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Moschetti R, Palazzo A, Lorusso P, Viggiano L, Massimiliano Marsano R. "What You Need, Baby, I Got It": Transposable Elements as Suppliers of Cis-Operating Sequences in Drosophila. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E25. [PMID: 32028630 PMCID: PMC7168160 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are constitutive components of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The role of TEs in the evolution of genes and genomes has been widely assessed over the past years in a variety of model and non-model organisms. Drosophila is undoubtedly among the most powerful model organisms used for the purpose of studying the role of transposons and their effects on the stability and evolution of genes and genomes. Besides their most intuitive role as insertional mutagens, TEs can modify the transcriptional pattern of host genes by juxtaposing new cis-regulatory sequences. A key element of TE biology is that they carry transcriptional control elements that fine-tune the transcription of their own genes, but that can also perturb the transcriptional activity of neighboring host genes. From this perspective, the transposition-mediated modulation of gene expression is an important issue for the short-term adaptation of physiological functions to the environmental changes, and for long-term evolutionary changes. Here, we review the current literature concerning the regulatory and structural elements operating in cis provided by TEs in Drosophila. Furthermore, we highlight that, besides their influence on both TEs and host genes expression, they can affect the chromatin structure and epigenetic status as well as both the chromosome's structure and stability. It emerges that Drosophila is a good model organism to study the effect of TE-linked regulatory sequences, and it could help future studies on TE-host interactions in any complex eukaryotic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.); (P.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Antonio Palazzo
- Laboratory of Translational Nanotechnology, “Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II” I.R.C.C.S, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Patrizio Lorusso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.); (P.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Luigi Viggiano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.); (P.L.); (L.V.)
| | - René Massimiliano Marsano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.); (P.L.); (L.V.)
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Charles JP. The regulation of expression of insect cuticle protein genes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:205-213. [PMID: 20060042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The exoskeleton of insects (cuticle) is an assembly of chitin and cuticle proteins. Its physical properties are determined largely by the proteins it contains, and vary widely with developmental stages and body regions. The genes encoding cuticle proteins are therefore good models to study the molecular mechanisms of signalling by ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones, which regulate molting and metamorphosis in insects. This review summarizes the studies of hormonal regulation of insect cuticle protein genes, and the recent progress in the analysis of the regulatory sequences and transcription factors important for their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Charles
- UMR CNRS 5548 Développement-Communication Chimique des Insectes (DCCI), Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, 6, Bd Gabriel 21000 Dijon, France.
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Zatsepina OG, Velikodvorskaia VV, Molodtsov VB, Garbuz D, Lerman DN, Bettencourt BR, Feder ME, Evgenev MB. A DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Strain From Sub-Equatorial Africa Has Exceptional Thermotolerance But Decreased Hsp70 Expression. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:1869-81. [PMID: 11441029 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.11.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Drosophila melanogaster collected in sub-equatorial Africa in the 1970s are remarkably tolerant of sustained laboratory culture above 30°C and of acute exposure to much warmer temperatures. Inducible thermotolerance of high temperatures, which in Drosophila melanogaster is due in part to the inducible molecular chaperone Hsp70, is only modest in this strain. Expression of Hsp70 protein and hsp70 mRNA is likewise reduced and has slower kinetics in this strain (T) than in a standard wild-type strain (Oregon R). These strains also differed in constitutive and heat-inducible levels of other molecular chaperones. The lower Hsp70 expression in the T strain apparently has no basis in the activation of the heat-shock transcription factor HSF, which is similar in T and Oregon R flies. Rather, the reduced expression may stem from insertion of two transposable elements, H.M.S. Beagle in the intergenic region of the 87A7 hsp70 gene cluster and Jockey in the hsp70Ba gene promoter. We hypothesize that the reduced Hsp70 expression in a Drosophila melanogaster strain living chronically at intermediate temperatures may represent an evolved suppression of the deleterious phenotypes of Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Zatsepina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 117984 Moscow, Russia
