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Vàzquez-Martínez R, Peinado JR, Cruz-García D, Ruiz-Navarro A, Gracia-Navarro F, Anouar Y, Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Castaño JP, Malagón MM. Melanotrope cells as a model to understand the (patho)physiological regulation of hormone secretion. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:949-58. [PMID: 16419501 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of hormone secretion is a complex process that comprises the sequential participation of numerous subcellular mechanisms. Hormone secretion is dictated by extracellular stimuli that are transduced intracellularly into activation/deactivation of different mechanisms, such as hormone expression, processing and exocytosis, which will ultimately determine the precise availability of hormone to be secreted. Malfunction in any of these steps may result in deficient or excessive hormone release and the subsequent appearance of endocrine disorders. Given the complexity of this system, it is difficult to find appropriate cellular models wherein to investigate the multiple components of the secretory process in a physiologically relevant, experimentally manipulable setting. In this review, we present recent evidence on the use of the intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary as a powerful tool to understand different aspects of the regulated secretory pathway. IL is composed of a single endocrine cell type, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-producing melanotropes, a fact that greatly facilitates its study. Furthermore, melanotropes can be separated using classic cell separation techniques into two cell subtypes showing opposite morphophysiological phenotypes of hypo- and hypersecretory cells. Comparison of their gene expression fingerprints has unveiled the existence of certain genes preferentially expressed in each melanotrope subtype. Because of their direct participation in the secretory pathway, we postulate that characterization of these gene products in an endocrine cell type may represent novel and useful markers for reliably determining the general secretory status in an endocrine gland, as well as a valuable new tool to further investigate this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vàzquez-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Lamacz M, Tonon MC, Louiset E, Cazin L, Vaudry H. [The intermediate lobe of the pituitary, model of neuroendocrine communication]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE, DE BIOCHIMIE ET DE BIOPHYSIQUE 1991; 99:205-19. [PMID: 1717055 DOI: 10.3109/13813459109146925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary is composed of a homogeneous population of endocrine cells, the melanotrophs, which secrete several bioactive peptides including alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and beta-endorphin. In contrast to most endocrine glands which are richly vascularized, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary contains very few blood vessels; in some species, the pars intermedia is virtually totally avascular. In contrast, pituitary melanotrophs are richly supplied by nerve fibers originating from the hypothalamus. The pars intermedia thus appears as a pure model of neuroendocrine communication, i.e. it is an archetype of the mode of transducing interface between the central nervous system and endocrine effectors. In mammalian species, different types of nerve terminals containing dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin have been identified. In lower vertebrates, particularly in fish and amphibians, the pars intermedia is also innervated by peptidergic fibers which are though to take part in regulation of the secretory activity of the melanotroph. In these animals, the pars intermedia is regarded as a major center of neuroendocrine integration and an exceptional model to investigate the process of communication between the brain and the endocrine glands. The purpose of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge on the synthesis, processing and release of peptide hormones from pars intermedia cells and to survey the multiple regulatory mechanisms which are involved in the control of the activity of pituitary melanotrophs. Proopiomelanocortin, a multifunctional precursor. Pituitary melanotrophs synthetise a major precursor protein called proopiomelanocortin (POMC) which generates through proteolytic cleavage several biologically active peptides including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), endorphins and MSHs. In lower vertebrates, alpha-MSH is generally considered as the major hormone secreted by melanotrophs, in that it is involved in the process of skin colour adaptation. The post-translational processing of POMC, which yields to the mature hormones released by melanotrophs, includes a number of steps: glycosylation, phosphorylation, tissue-specific proteolytic cleavage, amidation and acetylation. Some of these posttranslational modifications can be regulated by neuroendocrine factors. For instance, in frogs, it has been shown that dopamine inhibits acetylation of alpha-MSH and thus reduces the secretion of the biologically active form of the peptide. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary: a model of neuroendocrine integration. In most vertebrate species, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is innervated by catecholamine-containing fibers. In particular, the presence of dopaminergic nerve fibers has been observed in the pars intermedia of mammals and poikilotherms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamacz
