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Liu X, Hu J, Wang W, Yang H, Tao E, Ma Y, Sha S. Mycobacterial Biofilm: Mechanisms, Clinical Problems, and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7771. [PMID: 39063012 PMCID: PMC11277187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a threat to human health worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can form biofilms, and in vitro and animal experiments have shown that biofilms cause serious drug resistance and mycobacterial persistence. Deeper investigations into the mechanisms of mycobacterial biofilm formation and, consequently, the exploration of appropriate antibiofilm treatments to improve the efficiency of current anti-TB drugs will be useful for curing TB. In this review, the genes and molecules that have been recently reported to be involved in mycobacterial biofilm development, such as ABC transporter, Pks1, PpiB, GroEL1, MprB, (p)ppGpp, poly(P), and c-di-GMP, are summarized. Biofilm-induced clinical problems, including biofilm-related infections and enhanced virulence, as well as their possible mechanisms, are also discussed in detail. Moreover, we also illustrate newly synthesized anti-TB agents that target mycobacterial biofilm, as well as some assistant methods with high efficiency in reducing biofilms in hosts, such as the use of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Junxing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Hanyu Yang
- The Queen’s University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Erning Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (X.L.); (J.H.); (W.W.); (E.T.)
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Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
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Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Reiling N, Lindhorst TK. Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - rarely studied proteins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30680034 PMCID: PMC6334816 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of bacterial lectins for adhesion, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is well established for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, there is very little information available about lectins of the tuberculosis-causing bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this paper we review previous studies on the carbohydrate-binding characteristics of mycobacteria and related Mtb proteins, discussing their potential relevance to Mtb infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Borstel Site, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cpn60.2 and DnaK are located on the bacterial surface, where Cpn60.2 facilitates efficient bacterial association with macrophages. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3389-401. [PMID: 19470749 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00143-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, initially contacts host cells with elements of its outer cell wall, or capsule. We have shown that capsular material from the surface of M. tuberculosis competitively inhibits the nonopsonic binding of whole M. tuberculosis bacilli to macrophages in a dose-dependent manner that is not acting through a global inhibition of macrophage binding. We have further demonstrated that isolated M. tuberculosis capsular proteins mediate a major part of this inhibition. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the capsular proteins showed the presence of a wide variety of protein species, including proportionately high levels of the Cpn60.2 (Hsp65, GroEL2) and DnaK (Hsp70) molecular chaperones. Both of these proteins were subsequently detected on the bacterial surface. To determine whether these molecular chaperones play a role in bacterial binding, recombinant Cpn60.2 and DnaK were tested for their ability to inhibit the association of M. tuberculosis bacilli with macrophages. We found that recombinant Cpn60.2 can inhibit approximately 57% of bacterial association with macrophages, while DnaK was not inhibitory at comparable concentrations. Additionally, when polyclonal F(ab')(2) fragments of anti-Cpn60.2 and anti-DnaK were used to mask the surface presentation of these molecular chaperones, a binding reduction of approximately 34% was seen for anti-Cpn60.2 F(ab')(2), while anti-DnaK F(ab')(2) did not significantly reduce bacterial association with macrophages. Thus, our findings suggest that while M. tuberculosis displays both surface-associated Cpn60.2 and DnaK, only Cpn60.2 demonstrates adhesin functionality with regard to macrophage interaction.
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Tyagi AK, Dhar N. Recent advances in tuberculosis research in India. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 84:211-73. [PMID: 12934938 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36488-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading killer of mankind among all infectious diseases, especially in the developing countries. Since the discovery of tubercle bacillus more than 100 years ago, TB has been the subject of research in an attempt to develop tools and strategies to combat this disease. Research in Indian laboratories has contributed significantly towards developing the DOTS strategy employed worldwide in tuberculosis control programmes and elucidating the biological properties of its etiologic agent, M. tuberculosis. In recent times, the development of tools for manipulation of mycobacteria has given a boost to researchers working in this field. New strategies are being employed towards understanding the mechanisms of protection and pathogenesis of this disease. Molecular methods are being applied to develop new tools and reagents for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. With the sequencing of the genome of M. tuberculosis, molecules are being identified for the development of new drugs and vaccines. In this chapter, the advances made in these areas by Indian researchers mainly during the last five years are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021, India.
