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Loeb MJ, Woods CW, Brandt EP, Boakovec AB. Larval testes of the tobacco budworm: a new source of insect ecdysteroids. Science 2010; 218:896-8. [PMID: 17807143 DOI: 10.1126/science.218.4575.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Testes of last-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm release five times more ecdysteroid into incubation medium (judged by radioimmunoassay) in 2.5 hours than is found in testis homogenates. Incubation of testicular components indicates that the testis sheath may be the site of ecdysteroid synthesis. Fractionation of hemalymph, testis homogenate, and incubation medium by high-performance liquid chromatography produces a distinct ecdysteroid pattern in each case. Thus, released testis ecdysteroids are probably converted to other forms for use, sequestration, or general circulation. Their functions are unknown.
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Brown MR, Sieglaff DH, Rees HH. Gonadal ecdysteroidogenesis in arthropoda: occurrence and regulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 54:105-25. [PMID: 18680437 PMCID: PMC7205109 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are multifunctional hormones in male and female arthropods and are stored in oocytes for use during embryogenesis. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation are demonstrated for insect gonads, but not for the gonads of other arthropods. The Y-organ in the cephalothorax of crustaceans and the integument of ticks are sources of secreted ecdysteroids in adults, as in earlier stages, but the tissue source is not known for adults in many arthropod groups. Ecdysteroid metabolism occurs in several tissues of adult arthropods. This review summarizes the evidence for ecdysteroid biosynthesis by gonads and its metabolism in adult arthropods and considers the apparent uniqueness of ecdysteroid hormones in arthropods, given the predominance of vertebrate-type steroids in sister invertebrate groups and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Sonobe H, Ohira T, Ieki K, Maeda S, Ito Y, Ajimura M, Mita K, Matsumoto H, Wilder MN. Purification, kinetic characterization, and molecular cloning of a novel enzyme, ecdysteroid 22-kinase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29513-24. [PMID: 16899460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604035200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report succeeding in the isolation and characterization of an enzyme and its gene involved in the phosphorylation of a steroid hormone. It has been demonstrated that ecdysteroid 22-phosphates in insect ovaries, which are physiologically inactive, serve as a "reservoir" that supplies active free ecdysteroids during early embryonic development and that their dephosphorylation is catalyzed by a specific enzyme, ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase (Yamada, R., and Sonobe, H. (2003), J. Biol. Chem. 278, 26365-26373). In this study, ecdysteroid 22-kinase (EcKinase) was purified from the cytosol of the silkworm Bombyx mori ovaries to about 1,800-fold homogeneity in six steps of column chromatography and biochemically characterized. Results obtained indicated that the reciprocal conversion of free ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid 22-phosphates by two enzymes, EcKinase and ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase, plays an important role in ecdysteroid economy of the ovary-egg system of B. mori. On the basis of the partial amino acid sequence obtained from purified EcKinase, the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding EcKinase was determined. The full-length cDNA of EcKinase was composed of 1,850 bp with an open reading frame encoding a protein of 386 amino acid residues. The cloned cDNA was confirmed to encode the functional EcKinase using the transformant harboring the open reading frame of EcKinase. A data base search showed that EcKinase has an amino acid sequence characteristic of phosphotransferases, in that it harbors Brenner's motif and putative ATP binding sites, but there are no functional proteins that share high identity with the amino acid sequence of EcKinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyuki Sonobe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.