- Groupe de Recherche en Endocrinologie Moléculaire, URA CNRS 650, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Tonon MC, Leroux P, Oliver C, Jegou S, Leboulenger F, Delarue C, Coy DH, Vaudry H. In vitro study of frog (Rana ridibunda Pallas) neurointermediate lobe secretion by use of a simplified perifusion system. III. Effect of neuropeptides on alpha-MSH secretion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 52:173-81. [PMID: 6140203 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates in vitro the release of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in frog. In the present study, the effects of various neuropeptides on spontaneous and/or TRH-induced alpha-MSH secretion were investigated, using a well-defined perifusion system technique. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, (VIP) a neurohormone which stimulates TRH target cells in mammals, was totally devoid of effect on frog melanotrophs although VIP-like material could be detected in neurointermediate lobe extracts. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive material was found in high concentrations in the frog neurointermediate lobe complex, but synthetic somatostatin (from 10(-10) to 10(-6) M) did not modify the spontaneous release of alpha-MSH. At doses of 10(-8) and 10(-6) M, synthetic somatostatin did not modify TRH-induced alpha-MSH secretion. Morphine (10(-5) M) and opioid peptides (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) had no effect on spontaneous alpha-MSH secretion. In addition, methionine enkephalin (10(-5) M) did not modify the stimulatory effect of TRH on alpha-MSH secretion. From these results we conclude that, among the neuropeptides which modulate prolactin secretion in mammals, only TRH is involved in alpha-MSH secretion in the frog.
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Prasada Rao PD. Changes in formaldehyde-induced fluorescence of the hypothalamus and pars intermedia in the frog, Rana temporaria, following background adaptation. Brain Res Bull 1982; 9:765-76. [PMID: 6983380 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(82)90184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of the frog, Rana temporaria, to a white background for 12 hr has resulted in an intense formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) in the neurons of the preoptic recess organ (PRO), paraventricular organ (PVO), nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and their basal processes permitting visualization of the PRO- and PVO-hypophysial tracts that extend into the median eminence (ME) and pars intermedia (PI); the FIF is reduced in all the structures by 3 days. In frogs adapted to a black background, for 12 hr and 3 days, there was a general reduction in the FIF of the PRO neurons and PRO-hypophysial tract. By 12 hr black background adaptation, the PVO/NID neurons and only their adjacent basal processes show FIF which was sharply reduced by 3 days, making the PVO-hypophysial tract undetectable. In the PI fibers the fluorescence was more intense in black-adapted frogs than in white-adapted ones at both the intervals studied. The simultaneous changes in the FIF of the hypothalamic nuclei, tracts and PI suggest that the PRO and PVO/NID neurons participate in PI control through release of neurotransmitter(s) at the axonal ends.
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Rodríguez EM, Cuello CA. Ultrastructure of the toad pars intermedia after the extirpation of the pars distalis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1982; 79:207-22. [PMID: 6804641 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Barnawell EB. Central nervous system regulation of pituitary melanocyte-stimulating hormone. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 8:53-71. [PMID: 6753522 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011508-2.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Doerr-Schott J. Immunohistochemical detection, by light and electron microscopy, of pituitary hormones in cold-blooded vertebrates. I. Fish and amphibians. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1976; 28:487-512. [PMID: 60269 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(76)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Thornton VF. The effect of catecholamines and background color on the in vitro incorporation of labeled amino acids into the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary in Xenopus laevis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1974; 22:250-4. [PMID: 4815165 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(74)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Olsson R, Gorbman A. A relationship between adrenergic blockage and the secretory process in cells of the pars intermedia of the frog Rana pipiens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1973; 21:138-47. [PMID: 4541986 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Terlou M, Stroband HW. The distribution of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the brain of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 140:261-75. [PMID: 4728847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chong LK. The effect of long-term exposure to an illuminated white background on the MSH content of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis. COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1973; 4:157-66. [PMID: 4770273 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4035(73)90034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zambrano D, Iturriza FC. Hypothalamic-hypophysial relationships in the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1973; 20:256-73. [PMID: 4699359 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Terlou M, Ploemacher RE. The distribution of monoamines in the tel-, di- and mesencephalon of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, with special reference to the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 137:521-40. [PMID: 4735038 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Terlou M, van Straaten HW. The development of a hypothalamic monoaminergic system for the regulation of the Pars intermedia activity in Xenopus laevis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 143:229-38. [PMID: 4761512 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zambrano D, Iturriza FC. Histology and ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis of the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 131:47-62. [PMID: 4672502 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Thornton VF. The effect of change of background color on the melanocyte-stimulating hormone content of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1971; 17:554-60. [PMID: 5128302 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(71)90189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hopkins CR. Localization of adrenergic fibers in the amphibian pars intermedia by electron microscope autoradiography and their selective removal by 6-hydroxydopamine. