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Knight M, Kuo YH, Ahmed N. Risk factors associated with splenectomy following a blunt splenic injury in pediatric patients. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:1459-1464. [PMID: 33044611 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to identify the factors associated with splenectomy in pediatric trauma patients. METHOD Pediatric Trauma quality improvement program (P-TQIP) database calendar year 2014-2016 was accessed for the study. All patients, age ≤ 18 years old, who sustained splenic injury due to blunt mechanism, were included in the study. The primary outcome of the study was to identify the risk factors associated with splenectomy. Univariate followed by multivariate analyses were performed. A p value of < 0.05 was considered an indication of statistical significance. RESULTS Of 1297 trauma victims, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 57 (4.4%) patients underwent total splenectomy. In Univariate analysis, there were significant differences found, in many variables, between the groups who underwent splenectomy versus those who did not have splenectomy. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed use of blood transfusion within 4 h and severity of splenic injury were the two variables associated with splenectomy. The area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.892 and the 95% confidence intervals were [0.859, 0.923]. CONCLUSION Blood transfusion within 4 h of patient's arrival to the hospital and high-grade splenic injury were main factors for splenectomy in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knight
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, 1945 State Route 33, Neptune, NJ, 07754, USA
| | - Yen-Hong Kuo
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, 1945 State Route 33, Neptune, NJ, 07754, USA
- Department of Research Administration, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Nasim Ahmed
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, 1945 State Route 33, Neptune, NJ, 07754, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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Abdominal Pain Following Motor Vehicle Collision. Surgery 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05387-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fair KA, Connelly CR, Hart KD, Schreiber MA, Watters JM. Splenectomy is associated with higher infection and pneumonia rates among trauma laparotomy patients. Am J Surg 2017; 213:856-861. [PMID: 28433229 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Splenectomy increases lifetime risk of thromboembolism (VTE) and is associated with long-term infectious complications, primarily, overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI). Our objective was to evaluate risk of VTE and infection at index hospitalization post-splenectomy. Retrospective review of all patients who received a laparotomy in the NTDB. Propensity score matching for splenectomy was performed, based on ISS, abdominal abbreviated injury score >3, GCS, sex and mechanism. Major complications, VTE, and infection rates were compared. Multiple logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate splenectomy-associated complications. 93,221 laparotomies were performed and 17% underwent splenectomy. Multiple logistic regression models did not demonstrate an association between splenectomy and major complications (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.91-1.03, p = 0.25) or VTE (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96-1.14, p = 0.33). Splenectomy was independently associated with infection (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.14, p = 0.045). Subgroup analysis of patients with infection demonstrated that splenectomy was most strongly associated with pneumonia (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.26-1.57, p < 0.001). Splenectomy is not associated with higher overall complication or VTE rates during index hospitalization. However, splenectomy is associated with a higher rate of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Fair
- Oregon Health & Science University, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Christopher R Connelly
- Oregon Health & Science University, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kyle D Hart
- Oregon Health & Science University, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin A Schreiber
- Oregon Health & Science University, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer M Watters
- Oregon Health & Science University, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Portland, OR, USA
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Arbuthnot M, Onwubiko C, Mooney D. The lost art of the splenorrhaphy. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1881-1884. [PMID: 27497497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the case of the hemodynamically unstable child, splenorrhaphy is preferred to splenectomy to avert postsplenectomy sepsis. However, successful splenorrhaphy requires familiarity with the procedure. We sought to determine how many splenectomies or splenorrhaphies for trauma the average pediatric surgeon can be expected to perform during their career. METHODS The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) Database was queried for patients ≤18years coded with an International Classification of Diseases 9th Edition diagnosis code of a splenic injury from 2004 to 2013. Age, gender, grade of splenic injury, and operations performed were extracted. Numbers of pediatric surgeons per hospital were obtained. RESULTS 9567 children were identified. 2.1% underwent a splenectomy and 0.8% underwent a splenorrhaphy. The average surgeon performed 0.6 (SD=0.6) splenectomies and 0.2 (SD=0.4) splenorrhaphies for trauma. If these rates remain constant over time, the average surgeon would perform 1.8 (SD =1.7) splenectomies and 0.6 (SD =1.1) splenorrhaphies for trauma over a 30-year surgical career. CONCLUSION Nonoperative management is associated with a host of benefits, but has resulted in a decrease in the experience level of the pediatric surgeons expected to perform an emergency splenectomy or splenorrhaphy when the unusual occasion arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Arbuthnot
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Chinwendu Onwubiko
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - David Mooney