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Ferguson JS, Voelker DR, McCormack FX, Schlesinger LS. Surfactant Protein D Binds to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacilli and Lipoarabinomannan via Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Resulting in Reduced Phagocytosis of the Bacteria by Macrophages1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is a collectin produced in the distal lung airspaces that is believed to play an important role in innate pulmonary immunity. Naive immunologic responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are especially important in the lung, since entry of this inhaled pathogen into the alveolar macrophage is a pivotal event in disease pathogenesis. Here we investigated SP-D binding to M.tb and the effect of this binding on the adherence of M.tb to human macrophages. These studies demonstrate specific binding of SP-D to M.tb that is saturable, calcium dependent, and carbohydrate inhibitable. In addition to purified SP-D, SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy donors and patients with alveolar proteinosis also binds to M.tb. Incubation of M.tb with SP-D results in agglutination of the bacteria. In contrast to its binding to M.tb, SP-D binds minimally to the avirulent Mycobacterium smegmatis. SP-D binds predominantly to lipoarabinomannan from the virulent Erdman strain of M.tb, but not the lipoarabinomannan from M. smegmatis. The binding of SP-D to Erdman lipoarabinomannan is mediated by the terminal mannosyl oligosaccharides of this lipoglycan. Incubation of M.tb with subagglutinating concentrations of SP-D leads to reduced adherence of the bacteria to macrophages (62.7% of control adherence ± 3.3% SEM, n = 8), whereas incubation of bacteria with surfactant protein A leads to significantly increased adherence to monocyte-derived macrophages. These data provide evidence for specific binding of SP-D to M. tuberculosis and indicate that SP-D and surfactant protein A serve different roles in the innate host response to this pathogen in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis R. Voelker
- ‡Lord and Taylor Laboratory for Lung Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206; and
- Divisions of
| | - Francis X. McCormack
- §Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
- Divisions of
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- †Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Divisions of
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Sethna KB, Birdi TJ, Antia NH. Adherence ofMycobacterium leprae to the nasal mucosa is influenced by surface integrity and viability. J Biosci 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The review discusses current knowledge of the biosynthesis, composition and arrangement of the mycobacterial envelope, describes the biological activities of the constituents and considers how these activities may be relevant to the pathology of mycobacterial disease. The envelope possesses three structural components: plasma membrane, wall and capsule. Although the major biomolecules occurring in each of these parts are known, the distribution of numerous minor substances is poorly understood; an attempt has been made to assign them to particular positions on rational grounds. The plasma membrane appears to be a typical bacterial membrane but, though vital to the mycobacterium, probably plays little part in pathological processes. The wall partly resembles a Gram-positive wall, but is unusual in having a layer of lipid (mycolate esters) which is probably arranged to form a permeability barrier to polar molecules. The capsule, whose chemical composition has only recently been recognized, consists of polysaccharide and protein with traces of lipid; the arrangement of these components is imperfectly understood. Constituents of all parts of the envelope have biological activities which may be relevant. The likely importance of these activities in the overall effect of the envelope is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daffé
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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Anton V, Rougé P, Daffé M. Identification of the sugars involved in mycobacterial cell aggregation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 144:167-70. [PMID: 8900060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Incubation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M smegmatis cells with the sugar components of their surface-exposed glycans demonstrated that D-arabinose but not alpha-D-glucose or D-mannose, led to the dispersion of the large clumps formed by the bacilli in stationary liquid cultures. These results confirm the presence of arabinose-containing glycans on the mycobacterial cell surface and demonstrate the implication of selective sugars in cell aggregation, suggesting that the clumping of mycobacterial cells is probably mediated by lectin-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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