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1971; 16:112-20. [PMID: 5542987 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(71)90213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dodd JM, Follett BK, Sharp PJ. Hypothalamic control of pituitary function in submammalian vertebraes. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 4:113-223. [PMID: 4333472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011504-4.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Voitkevich AA, Soboleva �L. Inversion of differentiation of cells of the pars intermedia of the pituitary. Bull Exp Biol Med 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00805202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hopkins C. Studies on secretory activity in the pars intermedia of Xenopus laevis. Tissue Cell 1970; 2:59-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(70)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1969] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vanha-Perttula T, Arstila AU. On the epithelium of the rat pituitary residual lumen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 108:487-500. [PMID: 4247634 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zambrano D. The nucleus lateralis tuberis system of the Gobiid fish Gillichthys mirabilis. II. Innervation of the pituitary. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 110:496-516. [PMID: 5515536 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nakai Y, Gorbman A. Evidence for a doubly innervated secretory unit in the anuran pars intermedia. II. Electron microscopic studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 13:108-16. [PMID: 5804505 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Oshima K, Gorbman A. Evidence for a doubly innervated secretory unit in the anuran pars intermedia. I. Electrophysiologic studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 13:98-107. [PMID: 5804513 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Iturriza FC. Further evidences for the blocking effect of catecholamines on the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone in toads. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 12:417-26. [PMID: 5769931 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
In the pars intermedia of frogs in the dark two types of spontaneously firing neuronal units have been found; one can be inhibited by and the other is indifferent to increases in illumination. The receptor for the light-inhibited units appears to be the pineal organ. Transection experiments indicate that the axons to the two kinds of units in the pars intermedia are separately grouped in the floor.
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Picard D. The neurosecretory cell of vertebrates. JOURNAL OF NEURO-VISCERAL RELATIONS 1969; 31:Suppl 9:23-63. [PMID: 4919440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-25519-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Vitale-Calpe R. The innervation of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland in the toad. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1969; 128:60-5. [PMID: 5772008 DOI: 10.1007/bf00522495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ball J, Baker BI. The Pituitary Gland: Anatomy and Histophysiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Olivereau M. Activit� de la pars intermedia de l'hypophyse autotransplant�e chez l'Anguille. Cell Tissue Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00344508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cuello AC. Relationship between the pars intermedia and the pars nervosa in the hypophysis of an Antarctic seal. EXPERIENTIA 1968; 24:399-400. [PMID: 5705205 DOI: 10.1007/bf02140845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Doerr-Schott J. D�veloppement de l'hypophyse de Rana temporaria L. Etude au microscope �lectronique. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00339507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dent JN, Gupta BL. Ultrastructural observations on the developmental cytology of the pituitary gland in the spotted newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1967; 8:273-88. [PMID: 6033860 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(67)90074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Olivereau M. R�actions observ�es chez l'Anguille maintenue dans un milieu priv� d'�lectrolytes, en particulier au niveau du syst�me hypothalamo-hypophysaire. Cell Tissue Res 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00337461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Enemar A, Falck B, Iturriza FC. Adrenergic nerves in the pars intermedia of the pituitary in the toad, Bufo arenarum. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 77:325-30. [PMID: 5598318 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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�ber Synapsen an endokrinen Epithelzellen und die Definition sekretorischer Neurone. Cell Tissue Res 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00340794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kobayashi Y. Functional morphology of the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis as revealed with the electron microscope. II. Correlation of the pars intermedia with the hypophyseo-adrenal axis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1965; 68:155-71. [PMID: 4161950 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Enemar A, Falck B. On the presence of adrenergic nerves in the pars intermedia of the frog, Rana temporaria. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1965; 5:577-83. [PMID: 5865360 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(65)90047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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