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Abdominal Pain Following Motor Vehicle Accident. Surgery 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1726-6_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Clark R, Hird K, Misur P, Ramsay D, Mendelson R. CT grading scales for splenic injury: why can't we agree? J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2011; 55:163-9. [PMID: 21501405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Computed tomography (CT) has been proven to be able to accurately diagnose splenic injury. Many have published CT splenic injury grading scales to quantify the extent of injury. However, these scales have failed at predicting clinical outcomes and therefore cannot be used to accurately predict the need for intervention. We hypothesised that low interrater reliability is the reason why these scales have failed at predicting clinical outcomes. METHODS AND MATERIALS This is a retrospective study of patients who were admitted to the Royal Perth Hospital with blunt splenic injury as coded in the trauma registry. The abdominal CT images of these patients were reviewed by three consultant radiologists and were graded using the six different splenic injury grading scales. We assessed interrater reliability between each of the scales using generalised kappa and proportion of agreement calculations. RESULTS The images of 64 patients were reviewed. The interrater reliability yielded a generalised kappa score of 0.32-0.60 and proportion of agreement ranging from 34.4% to 65.5%. CONCLUSION The six studied CT splenic injury grading scales did not have a high enough interrater reliability to be adequate for clinical use. The poor interrater reliability is likely to contribute to the failure of the scales at predicting clinical outcomes. Further research to improve the interrater reliability is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Clark
- University of Notre Dame Australia, School of Medicine, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
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Brady RRW, Bandari M, Kerssens JJ, Paterson-Brown S, Parks RW. Splenic Trauma in Scotland: Demographics and Outcomes. World J Surg 2007; 31:2111-6. [PMID: 17849160 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenic trauma is a common organ injury following blunt abdominal trauma. In order to establish the contemporary epidemiology of blunt splenic trauma in Scotland and to detect risk factors associated with patient outcomes, analysis of a multi-center database of trauma patients was performed. METHODS The study used data from a prospectively collated multicenter trauma database containing the details of 52,215 trauma patients admitted to participating Scottish hospitals over an 11-year period. RESULTS 672 (1.3%) patients (530 males, 142 females) with splenic trauma were identified; of them, 579 (86.2%) had blunt trauma and 93 (13.8%) had penetrating trauma. The mean age of patients with blunt splenic trauma was 35.7 years (33.8 years for males, 42.0 years for females). Increasing age and female sex was significantly associated with mortality. The most common mechanism for injury was road traffic accidents (71%). In the series, 93.8% of patients had concomitant injuries including head injuries (46.5%), thoracic injuries (37.7%) and liver injuries (30%). A total of 299 (51.6%) patients proceeded to laparotomy, and 256 (44.2%) patients required ICU support. The overall mortality was 33.5%, and the median Injury Severity Score was 48 in patients who died, compared to 22 in those who survived. Increased mortality was associated with concomitant aortic, cardiac, or abdominal injuries. A number of independent risk factors were associated with increased risk of mortality, including concomitant injuries, increased age, and increased Injury Severity Score. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of splenic trauma is low, but it accounts for significant mortality. Outcome in the present study was worse in those with advanced age and associated injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R W Brady
- Academic Coloproctology, 4th Floor MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XU.
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Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Injury: Age is Irrelevant and Delayed Operation is Not Detrimental. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 63:608-14. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318142d2c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Blunt pediatric trauma is a major threat to the health and well-being of children. Nationwide, many practitioners care for children who face this issue. Some key principles related to the evaluation and management of these children are elucidated in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wegner
- Emergency Medical Services, Blackfeet Community Hospital, Browning, MT 59417, USA.
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Potoka DA, Saladino RA. Blunt Abdominal Trauma in the Pediatric Patient. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Paya K, Wurm J, Graf M, Pichler P, Oertl M, Mayerhoffer W, Engels M. Intrasplenic posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm secondary to spleen-salvaging surgery. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2002; 52:783-5; discussion 785. [PMID: 11956404 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200204000-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Paya
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Landeskinderklinik Linz, Austria.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of splenic injury resulting from blunt trauma in adults is controversial, with an increasing trend towards non-operative management and conservation of the spleen. A retrospective review was performed on adult patients treated in a single institution for splenic injury resulting from blunt trauma in an attempt to identify factors important in selecting an appropriate management option and predicting the success of that option. METHODS Associated injuries (standardized using Injury Severity Scores), clinical signs at presentation, computed tomographic grading of splenic injury, and transfusion requirements were documented. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric Mann-Whitney, Chi-squared, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and multivariate logistic regression tests. RESULTS Eighty-five patients were identified. Non-operative management was used on 39 patients, splenic conservation on 14 patients, and splenectomy on 32 patients. The mean Injury Severity Score was significantly lower in the non-operative group. Computed tomographic grading of the splenic injury was not found to correlate well with intraoperative findings. Transfusion requirements were lower in the non-operative group. Non-operative management failed in four patients; two had continued splenic bleeding, and two required surgery for other intra-abdominal injuries. Overall mortality was 7%. There was one death in the splenic conservation group, unrelated to the splenic injury, and two patients required a second laparotomy and splenectomy for persistent splenic bleeding. There were five deaths in the splenectomy group, only one of which was related to the splenic surgery. CONCLUSION Management of blunt splenic injury remains controversial. The decision to pursue non-operative management rather than splenic conservation or splenectomy depends on the individual merits of each case. There is an increasing trend towards splenic conservation, particularly in younger, stable patients with single organ injury.
