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Kocic M, Rasic P, Marusic V, Prokic D, Savic D, Milickovic M, Kitic I, Mijovic T, Sarajlija A. Age-specific causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:6095-6110. [PMID: 38186684 PMCID: PMC10768410 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i47.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) varies by age, from newborns to adolescents, with some of the causes overlapping between age groups. While particular causes such as vitamin K deficiency and cow's milk protein allergy are limited to specific age groups, occurring only in neonates and infants, others such as erosive esophagitis and gastritis may be identified at all ages. Furthermore, the incidence of UGIB is variable throughout the world and in different hospital settings. In North America and Europe, most UGIBs are non-variceal, associated with erosive esophagitis, gastritis, and gastric and duodenal ulcers. In recent years, the most common causes in some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries are becoming similar to those in Western countries. However, variceal bleeding still predominates in certain parts of the world, especially in South Asia. The most severe hemorrhage arises from variceal bleeding, peptic ulceration, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hematemesis is a credible indicator of a UGI source of bleeding in the majority of patients. Being familiar with the most likely UGIB causes in specific ages and geographic areas is especially important for adequate orientation in clinical settings, the use of proper diagnostic tests, and rapid initiation of the therapy. The fundamental approach to the management of UGIB includes an immediate assessment of severity, detecting possible causes, and providing hemodynamic stability, followed by early endoscopy. Unusual UGIB causes must always be considered when establishing a diagnosis in the pediatric population because some of them are unique to children. Endoscopic techniques are of significant diagnostic value, and combined with medicaments, may be used for the management of acute bleeding. Finally, surgical treatment is reserved for the most severe bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kocic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Petar Rasic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Vuk Marusic
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Prokic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Djordje Savic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Maja Milickovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kitic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Mijovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Adrijan Sarajlija
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Pediatric Day Care Hospital Department, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr. Vukan Cupic”, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Eastern Sarajevo, Foča 73300, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Rautou PE, Corcos O, Hammel P, Cazals-Hatem D, Slama JL, Morin AS, Réza K, Lévy P, Ruszniewski P. [Pseudo Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in a patient with duodenal stenosis caused by tuberculosis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:1164-8. [PMID: 16505764 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(05)82183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 32-year-old Indian man with symptoms suggesting Zollinger-Ellison syndrome including abdominal pain, esaphagitis, duodenal stenosis that did not improve with antisecretory medication, elevated fasting gastrin serum levels that increased after intravenous secretin injections, elevated chromogranin A serum levels and tumoral aspect of pancreatic uncus on CT scan examination. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed that there was no endocrine tumour of the pancreas or the duodenum, but identified marked lesions of follicular and caseous tuberculosis. The final diagnosis retained pseudo Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to gastric outlet obstruction caused by duodenal stenosis of a tuberculosis origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Fédération Médico-Chirurgicale d'Hepato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-sous-Bois
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Abstract
A peptic ulcer in a child looks the same as it does in an adult, and many of the aetiologies of peptic ulcer disease in children are similar to those in adults. However, there are many differences between children and adults, especially in the areas of clinical presentation, the prevalences of different types of ulcer disease, and the prevalence of complications of ulcer disease. Therefore the approach to diagnosis and management in children is often at variance with that in adults. One important example is the approach to suspected Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) disease in children, in which consensus groups have advised a considerably different approach in children. While the chapter deals with the full range of peptic ulcer disease in children, the focus is on those aspects in which there are differences between adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dohil
- University of California at San Diego, USA
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Annibale B, Bonamico M, Rindi G, Villani L, Ferrante E, Vania A, Solcia E, Delle Fave G. Antral gastrin cell hyperfunction in children. A functional and immunocytochemical report. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:1547-51. [PMID: 1683324 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antral gastrin cell hyperfunction is a rare condition, often associated with severe duodenal ulcer disease. In children, clinical and functional characteristics of this syndrome are poorly known. Two cases are described here: one child had melena and the other had moderate abdominal pain, both without peptic ulceration. Basal and postprandial increase of gastrin levels showed a response over the upper normal range, indicating gastrin cell hyperfunction. Acid hypersecretion, both basal and after pentagastrin stimulation, was also found in the two children, confirming the biological effect of their sustained hypergastrinemia. Gastrin cell counts were within the normal range, while the number of somatostatin D cells was significantly reduced. This report stresses the importance of diagnosing antral gastrin cell hyperfunction in children because this unrecognized condition may manifest with serious complications (bleeding) or nonspecific abdominal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Annibale
- I Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Primary duodenal ulcer disease occurs in children of all ages, but is most often seen in those over 10 years. As in the adult, it often pursues a chronic course. Primary gastric ulcer is seen in children under 6 years, is more unusual, and does not tend to recur. Stress ulcers are seen most often in infants and in critically ill children and are asymptomatic until the complications of hemorrhage or perforation appear. Drug-related ulcers are being seen more frequently as the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents increases. With the use of new therapeutic agents, management has been simplified and surgical intervention has become a rarity. Helicobacter pylori is now a recognized cause of antral gastritis and ulceration in the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gryboski
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease occurs in infants, children, and adolescents. Primary and stress ulcers pose a challenge to the pediatrician, who needs to arrange for appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic services. Highlights of our understanding of the pathophysiology, genetics, natural history, diagnosis, and therapy of peptic ulcer disease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Nord
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
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