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Kumari SS, Willis JH, Skinner DM. Proteins of crustacean exoskeleton: IV. Partial amino acid sequences of exoskeletal proteins from the Bermuda land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, and comparisons to certain insect proteins. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1995; 273:389-400. [PMID: 8576695 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402730504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As in all decapod Crustacea, the exoskeleton of the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis consists of four layers. Prior electrophoretic analysis of proteins extracted from these layers revealed an abundance of small M(r) proteins with acidic pIs are found in insect cuticle (O'Brien et al. [1991 Biol. Bull., 181:427-441). Further, immunological cross-reactivity between crab exoskeletal proteins and insect cuticular proteins has been demonstrated (Kumari and Skinner [1993] J. Exp. Zool., 265:195-210). Partial amino acid sequences of a number of proteins from the four exoskeletal layers are described here. Proteins were electrophoresed on two-dimensional (2D) gels, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, and stained; individual spots were recovered and their N-termini were sequenced. In addition, a 14-kDa protein (pI = 5.4) from membranous layer (ML14) was eluted from 2D gels and digested with endoproteinase Lys-C; N-termini of its constituent peptides were sequenced. The two epicuticular proteins differed from each other. Three proteins with identical electrophoretic mobility isolated from exocuticle, endocuticle, and membranous layer appeared to have identical N termini, while another electrophoretically identical set from the three layers appeared identical with each other but differed in three positions from the first set. Two proteins from the membranous layer both had a mass of 25 kDa but different isoelectric points. Their sequences were indistinguishable from each other but clearly distinct from another membranous layer protein. Another distinct sequence was found in a 14-kDa protein from endocuticle, while a less acidic pair of 14-kDa proteins from endocuticle and membranous layer were quite similar to one another. The three internal peptide fragments from ML14 were distinct, but one had regions similar to the ML14 N terminus. One crab exoskeletal protein sequence was similar to some structural proteins of vertebrates, whereas others had motifs found in insect cuticular proteins. The sequence similarities identified did not account for the antibody cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kumari
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-8080, USA
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Monoclonal antibodies recognizing larval- and pupal-specific cuticular proteins of Tenebrio molitor (Insecta, Coleoptera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993; 203:92-99. [PMID: 28305984 DOI: 10.1007/bf00539894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/1993] [Accepted: 04/28/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To study the sequential expression of insect epidermal cells during metamorphosis, a library of monoclonal antibodies (MABs) was prepared against the water-soluble proteins from preecdysial pupal cuticle of Tenebrio molitor. Six selected MABs recognizing only larval and pupal cuticular proteins (CPs) in immunoblot analysis were classified into three types. Type 1 recognized a 21.5 and a 22 kDa polypeptide, type 2, a 26 kDa polypeptide, and type 3, three polypeptides of 18.5, 19.5 and 21.5 kDa. They did not immunoreact with any protein of fat bodies or haemolymph from pharate pupae, suggesting that the antigens originate from the epidermis. The stage-specificity was confirmed by electron microscopic immunogold labelling. Type 1 and 3 MABs recognized antigens characterizing larval and pupal preecdysial sclerotized cuticles, while the antigens recognized by type 2 were localized in the first few lamellae of unsclerotized postecdysial cuticle. When the expression of the adult programme was inhibited by application of a juvenile hormone analogue, the larval-/pupal-specific CPs were detected in the supernumerary pupal cuticle. These results suggest that the genes encoding these proteins are juvenile hormone dependent. These MABs should be useful tools to isolate pupal-specific genes whose regulation sems to be different from that of the adult-specific ones.
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Bouhin H, Charles JP, Quennedey B, Delachambre J. Developmental profiles of epidermal mRNAs during the pupal-adult molt of Tenebrio molitor and isolation of a cDNA clone encoding an adult cuticular protein: effects of a juvenile hormone analogue. Dev Biol 1992; 149:112-22. [PMID: 1728581 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90268-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in translatable mRNAs from the wing epidermis of the Coleoptera Tenebrio molitor have been investigated during metamorphosis by analysis of in vitro translated products. Striking differences between the patterns obtained from mRNAs extracted during pupal and adult cuticle secretion indicated that a drastic change in gene expression occurs during the pupal-adult transition. In addition to these stage-specific modifications, the mRNA patterns changed within each cuticular synthesis program (pupal or adult), especially at ecdysis. After tritiated leucine incorporation, some of the major radiolabeled cuticular proteins showed similar changes suggesting that the sequential appearance of mRNAs corresponds to sequential deposition of cuticular proteins. In supernumerary pupae obtained after juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) application on newly ecdysed pupae, translatable mRNA were very similar to those of pharate pupae. The JHA seemed, therefore, to prevent the expression of the adult program. By immunoblotting in vitro translated products with a monoclonal antibody recognizing an adult-specific cuticular protein, the developmental profile of the corresponding mRNA was studied. This mRNA was detected in anterior wing epidermis during the first 80 hr of the pharate adult stage. Using the same antibody, a cDNA clone was isolated from epidermal mRNA. The hybrid selected mRNA coded for only one protein with an apparent MW of 22 kDa which was, furthermore, recognized by the antibody. The Northern blot analysis performed with the clone confirmed the Western blot analysis of the in vitro translation products. JHA application at the beginning of the pupal-adult reprograming prevented the appearance of this mRNA; however, this transcript was present during the following molting cycle. This reversibility of the JHA action was confirmed by immunogold labeling of the cuticles formed in treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bouhin