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Chang MY, Shiau CS, Chang CL, Hou HC, Chiang CH, Hsieh TT, Soong YK. Spleen laceration, a rare complication of laparoscopy. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GYNECOLOGIC LAPAROSCOPISTS 2000; 7:269-72. [PMID: 10806277 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-3804(00)80055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 31-year-old woman had secondary infertility of 4 years' duration. Hysterosalpingography revealed bilateral distal tubal occlusion with bilateral hydrosalpinx-like appearance. At laparoscopy, both oviducts were occluded with marked hydropic change. Salpingoplasty was performed to correct bilateral hydrosalpinges and reform the fimbriated tubal ends. The procedure was performed uneventfully by an experienced surgeon in 45 minutes. Nine hours after the operation an emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed due to massive intraabdominal bleeding. The cause was a small tear, 3 cm long and 1 cm deep, with active bleeding in the inferior splenic tail. The laceration was repaired successfully with 1-0 chromic suture. The etiology of splenic laceration during laparoscopic surgery is uncertain. Many complications of laparoscopy are physiologic, and this one might have occurred while establishing pneumoperitoneum. Distortion and stretching of small vascular adhesions of the spleen with the abdominal wall also may have played a role. Gynecologists must be aware of the physiologic insult to patients during laparoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tun Hwa North Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shafi S, Gilbert JC, Carden S, Allen JE, Glick PL, Caty MG, Azizkhan RG. Risk of hemorrhage and appropriate use of blood transfusions in pediatric blunt splenic injuries. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1997; 42:1029-32. [PMID: 9210536 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199706000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define changes in hematocrit (Hct) and the indications for blood transfusion in pediatric blunt splenic injury. DESIGN Retrospective case series MATERIALS AND METHODS All children with blunt splenic injuries from 1990 to 1995 were studied (n = 74). Transfusion practices were reviewed for the whole group. Thirty children with isolated splenic injuries who were not transfused were analyzed to document Hct changes (mean +/- 95% confidence intervals). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The Hct at presentation was 37 +/- 2%, which rapidly dropped to 31 +/- 2% (p < 0.05) within 24 hours. After remaining stable at that level for the next 5 days, the Hct rose to 33 +/- 4% on day 6 (p = not significant), 35 +/- 4% on day 7 (p = not significant), and 38 +/- 2% (p = not significant) on day 13 +/- 3. Fifteen children received transfusions, all but one of whom had suffered multiple injuries. The transfusion rate declined from 38% of children in 1990 to 10% in 1995. CONCLUSIONS After the initial drop within the first 24 hours, the Hct remains stable and rises with time to reach the baseline by day 6. Transfusion rates have declined over time, and transfusions are now used almost exclusively in severely injured children with multiple injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shafi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, and the Children's Hospital of Buffalo, 14222, USA
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Computed tomographic diagnosis of splenic trauma presenting with kehr's sign (referred left shoulder pain). Emerg Radiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02440034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boone KE, Watters DA. The incidence of malaria after splenectomy in Papua New Guinea. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1995; 311:1273. [PMID: 7496237 PMCID: PMC2551185 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Boone
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital of South Manchester
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Yerdel MA, Koksoy C, Karayalcin K, Kuzu A, Aoyama M, Anadol E. Use of polyglycolic acid mesh with a new double pursestring technique in renal trauma: an experimental study. Injury 1993; 24:158-60. [PMID: 8509181 DOI: 10.1016/0020-1383(93)90280-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Repair of major kidney lacerations with conventional techniques is extremely difficult and 'through and through' suturing is associated with further loss of viable tissue because it promotes scarring. In this study, we investigate the haemostatic and viable parenchyma salvaging effect of an alternative, new wrapping technique in an experimental renal trauma model. This resulted in immediate haemostasis in all 25 animals, while the same injury caused excessive haemorrhage with 50 per cent mortality in eight untreated controls. This technique differs from other wrapping methods because no additional suturing for the application of PAM or haemostasis is required. It is an easy, rapid procedure which decreases the operating time and may allow successful repair in major lacerations of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yerdel
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Surgery, Turkey
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