Biologically significant iron(III) oxyhydroxy polymers: Mössbauer spectroscopic study of ferritin and hemosiderin in pancreas tissue of β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E disease

Low-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy of organs from 57Fe-enriched HFE(-/-) hemochromatosis mice: an iron-dependent threshold for generating hemosiderin

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an iron-overload disease most often arising from a mutation in the Homeostatic Fe regulator (HFE) gene. HFE organs become overloaded with iron which causes damage. Iron-overload is commonly detected by NMR imaging, but the spectroscopic technique is insensitive to diamagnetic iron. Here, we used Mössbauer spectroscopy to examine the iron content of liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and brain of 57Fe-enriched HFE(-/-) mice of ages 3-52 wk. Overall, the iron contents of all investigated HFE organs were similar to the same healthy organ but from an older mouse. Livers and spleens were majorly overloaded, followed by kidneys. Excess iron was generally present as ferritin. Iron-sulfur clusters and low-spin FeII hemes (combined into the central quadrupole doublet) and nonheme high-spin FeII species were also observed. Spectra of young and middle-aged HFE kidneys were dominated by the central quadrupole doublet and were largely devoid of ferritin. Collecting and comparing spectra at 5 and 60 K allowed the presence of hemosiderin, a decomposition product of ferritin, to be quantified, and it also allowed the diamagnetic central doublet to be distinguished from ferritin. Hemosiderin was observed in spleens and livers from HFE mice, and in spleens from controls, but only when iron concentrations exceeded 2-3 mM. Even in those cases, hemosiderin represented only 10-20% of the iron in the sample. NMR imaging can identify iron-overload under non-invasive room-temperature conditions, but Mössbauer spectroscopy of 57Fe-enriched mice can detect all forms of iron and perhaps allow the process of iron-overloading to be probed in greater detail.

The magnetic susceptibilities of iron deposits in thalassaemic spleen tissue

The iron-specific magnetic susceptibility of tissue iron deposits is used in the field of non-invasive measurement of tissue iron concentrations. It has generally been assumed to be a constant for all tissue and disease types. The iron-specific magnetic susceptibilities chi(Fe) for spleen tissue samples from 7 transfusion dependent beta-thalassaemia (beta-thal) patients and 11 non-transfusion dependent beta-thalassaemia/Haemoglobin E (beta/E) patients were measured at 37 degrees C. Both groups of patients were iron loaded with no significant difference in the distribution of spleen iron concentrations between the two groups. There was a significant difference between the mean chi(Fe) of the spleen tissue from each group. The non-transfusion dependent beta/E patients had a higher mean (+/-standard deviation) spleen chi(Fe) (1.55+/-0.23 x 10(-6) m(3)/kg Fe) than the transfusion dependent beta-thal patients (1.16+/-0.25 x 10(-6) m(3)/kg Fe). Correlations were observed between chi(Fe) of the spleen tissue and the fraction of magnetic hyperfine split sextet in the (57)Fe Mössbauer spectra of the tissues at 78 K (Spearman rank order correlation r=-0.54, p=0.03) and between chi(Fe) of the spleen tissue and the fraction of doublet in the spectra at 5 K (r=0.58, p=0.02) indicating that chi(Fe) of the spleen tissue is related to the chemical speciation of the iron deposits in the tissue.

The effect of prolonged iron loading on the chemical form of iron oxide deposits in rat liver and spleen

Female Porton rats were loaded with iron either by supplementing the diet with 2.5% carbonyl iron for up to 22 months (18 rats) or by regularly injecting rat blood cells intraperitoneally for up to 10 months (eight rats). 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy of freeze-dried samples of liver and spleen was used to analyse the chemical forms of iron deposited in these tissues over the period of iron loading. A sextet signal in the Mössbauer spectra was identified as being due to a form of haemosiderin based on the structure of the mineral goethite. The spectral parameters of the sextet signal in the rat tissues indicate that the goethite-like haemosiderin particles are less crystalline than those found in iron-loaded human tissues. For the dietary-iron-loaded rat livers, the fraction (Fs) of the Mössbauer signal in the form of this sextet was found to increase significantly (from approx 0.04 to 0.09) with the age of the rats (r=0.77, P<0.0005). This indicates that the fraction of liver iron in the form of the goethite-like haemosiderin increases with age of the rat and hence with the duration of iron loading. In addition, Fs for these livers was found to increase significantly with the fraction of iron in non-parenchymal cells as measured by computer-assisted morphometric analysis of histological sections (r=0.71, P<0.005).

The form of iron oxide deposits in thalassemic tissues varies between different groups of patients: a comparison between Thai beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E patients and Australian beta-thalassemia patients

Mössbauer spectra of 12 beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E spleen samples from Thai patients who had not received multiple blood transfusions and chelation therapy and seven beta-thalassemia spleen samples from Australian patients who had received multiple blood transfusions and chelation therapy were recorded with sample temperatures of 78 K. Each spectrum was found to consist of a superposition of a relatively intense central doublet characteristic of high-spin Fe(III), a low intensity sextet of peaks due to magnetic hyperfine-field splitting, and occasionally a doublet that could be attributed to heme iron. A significant (P=0.01) difference (Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic of 0.71) between the distributions of sextet signal intensity as a fraction (Fs) of the total non-heme iron Mössbauer spectral signal for the two groups of patients was detected. The distribution of Fs for the Thai beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E spleens had a mean value of 0.128 (S.D. 0.035) while that for the Australian beta-thalassemia spleens had a mean of 0.27 (S.D. 0.12). No significant difference between the distributions of non-heme iron concentrations in the tissues for the two groups of patients was detected by atomic absorption spectrometry. This study shows that the Australian beta-thalassemia patients had a higher fraction of their non-heme spleen iron in a goethite-like form than the Thai beta-thalassemia/Hb E patients.