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Makka T, Seino A, Tomita S, Fujiwara H, Sonobe H. A possible role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in embryonic development of the silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 51:111-120. [PMID: 12386839 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that eggs of insects, including those of the silkworm Bombyx mori, contain various ecdysteroids and the amounts of these ecdysteroids fluctuate during embryonic development. In order to know the function of egg ecdysteroids in embryonic development of B. mori, we examined the biological activities of various egg ecdysteroids by in vitro ligand-binding assay and bioassay using B. mori eggs. First, using the ecdysteroid receptor of B. mori (BmEcR-B1/BmUSP heterodimer) prepared by yeast and Escherichia coli expression systems, the interaction between the ecdysteroid receptor and various egg ecdysteroids of B. mori was analyzed. The relative binding affinities of egg ecdysteroids to the BmEcR-B1/BmUSP heterodimer decreased in the order of 20-hydroxyecdysone > 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone > 22-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone > ecdysone > 2-deoxyecdysone > ecdysone 22-phosphate. Next, several egg ecdysteroids of B. mori were injected into the prospective diapause eggs, which show a very low level of free ecdysteroids at the onset of embryonic diapause (gastrula stage). Approximately 7% of them (P < 0.002, chi(2)-test) developed beyond the gastrula stage without entering diapause by the injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (25 ng/egg). In contrast, the injection of other ecdysteroids was not effective in inducing embryonic development. These results suggest that 20-hydroxyecdysone, via the ecdysteroid receptor, is responsible for the developmental difference between diapause and non-diapause in B. mori embryos. Furthermore, it was suggested that continuous supply of 20-hydroxyecdysone may be required to induce embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Makka
- Department of Life and Functional Material Science, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
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Kamba M, Sonobe H, Mamiya Y, Hara N, Fujimoto Y. 2,22-Dideoxy-23-Hydroxyecdysone and its 3-Phosphate from Ovaries of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10575630008043767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nakahara Y, Hiraoka T, Iwabuchi K. Growth-promoting effects of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone on in vitro development of the larval endoparasitoid, Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:467-476. [PMID: 12770211 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that lipophorin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) are essential for the development of the larval endoparasitoid Venturia canescens larvae in vitro. The present study was undertaken to determine the optimal concentrations of those three substances in the MGM-450 medium, and to examine the hormonal effects of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone (JH) on the development of the parasitoid larvae in vitro. When the culture was started with embryos at the post-germband stage, concentrations of 3 mg/ml of lipophorin and 20% of FBS were most suitable for the development of the parasitoid. The growth-promoting effect of 20-HE increased in a concentration-dependent manner and peaked at a concentration of 1 &mgr;g/ml. Excess concentration led to malformations of the larvae. Three other ecdysteroids, ecdysone, 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, and polypodine B had the same effect, although their activity was lower than that of 20-HE. Cholesterol had no effect; most larvae failed to develop. When the medium was supplemented with JH, the duration of the developmental period was significantly shortened, but this hormone was not found to be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Aribi N, Pitoizet N, Quennedey A, Delbecque JP. 2-Deoxyecdysone is a circulating ecdysteroid in the beetle Zophobas atratus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1335:246-52. [PMID: 9202187 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A qualitative analysis of ecdysteroids has been performed during the post-embryonic development of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using two different antibodies. Three HPLC peaks were found to be immunoreactive, in hemolymph extracts of both sexes. Moreover, these peaks had ecdysteroid-like UV spectra, determined using a photodiode array detector. The use of two different HPLC systems (reverse and normal phases), in combination with two different EIA antibodies, allowed us to identify 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and ecdysone (E), as the two main ecdysteroids, but also suggested the presence of 2-deoxyecdysone (2dE) as the third hemolymph component. Secretion of putative 2dE, together with E (but not 20E) was also demonstrated in vitro from incubations of prothoracic glands and of tegumental explants. In these experiments, either in vivo or in vitro, 3-dehydroecdysone was never observed. Our observations thus strongly suggest that 2dE is a circulating ecdysteroid in Z. atratus and may function as a prohormone during the development of some insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aribi
- CNRS UMR 5548, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Mamiya Y, Sonobe H, Yoshida K, Hara N, Fujimoto Y. Occurrence of 3-epi-22-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone and its phosphoric ester in diapause eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01928896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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LUQUET G, MOUILLET JF, DELBECQUE JP, GRAF F. Is ecdysone involved in the moult cycle of the terrestrial crustaceanOrchestia cavimana(Amphipoda)? INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1994.9672398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Roussel JP. [Involvement of 3-dehydroecdysteroids in the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway in Locusta migratoria, in vitro]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE, DE BIOCHIMIE ET DE BIOPHYSIQUE 1992; 100:45-53. [PMID: 1380332 DOI: 10.3109/13813459209035258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prothoracic glands of the locus, Locusta migratoria, incubated in vitro converted tritiated 3-dehydrocetodiol (22,23,24,25 3H4-14 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-3,6-dione) into ecdysteroids and 3-dehydroecdysteroids as far as the final products of the two series, ecdysone and 3-dehydroecdysone. In the two series, the different compounds are formed in the same quantities, except for 2,22-desoxy-products, the nature of which could not have been determined. Converted 3-dehydroecdysone issued from 3-dehydrocetodiol is transformed into ecdysone after several hours incubation with Locusta last instar larvae hemolymph. Till now is has been impossible to determine if the reduction of 3-dehydroecdysteroids took place into the prothoracic glands or in the incubation medium. In no case is 3-dehydrocetodiol converted into cetodiol. Conversion rates of the different compounds, either issued from cetodiol or from 3-dehydrocetodiol as precursors, are of same importance, so that a weak specificity of the hydroxylation enzymes must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Roussel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Générale, URA CNRS n. 672, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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WARREN JT, HETRU C. Ecdysone biosynthesis: Pathways, enzymes, and the early steps problem. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1990.9672131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ohnishi E, Hiramoto M, Fujimoto Y, Kakinuma K, Ikekawa N. Isolation and identification of major ecdysteroid conjugates from the ovaries of Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(89)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ecdysteroid conjugates in the ovaries of the silkworm,Bombyx mori: 3-phosphates of 2,22-dideoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone and of bombycosterol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01953319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Application of combined chromatographic techniques in the screening and purification of ecdysteroids. Chromatographia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02311894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ogiso M, Fujimoto Y, Ikekawa N, Ohnishi E. Glucosidation of estradiol-17 beta in the cultured ovaries of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986; 61:393-401. [PMID: 3082710 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(86)90225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways of estradiol-17 beta and other vertebrate steroid hormones of cultured silkworm pupal ovaries were examined using 14C-labeled steroids. The isolated ovaries showed significant uptake and metabolic activity of the 14C-labeled estradiol-17 beta added to the medium. Analysis of the metabolized compounds by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed extensive metabolic conversion of [14C]estradiol-17 beta and estrone; i.e., estrone was reduced to estradiol-17 beta and estradiol-17 beta was metabolized to conjugates, including estradiol-3-beta-D-glucoside and estradiol-17-alpha-D-glucoside. [14C]Testosterone was not transformed appreciably by the ovaries. Metabolic activity and physiological significance of the vertebrate steroid hormones in the silkworm ovaries are discussed.
