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Kamruzzaman M, Kelly M, Charles RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Akter A, Biswas R, Kaisar MH, Bhuiyan TR, Ivers LC, Ternier R, Jerome JG, Pfister HB, Lu X, Soliman SE, Ruttens B, Saksena R, Mečárová J, Čížová A, Qadri F, Bystrický S, Kováč P, Xu P, Ryan ET. Defining Polysaccharide-Specific Antibody Targets against Vibrio cholerae O139 in Humans following O139 Cholera and following Vaccination with a Commercial Bivalent Oral Cholera Vaccine, and Evaluation of Conjugate Vaccines Targeting O139. mSphere 2021; 6:e0011421. [PMID: 34232076 PMCID: PMC8386440 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00114-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 could reemerge, and proactive development of an effective O139 vaccine would be prudent. To define immunoreactive and potentially immunogenic carbohydrate targets of Vibrio cholerae O139, we assessed immunoreactivities of various O-specific polysaccharide (OSP)-related saccharides with plasma from humans hospitalized with cholera caused by O139, comparing responses to those induced in recipients of a commercial oral whole-cell killed bivalent (O1 and O139) cholera vaccine (WC-O1/O139). We also assessed conjugate vaccines containing selected subsets of these saccharides for their ability to induce protective immunity using a mouse model of cholera. We found that patients with wild-type O139 cholera develop IgM, IgA, and IgG immune responses against O139 OSP and many of its fragments, but we were able to detect only a moderate IgM response to purified O139 OSP-core, and none to its fragments, in immunologically naive recipients of WC-O1/O139. We found that immunoreactivity of O139-specific polysaccharides with antibodies elicited by wild-type infection markedly increase when saccharides contain colitose and phosphate residues, that a synthetic terminal tetrasaccharide fragment of OSP is more immunoreactive and protectively immunogenic than complete OSP, that native OSP-core is a better protective immunogen than the synthetic OSP lacking core, and that functional vibriocidal activity of antibodies predicts in vivo protection in our model but depends on capsule thickness. Our results suggest that O139 OSP-specific responses are not prominent following vaccination with a currently available oral cholera vaccine in immunologically naive humans and that vaccines targeting V. cholerae O139 should be based on native OSP-core or terminal tetrasaccharide. IMPORTANCE Cholera is a severe dehydrating illness of humans caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 or O139. Protection against cholera is serogroup specific, and serogroup specificity is defined by O-specific polysaccharide (OSP). Little is known about immunity to O139 OSP. In this study, we used synthetic fragments of the O139 OSP to define immune responses to OSP in humans recovering from cholera caused by V. cholerae O139, compared these responses to those induced by the available O139 vaccine, and evaluated O139 fragments in next-generation conjugate vaccines. We found that the terminal tetrasaccharide of O139 is a primary immune target but that the currently available bivalent cholera vaccine poorly induces an anti-O139 OSP response in immunologically naive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Global Health, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aklima Akter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Biswas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. Hasanul Kaisar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Louise C. Ivers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaowei Lu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sameh E. Soliman
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bart Ruttens
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rina Saksena
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jana Mečárová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alžbeta Čížová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Slavomír Bystrický
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fleischhackerová A, Farkaš P, Čížová A, Bystrický S. Preparation and immunogenicity of conjugate based on hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide antigen of Vibrio cholerae O139. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1817-24. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.942251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A glycoconjugate construct was based on attachment of V. cholerae O139 hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to carboxylated bovine serum albumin (CBSA) via its amino group. The immunological properties of the glycoconjugate were tested using BALB/c mice, injected subcutaneously without any adjuvant three times at 2 weeks interval. The immunogenicity of the conjugate was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, testing of anti-LPS IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. The conjugate elicited a statistically significant increase of LPS-specific IgG levels in mice (p < 0.001). The specific anti-LPS IgG and IgA response after the second booster dose was significantly higher compared with reference and unconjugated detoxified LPS response. Antibodies elicited by the dLPS–CBSA conjugate were vibriocidal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavol Farkaš
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alžbeta Čížová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Slavomír Bystrický
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Grandjean C, Boutonnier A, Dassy B, Fournier JM, Mulard LA. Investigation towards bivalent chemically defined glycoconjugate immunogens prepared from acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:41-55. [PMID: 18648931 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A free amino group present on the acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) of V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba was investigated for site-specific conjugation. Chemoselective pmLPS biotinylation afforded the corresponding mono-functionalized derivative, which retained antigenicity. Thus, pmLPS was bound to carrier proteins using thioether conjugation chemistry. Induction of an anti-LPS antibody (Ab) response in BALB/c mice was observed for all conjugates. Interestingly, the sera had vibriocidal activity against both Ogawa and Inaba strains opening the way to a possible bivalent vaccine. However, the level of this Ab response was strongly affected by both the nature of the linker and of the carrier. Furthermore, no switch from IgM to IgG, i.e. from a T cell-independent to a T cell-dependent immune response was detected, a result tentatively explained by the possible presence of free polysaccharide in the formulation. Taken together, these results encourage further investigation towards the development of potent pmLPS-based neoglycoconjugate immunogens, fully aware of the challenge faced in the development of a cholera vaccine that will provide efficient serogroup coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Grandjean
- Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Falklind-Jerkérus S, Felici F, Cavalieri C, Lo Passo C, Garufi G, Pernice I, Islam MM, Qadri F, Weintraub A. Peptides mimicking Vibrio cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide elicit protective antibody response. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1453-60. [PMID: 16046165 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera. V. cholerae serogroup O1 had been, until 1992, the only serogroup responsible for large epidemics and pandemics of cholera. In 1992, a new serotype of V. cholerae emerged in South-East Asia that caused a massive outbreak of cholera in India and neighboring countries. The new serotype was named V. cholerae O139. The main differences between V. cholerae O139 and O1 are that the former possesses a capsular polysaccharide and different lipopolysaccharide. Capsular polysaccharides are, in general, T-independent antigens giving rise to poor immune responses lacking immunological memory. In order to overcome this, monoclonal antibodies against the capsular polysaccharide of V. cholerae O139 were used to screen different phage-displayed random peptide libraries. Eight different phage clones were selected and characterized using enzyme immunoassay with the monoclonal antibodies, and then tested for specificity by competition with V. cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide. Selected peptides were sequenced, synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The conjugated peptides were used to immunize mice. It is evident that the anti-peptide mouse antibodies bind to the V. cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide. In addition, the anti-peptide antibodies are protective in a suckling mouse model. The protective efficacy is both specific and dose-dependent. A PCT (PCT/IT2003/000489) with the publication number WO 2004/056851 has been filed for the sequences of the eight peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Falklind-Jerkérus
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ramamurthy T, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y, Nair GB. Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: odyssey of a fortuitous variant. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:329-44. [PMID: 12706446 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O139, the new serogroup associated with epidemic cholera, came into being in the second half of the year 1992 in an explosive fashion and was responsible for several outbreaks in India and other neighbouring countries. This was an unprecedented event in the history of cholera and the genesis of the O139 serogroup was, at that time, thought to be the beginning of the next or the eighth pandemic of cholera. However, with the passage of time, the O1 serogroup of the El Tor biotype again reappeared and displaced the O139 serogroup on the Indian subcontinent, and there was a feeling among cholera workers that the appearance of this new serogroup may have been a one-time event. The resurgence of the O139 serogroup in September 1996 in Calcutta and the coexistence of both the O1 and O139 serogroups in much of the cholera endemic areas in India and elsewhere, suggested that the O139 serogroup has come to stay and is a permanent entity to contend with in the coming years. During the past 10 years, intensive work on all aspects of the O139 serogroup was carried out by cholera researchers around the world. The salient findings on this serogroup over the past 10 years pertinent to its prevalence, clinico-epidemiological features, virulence-associated genes, rapid screening and identification, molecular epidemiology, and vaccine developments have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Calcutta 700 010, India.
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Boutonnier A, Villeneuve S, Nato F, Dassy B, Fournier JM. Preparation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, in a murine model, of a conjugate vaccine composed of the polysaccharide moiety of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 bound to tetanus toxoid. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3488-93. [PMID: 11292781 PMCID: PMC98317 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3488-3493.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic and pandemic potential of Vibrio cholerae O139 is such that a vaccine against this newly emerged serogroup of V. cholerae is required. A conjugate made of the polysaccharide moiety (O-specific polysaccharide plus core) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of V. cholerae O139 (pmLPS) was prepared by derivatization of the pmLPS with adipic acid dihydrazide and coupling to tetanus toxoid (TT) by carbodiimide-mediated condensation. The immunologic properties of the conjugate were tested using BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously three times at 2 weeks interval and then a fourth time 4 weeks later. Mice were bled 7 days after each injection and then once each month for the following 6 months. LPS and TT antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using immunoplates coated with either O139 LPS or TT. Both pmLPS and pmLPS-TT conjugate elicited low levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), peaking 5 weeks after the first immunization. The conjugate elicited high levels of IgG antibodies, peaking 3 months after the first immunization and declining slowly during the following 5 months. TT alone, or as a component of conjugate, induced mostly IgG antibodies. Antibodies elicited by the conjugate recognized both capsular polysaccharide and LPS from V. cholerae O139 and were vibriocidal. They were also protective in the neonatal mouse model of cholera infection. The conjugation of the O139 pmLPS, therefore, enhanced its immunogenicity and conferred T-dependent properties to this polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutonnier
- Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Centre National de Référence des Vibrions et du Choléra, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Kossaczka Z, Shiloach J, Johnson V, Taylor DN, Finkelstein RA, Robbins JB, Szu SC. Vibrio cholerae O139 conjugate vaccines: synthesis and immunogenicity of V. cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide conjugates with recombinant diphtheria toxin mutant in mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5037-43. [PMID: 10948122 PMCID: PMC101731 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5037-5043.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and experimental data provide evidence that a critical level of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the surface polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 (lipopolysaccharide) and of Vibrio cholerae O139 (capsular polysaccharide [CPS]) is associated with immunity to the homologous pathogen. The immunogenicity of polysaccharides, especially in infants, may be enhanced by their covalent attachment to proteins (conjugates). Two synthetic schemes, involving 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) as activating agents, were adapted to prepare four conjugates of V. cholerae O139 CPS with the recombinant diphtheria toxin mutant, CRMH21G. Adipic acid dihydrazide was used as a linker. When injected subcutaneously into young outbred mice by a clinically relevant dose and schedule, these conjugates elicited serum CPS antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes with vibriocidal activity to strains of capsulated V. cholerae O139. Treatment of these sera with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) reduced, but did not eliminate, their vibriocidal activity. These results indicate that the conjugates elicited IgG with vibriocidal activity. Conjugates also elicited high levels of serum diphtheria toxin IgG. Convalescent sera from 20 cholera patients infected with V. cholerae O139 had vibriocidal titers ranging from 100 to 3,200: absorption with the CPS reduced the vibriocidal titer of all sera to < or =50. Treatment with 2-ME reduced the titers of 17 of 20 patients to < or =50. These data show that, like infection with V. cholerae O1, infection with V. cholerae O139 induces vibriocidal antibodies specific to the surface polysaccharide of this bacterium (CPS) that are mostly of IgM class. Based on these data, clinical trials with the V. cholerae O139 CPS conjugates with recombinant diphtheria toxin are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kossaczka
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2720, USA.
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