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Bleul T, Rühl R, Bulashevska S, Karakhanova S, Werner J, Bazhin AV. Reduced retinoids and retinoid receptors' expression in pancreatic cancer: A link to patient survival. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:870-9. [PMID: 24729540 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest cancers in the world. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the major physiologically active form of vitamin A, regulating expression of many genes. Disturbances of vitamin A metabolism are prevalent in some cancer cells. The main aim of this work was to investigate deeply the components of retinoid signaling in PDAC compared to in the normal pancreas and to prove the clinical importance of retinoid receptor expression. For the study, human tumor tissues obtained from PDAC patients and murine tumors from the orthotopic Panc02 model were used for the analysis of retinoids, using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and real-time RT-PCR gene expression analysis. Survival probabilities in univariate analysis were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for the multivariate analysis. In this work, we showed for the first time that the ATRA and all-trans retinol concentration is reduced in PDAC tissue compared to their normal counterparts. The expression of RARα and β as well as RXRα and β are down-regulated in PDAC tissue. This reduced expression of retinoid receptors correlates with the expression of some markers of differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as well as of cancer stem cell markers. Importantly, the expression of RARα and RXRβ is associated with better overall survival of PDAC patients. Thus, reduction of retinoids and their receptors is an important feature of PDAC and is associated with worse patient survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bleul
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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2
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Mehta S, Gittes GK. Pancreatic differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:208-17. [PMID: 15995809 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, with the advent of new techniques and technologies in modern molecular biology, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for organ differentiation has developed rapidly. Despite this, our knowledge of these signaling pathways is still far from complete. Some of these advances, such as the creation of transgenic mouse models, have given us new tools to help us understand the interactions of the various transcription factors that are responsible for the creation of various cell types from a single cell type during embryogenesis. This knowledge then gives rise to the concept of creating new ways to manipulate stem cells in order to correct the deficiencies present in various disease processes. Here, we present work that focuses specifically on pancreatic development. The ultimate goal of our research in studying the mechanisms of the basic differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells is to gain the knowledge necessary to be able to engineer stem cells specifically into beta-cells in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilendra Mehta
- Laboratory of Surgical Organogenesis, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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3
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Abstract
Our understanding of basic mechanisms of differentiation has evolved rapidly in the last two decades. Spurred by advances in molecular biology and other research technologies, these advances have become of heightened importance with the recent advent of the possibility of engineering different types of stem cells into needed cell and tissue sources. As pediatric surgeons, we have the potential to play a key role in interfacing between the basic science necessary to understand differentiation processes, and its application at the bedside. In this brief article, we outline our in-depth analysis of mechanisms of basic differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells in an effort to better understand ways in which we can engineer a stem cell pool to form mature pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilendra S Mehta
- Department of Surgical Research, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Kadison A, Kim J, Maldonado T, Crisera C, Prasadan K, Manna P, Preuett B, Hembree M, Longaker M, Gittes G. Retinoid signaling directs secondary lineage selection in pancreatic organogenesis. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36:1150-6. [PMID: 11479845 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2001.25734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Retinoid signaling plays an important role in many differentiation pathways. Retinoid signaling has been implicated in the induction of differentiation by pancreatic ductal cancer cell lines and in patients with pancreatic cancer. The authors wished to better understand the role of retinoid signaling in pancreatic development. METHODS Embryonic pancreas was harvested from mice at serial gestational ages and immunohistochemical analysis was performed for retinoic acid receptors (RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, RAR-gamma), and retinoid X receptors (RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, and RXR-gamma). Also, early embryonic pancreases were cultured for 7 days with exogenous 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) or all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS Retinoid receptors were expressed in a lineage-specific distribution, with stronger expression for many in the exocrine compartment. The receptors were not often expressed until late gestation. Exogenous 9cRA induced predominantly ducts instead of acini, plus more mature endocrine (islet) architecture. Exogenous atRA induced predominantly acini instead of ducts, with no apparent endocrine effect. CONCLUSIONS Retinoids may have an important role in pancreatic differentiation, with a particular effect on secondary lineage selection between ductal and acinar phenotype. Because the control of ductal versus acinar differentiation has been implicated strongly in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma, these results may lay the groundwork for studies in the mechanism of induced differentiation of pancreatic ductal cancer by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kadison
