducing protein kinase C activation, GT1b and GD1a ganglioside susceptibility to sialidase was strongly decreased (8.6 and 15.9% hydrolysis, respectively). A reduction of ganglioside hydrolysis was also observed when protein kinase C activation was induced by cell treatment for 15 min with 100 microM glutamate. On the contrary, accessibility did not vary when protein kinase C translocation was not effective (either in the absence of Ca2+ in the medium or using 1 microM glutamate) or when the kinase activity was inhibited by staurosporine. These data suggest that following PKC activation, a key step of inbound transmembrane signaling, cell may dispatch outbound messages to the plasma membrane outer layer, changing the selective recognition and crypticity of glycolipids at the cell surface, possibly through a modulation of their segregation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Palestini
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Via Saldini 50, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Riboni L, Viani P, Bassi R, Prinetti A, Tettamanti G. The role of sphingolipids in the process of signal transduction. Prog Lipid Res 1997; 36:153-95. [PMID: 9624426 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(97)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Riboni
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Milan, Italy
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Hildebrandt H. Antigen binding of antiganglioside antibodies in vitro is strongly influenced by the ganglioside composition of the sample. FEBS Lett 1996; 388:29-33. [PMID: 8654583 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of antiganglioside antibodies to detect their respective antigens in various environments was studied. In contrast to sensitive detection of pure ganglioside standards by ELISA, antibody binding to mixtures of gangliosides was drastically reduced. This loss of sensitivity also occurred with immunostaining of gangliosides absorbed to silica gel. Moreover, absorption of antibodies to antigen-containing lipid vesicles failed, if the vesicles were prepared together with other gangliosides. These data indicate that antigen accessibility is strongly influenced by surrounding gangliosides. This should be considered whenever gangliosides are traced by antibodies. The ELISA procedure appears useful to test for such properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hildebrandt
- Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Valsecchi M, Palestini P, Chigorno V, Sonnino S. Age-related changes of the ganglioside long-chain base composition in rat cerebellum. Neurochem Int 1996; 28:183-7. [PMID: 8719707 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ganglioside mixture from the cerebellum of young, 6 month old and two years old rats, was fractionated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, each ganglioside homogeneous in the oligosaccharide chain as well as in the long-chain base being subsequently quantified. Two long-chain bases, LCB, were components of the five major gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b, these being the C18:1 LCB and C20:1 LCB. The content of C20:1 ganglioside molecular species was lower than that of the C18:1 one. In very young animals, day 8, the C20:1 ganglioside species represented about 8% of the total ganglioside content, then they progressively increased and reached, at 2 years, about 42% of the total. C18:1 GD1a and C18:1 GT1b, were the major species in young animals and reached their highest content at day 29, being 1.45 and 1.28 nmol/mg protein, respectively. The content of these two species decreased in adult and old animals and at two years it was 0.71 and 0.82 nmol/mg protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Italy
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