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, UA CNRS 674, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Lemoine A, Millot C, Curie G, Delachambre J. Spatial and temporal variations in cuticle proteins as revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Immunoblotting analysis and ultrastructural immunolocalization in a beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Tissue Cell 1990; 22:177-89. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(90)90020-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1989] [Revised: 11/30/1989] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cuticle proteins from the Anthonomus grandis abdomen: Stage specificity and immunological relatedness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(90)90003-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lemoine A, Millot C, Curie G, Delachambre J. A monoclonal antibody against an adult-specific cuticular protein of Tenebrio molitor (Insecta, Coleoptera). Dev Biol 1989; 136:546-54. [PMID: 2583376 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To study the sequential expression of the epidermal program in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the water-soluble proteins from preecdysial adult cuticle. Among the 16 clones obtained, one of them (named K2F6) recognized a 20-kDa antigen, found only in adult extracts but not in the larval or pupal ones, as revealed by immunoblot analysis. Our results strongly suggest an epidermal origin for this protein. The monoclonal antibody K2F6 fails to react with water-soluble proteins from fat body and hemolymph taken during the deposition of the 20-kDa antigen. Electron microscopic immunogold localization of this antigen showed that it is secreted, just after epicuticle deposition, in the 30 first-deposited preecdysial lamellae of sternal and elytral cuticles only. The sclerotizing process, which modifies the physicochemical properties of these cuticles, does not prevent the immunoreaction. When the expression of the adult program was inhibited by application of a juvenile hormone analog (ZR 515), the water-soluble proteins from different pupal-adult intermediates were never recognized by the monoclonal antibody K2F6 using immunoblot analysis. These results support the conclusion that this 20-kDa antigen is a protein specific for the sclerotized cuticle of the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lemoine
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, URA CNRS 55, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Boccaccio GL, Quesada-Allué LA. In vivo biosynthesis of a stage-specific cuticle glycoprotein during early metamorphosis of the medfly Ceratitis capitata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:251-8. [PMID: 2803298 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cuticle proteins of an insect pest, the Medfly Ceratitis capitata, were resolved in polyacrylamide gels and partially characterized. The pupal cuticle was found to be different from cuticles of other insects since more than 80% w/w of the protein is a single mannose-containing polypeptide (PCG-100). The temporally-regulated in vivo biosynthesis and deposition of cuticle proteins was studied by microinjection of [35S]methionine followed by hand dissection of pupal cuticles. The major pupal glycoprotein, PCG-100, is cuticle- and stage-specific and was the earliest to be labeled and deposited. Its synthesis was maximal at around 46 hours after pupariation and then it decreased. The deposited PCG-100 and other minor pupal cuticle proteins become non-extractable at the end of the instar (7 days after pupariation) probably by sclerotization phenomena. These results provide insight into the temporal control of gene expression programs involved in cuticle deposition during medfly metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Boccaccio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Fundación Campomar, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kimbrell DA, Tojo SJ, Alexander S, Brown EE, Tobin SL, Fristrom JW. Regulation of larval cuticle protein gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1989; 10:198-209. [PMID: 2500284 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genes that encode 3rd instar larval cuticle proteins (LCP's) of Drosophila melanogaster are located in at least two chromosomal sites. The genes encoding four of the five predominant LCP's are located in a cluster at the chromosomal region 44D. They are organized in pairs that are transcribed divergently, and expressed with different timing during the third larval instar. Towards understanding the basis of gene regulation within the 44D cluster, we have analyzed genetic variants, including the 2-3 variant, which has an insertion of a copia-like transposable element, H.M.S. Beagle, within the 44D cluster. The Beagle element appears to inactivate the LCP-3 gene by inserting into its TATA box, but also may cause the precocious expression of two other LCP genes, LCP-1 and LCP-f2, in the cluster. The long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Beagle element apparently contains a sequence, perhaps an enhancer-like element, which causes altered expression of these genes. We have also investigated the cis-regulatory elements involved in expression of the LCP-2 gene in wild-type larvae. We have identified two upstream regions that may contain separate cis-regulatory elements. The region between -252 bp and -515 bp may be essential for any expression of LCP-2. Additionally, the region between -515 bp and -795 bp appears to be required for the normal level of expression of the LCP-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kimbrell
- Department of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley
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