- Laboratory for Surgical Organogenesis, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Edwards
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Wolfson House, University College London, 4, Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
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Quélo I, Jurdic P. Differential regulation of the carbonic anhydrase II gene expression by hormonal nuclear receptors in monocytic cells: identification of the retinoic acid response element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:481-91. [PMID: 10799323 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII) gene that encodes an enzyme involved in proton production is expressed in several cell types including monocyte/macrophage-derived osteoclasts. We have analyzed the regulation of the chicken CAII promoter/reporter construct by nuclear hormone receptors of the VDR subfamily in HD11 avian macrophages. The CAII expression is stimulated by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) but not by 9-cis retinoic acid and repressed by VDR overexpression due to RXR squelching. It is also stimulated by all-trans retinoic acid only when RARalpha is overexpressed, and is dependent on a RARE located in the distal part of the promoter and bound by RARalpha homodimer. Finally, in macrophages, unlike in erythrocytes, the CAII promoter is unresponsive to thyroid hormone. Our results demonstrate the first retinoic acid response element in the CAII promoter and show that according to cell type, different nuclear receptors of the VDR subfamily can regulate the CAII gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Quélo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMR5665 CNRS/ENS, INRA 913, 46, Allée d'Italie, Lyon cédex 07, 69364, France
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Ding XZ, Kuszynski CA, El-Metwally TH, Adrian TE. Lipoxygenase inhibition induced apoptosis, morphological changes, and carbonic anhydrase expression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:392-9. [PMID: 10600514 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and animal studies have linked pancreatic cancer growth with fat intake, especially unsaturated fats. Arachidonic acid release from membrane phospholipids is essential for tumor cell proliferation. Lipoxygenases (LOX) constitute one pathway for arachidonate metabolism. We previously reported that 5-LOX and 12-LOX are upregulated in human pancreatic cancer cells and that blockade of these enzymes abolishes pancreatic cancer cell growth. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of LOX inhibition on differentiation and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in parallel with growth inhibition. Four human pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1, MiaPaca2, Capan2, and HPAF, were used. Apoptosis was evaluated by three separate methods, including DNA propidium iodide staining, DNA fragmentation, and the TUNEL assay. Morphological changes and carbonic anhydrase activity were used to determine the effect of LOX inhibitors on differentiation. The general LOX inhibitor NDGA, the 5-LOX inhibitor Rev5901, and the 12-LOX inhibitor baicalein all induced apoptosis in all four pancreatic cancer cell lines, as confirmed by all three methods, suggesting that both the 5-LOX and 12-LOX pathways are important for survival of these cells. Furthermore, NDGA, Rev5901, or baicalein resulted in marked cellular morphological changes in parallel with increased intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, indicating that LOX blockade induced a more differentiated phenotype in human pancreatic cancer cells. Together with our previous findings, this study suggests that perturbations of LOX activity affect pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and survival. Blockade of LOX enzymes may be valuable for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Marino CR, Jeanes V, Boron WF, Schmitt BM. Expression and distribution of the Na(+)-HCO(-)(3) cotransporter in human pancreas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:G487-94. [PMID: 10444464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.2.g487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of HCO(-)(3) secretion in the human pancreas are unclear. Expression of a Na(+)-HCO(-)(3) cotransporter (NBC) mRNA has been observed recently, but the distribution and physiological role of the NBC protein are not known. Here we examined the expression and localization of NBC in human pancreas by Northern blot, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Rat kidney NBC probes detected a single 9.5-kb band by Northern blot. On immunoblots, two polyclonal antisera directed against different epitopes of rat kidney NBC identified a single approximately 130-kDa protein. In cryosections of normal human pancreas, both antisera labeled basolateral membranes of large, morphologically identifiable ducts and produced a distinct labeling pattern in the remainder of the parenchyma. In double-labeling experiments, NBC immunoreactivity in the parenchyma colocalized with the Na(+)-K(+) pump, a basolateral marker. In contrast, NBC and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, an apical membrane marker, were detected within the same histological structures but at different subcellular localizations. The NBC antisera did not label acinar or islet cells. Our observations suggest that secretion of HCO(-)(3) by human pancreatic duct cells involves the basolateral uptake of Na(+) and HCO(-)(3) via NBC, an electrogenic Na(+)-HCO(-)(3) cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Marino