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Kappler C, Goltzené F, Lagueux M, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA. Role of the follicle cells and the oocytes in ecdysone biosynthesis and esterification in vitellogenic females ofLocusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/01688170.1986.10510177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kappler C, Kabbouh M, Durst F, Hoffmann JA. Studies on the C-2 hydroxylation of 2-deoxyecdysone in Locusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ohnishi E, Ogiso M, Wakabayashi K, Fujimoto Y, Ikekawa N. Identification of estradiol in the ovaries of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985; 60:35-8. [PMID: 4054586 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol was extracted and partially purified from the ovaries of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Identification of estradiol was done by use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization into the ethyldimethylsilyl derivative. Concentration of estradiol in the ovaries was estimated to be 176 pg/g (RIA) and 63 pg/g (GC-MS).
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Ikekawa N. Chapter 8 Structures, biosynthesis and function of sterols in invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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21
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Steroids. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Abstract
Uptake of ecdysone by ovaries of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was studied by organ culture. [3H]Ecdysone was transported almost linearly into the ovary for up to 3 h of the incubation. The uptake was proportional to the concentration of the labeled ecdysone, unsaturably, at concentrations ranging up to 10(-6) M. Ecdysone which had been transported into the ovary could usually be removed when the ovary was re-transferred to the ecdysone-free medium. Analysis of the transported compounds by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the marked conversion of ecdysone into 20-hydroxyecdysone, unknown metabolites and conjugated forms. Physiological significance of the metabolic activity of the ovary is discussed with respect to the accumulation of ecdysteroids in the ovary.
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Biosynthesis of Ovarian Ecdysteroid Phosphates and Their Metabolic Fate During Embryogenesis in Schistocerca gregaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69922-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tsoupras G, Luu B, Hoffmann JA. Isolation and identification of three ecdysteroid conjugates with a C-20 hydroxy group in eggs of Locusta migratoria. Steroids 1982; 40:551-60. [PMID: 7182953 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(82)90075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Three ecdysteroids conjugates with a hydroxy group at C-20 were isolated from developing eggs of locusta migratoria and identified as 22-phosphate conjugates of 2-deoxy-20-hydroxy-ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone acetate.
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Hetru CC, Kappler C, Hoffmann JA, Nearn R, Bang L, Horn DH. The biosynthetic pathway of ecdysone: studies with vitellogenic ovaries of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera). Mol Cell Endocrinol 1982; 26:51-80. [PMID: 7084564 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(82)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries of adult females of Locusta migratoria synthesize impressive amounts of the steroid hormone ecdysone (and related ecdysteroids) during the late phases of vitellogenesis. The present study, aimed at elucidating the sequence of the biosynthetic steps that lead from cholesterol to ecdysone, has taken benefit of this remarkable biological model by using a double approach: (1) isolation and physico-chemical identification of endogenous biogenetic intermediates; (2) metabolic study of labelled putative precursor molecules. The data presented in this paper lead us to propose the following sequence of events: conversion of cholesterol to 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one (via several intermediates not identified in this study) followed by 14 beta-hydroxylation to 3 beta, 14 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one; hydroxylation on the side-chain at C-25 and C-22 (in this order) to 2-deoxyecdysone; hydroxylation at C-2 to ecdysone.
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MIZUNO TAKASHI, WATANABE KUNIO, OHNISHI EIJI. Developmental Changes of Ecdysteroids in the Eggs of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Dev Growth Differ 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1981.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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