Lipid and enzyme changes in the blood and liver of monkeys given butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole

A combined in vitro-in silico approach for the discovery of novel endogenous enzymatic and ctDNA sequence of bioactive molecules from aerial and root parts of Centaurea sulphurea as antioxidant's agents

The excess free radicals not neutralized by the antioxidant defenses damage the essential macromolecules of our cells, causing abnormalities in the expression of genes and membrane receptors, cell proliferation or death, immune disorders, mutagenesis, deposits of proteins or lipofuschin in tissues. The first objective of this study was to elucidate the composition of the essential oil of the aerial and root part of Centaurea sulphurea during beginning of the vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June) using GC/FID and GC/MS. The second aim was to describe the antioxidant activity using three methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching assay) and bioinformatical study of ctDNA sequence and three endogenous enzymes inhibition. The essential oils obtained from the root during the full bloom period consisted mainly of caryophyllene oxide, aplotaxene and (Z)-phytol. While, the aerial parts were dominated by caryophyllene oxide, verridiflorol and humulene epoxide II. The results showed that essential oil presented an excellent antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 2.06 g/L and 1.29 g/L, for aerial and root parts, compared to butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) controls and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) co-crystallized inhibitor. The results of the molecular docking revealed that (Z)-phytol (Ligand 39) has an affinity to interact with ctDNA sequence, and three targets Endogenous enzymes. The molecular dynamics study was conducted for the best inhibitors (Z)-phytol. A few key residues were identified at the binding site of receptors. The in-silico assessment of the ADME properties and BOILED-Egg plot reveals that compound (Z)-phytol (L39) is permeable to the blood brain barrier and have high lipophilicity and high coefficient of skin permeability in the intestines with good bioavailability. The ADMET analysis also showed that this oxygenated diterpene is safer to replace the synthetic drugs with side effects. Further testing is needed to assess its effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress for use in the pharmaceutical industry.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

2 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butylated Hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is used in cosmetic formulations as a chemical preservative and as an antioxidant. Both animal and human studies have shown that BHA is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized. Tissue storage may occur with BHA because of its lipid solubility. However, the amount stored is limited by rapid metabolism and excretion. Reported acute oral LD50 values for BHA in rats varied from 2.0 to > 5.0 g/kg. Formulations containing BHA elicited, at most, minimal or moderate skin and eye irritation in rabbits. An extensive number of subchronic and chronic oral studies have been conducted and are reviewed.

BHA given orally or parenterally to mice and rats was shown to inhibit the carcinogenic effects of a broad range of chemical carcinogens. BHA has been shown to inhibit mutagenesis and was not a mutagenic agent in standard in vitro tests. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed when BHA was administered to mice by subcutaneous injection, by intraperitoneal injection, or by topical application. No carcinogenesis was demonstrated following dietary administration of BHA to either rats or dogs. An increased incidence of forestomach papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas has been observed in rats fed BHA. Studies with pregnant rabbits, mice, rats, and hamsters receiving BHA during gestation by a variety of oral dosage regimens revealed no significant embryotoxic or teratogenic effects.

Clinical data for BHA in cosmetic formulations indicated that they were generally nonsensitizing, nonphotosensitizing, and only minimally or mildly irritating. It is concluded that BHA is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use.

2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-Hydroxytoluene and Its Metabolites in Foods

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT, E-321) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant which has been widely used as an additive in the food, cosmetic, and plastic industries for the last 70 y. Although it is considered safe for human health at authorized levels, its ubiquitous presence and the controversial toxicological data reported are of great concern for consumers. In recent years, special attention has been paid to these 14 metabolites or degradation products: BHT-CH₂ OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, BHT-QM, DBP, BHT-OH, BHT-OOH, TBP, BHQ, BHT-OH(t), BHT-OH(t)QM, 2-BHT, and 2-BHT-QM. These derived compounds could pose a human health risk from a food safety point of view, but they have been little studied. In this context, this review deals with the occurrence, origin, and fate of BHT in foodstuffs, its biotransformation into metabolites, their toxicological implications, their antioxidant and prooxidant properties, the analytical determination of metabolites in foods, and human dietary exposure. Moreover, noncontrolled additional sources of exposure to BHT and its metabolites are highlighted. These include their carryover from feed to fish, poultry and eggs, their presence in smoke flavorings, their migration from plastic pipelines and packaging to water and food, and their presence in natural environments, from which they can reach the food chain.

Role of dietary lipids and butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) administration on albino rats. Part II. Liver and heart unsaturated fatty acids

Adult male albino rats were supplemented with edible plant oils, corn maize and cotton seed oils and their semihydrogenated forms (Heliopolis and Sultan cooking fat). In general, the supplementation of tested oils produced increasing effect on the levels of total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4 UFA of liver and heart of rats. Liver content of UFA showed very highly significant increases in the levels of C18:1 and C18:2 in all groups of rats fed with tested oils accompanied with non significant changes in total UFA and C20:4 levels. Heart content of UFA showed increases in the levels of C18:1 and C18:2 and insignificant changes observed in total UFA and C20:4, except, in rats fed with sultan cooking fat, showed a significant increase in the level of total UFA. The level of increase in C18:1 and C18:2 was very highly significant in case of rats fed corn maize oil and Sultan cooking fat, and significant in case of rats fed cotton seed oil and Heliopolis cooking fat. Also, liver and heart UFA contents were significantly increased after antioxidant (Butylated hydroxy anisol, BHA) administration. Addition of BHA to tested diets abolished or minimized fatty infiltration produced by dietary fatty diet in the liver cells.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) effects on serum and liver lipid levels in Gallus domesticus

The food antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) were fed to chickens to determine their effect on lipid metabolism. BHA and BHT did not affect chicken growth, blood lipid levels or liver lipid levels when the birds were fed a normal ration. When a high fat, high cholesterol ration was fed, chickens developed increased levels of blood and liver lipids and experienced decreased growth rates. The addition of either antioxidant in the presence of a high fat high cholesterol diet maintained higher serum lipid levels and caused decreases in liver lipid levels.