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 68163, USA
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von Marschall Z, Riecken EO, Rosewicz S. Induction of matrix metalloprotease-1 gene expression by retinoic acid in the human pancreatic tumour cell line Dan-G. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:935-9. [PMID: 10362099 PMCID: PMC2363049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) gene expression in the human pancreatic tumour cell line Dan-G. 13-cis RA results in a time- and dose-dependent increase of MMP-1 protein concentration. These stimulatory effects were paralleled by a time- and dose-dependent increase of MMP-1 mRNA steady-state concentrations. Nuclear run-on analysis revealed that the increase of MMP-1 mRNA was partially due to an increase of MMP-1 gene transcription. In addition, 13-cis RA treatment results in an increase of MMP-1 mRNA stability. These data demonstrate that RA stimulates MMP-1 gene expression in human pancreatic carcinoma cells by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z von Marschall
- Medizinische Klinik I, Gastroenterologie/Infektiologie, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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El-Metwally TH, Adrian TE. Optimization of treatment conditions for studying the anticancer effects of retinoids using pancreatic adenocarcinoma as a model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:596-603. [PMID: 10198257 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are natural differentiation-inducing compounds that are promising as anticancer agents. Cancer cell lines are valuable in the investigation of the potential of retinoids for the treatment of specific cancers. However, using different treatment conditions but the same cell lines, investigators have produced markedly contradictory results for the effectiveness of retinoids. The present study examined different factors in the treatment conditions that may have masked or interfered with the effects of retinoids and, thereby, resulted in this conflict. Our studies revealed that the effects of retinoids on cancer cell proliferation were influenced by serum, the choice of vehicle (DMSO vs ethanol) and its concentration, phenol red, the degree of cellular confluence, and the method of assessing proliferation (cell number or [3H]thymidine uptake vs the MTT assay). Optimized conditions were the use of serum-free, ethanol-free, and phenol red-free media, investigating cells in the log phase of growth, using </=0.01% DMSO as the vehicle, and monitoring proliferation by cell number or [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA measured after TCA precipitation. Using these conditions, retinoids were found to exhibit potent antiproliferative effects in pancreatic cancer cells with a variety of degrees of differentiation, even in cell lines previously documented as being retinoid resistant. Retinoids also induced morphological changes and cellular death that may indicate terminal differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H El-Metwally
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, 68154, USA.
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Brembeck FH, Kaiser A, Detjen K, Hotz H, Foitzik T, Buhr HJ, Riecken EO, Rosewicz S. Retinoic acid receptor alpha mediates growth inhibition by retinoids in rat pancreatic carcinoma DSL-6A/C1 cells. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:1288-95. [PMID: 9823968 PMCID: PMC2063193 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During carcinogenesis, pancreatic acinar cells can dedifferentiate into ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. DSL-6A/C1 cells represent an in vitro model of this carcinogenic sequence. This study was designed to examine the effects of retinoids on cell growth in DSL-6A/C1 cells and to characterize further the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative actions of retinoids. Treatment of DSL-6A/C1 cells with retinoids results in a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth, paralleled by a retinoid-mediated transactivation of a pTK::betaRAREx2-luciferase reporter construct transiently transfected into DSL-6A/C1 cells. Retinoid receptor expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using subtype-specific primers and demonstrated expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-alpha), RAR-beta and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha). Using a panel of receptor subtype-specific agonists, the RAR-alpha specific agonist Ro 40-6055 was the most potent retinoid in terms of growth inhibition. Furthermore, all-trans-retinoic acid-mediated growth inhibition and transactivation was completely blocked by the RAR-alpha-specific antagonist Ro 41-5253. In summary, the RAR-alpha subtype predominantly mediates the antiproliferative effects of retinoids in DSL-6A/C1 cells. Furthermore, this cell system provides a feasible tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth inhibitory effects of retinoids in ductal pancreatic carcinoma cells derived from a primary acinar cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Brembeck
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, FU Berlin/Germany
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