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Eni-Aganga I, Lanaghan ZM, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C, Pandhare J. PROLIDASE: A Review from Discovery to its Role in Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:723003. [PMID: 34532344 PMCID: PMC8438212 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.723003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolidase (peptidase D), encoded by the PEPD gene, is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic metalloproteinase, the only enzyme capable of cleaving imidodipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. Prolidase catalyzes the rate-limiting step during collagen recycling and is essential in protein metabolism, collagen turnover, and matrix remodeling. Prolidase, therefore plays a crucial role in several physiological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Accordingly, mutations leading to loss of prolidase catalytic activity result in prolidase deficiency a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by defective wound healing. In addition, alterations in prolidase enzyme activity have been documented in numerous pathological conditions, making prolidase a useful biochemical marker to measure disease severity. Furthermore, recent studies underscore the importance of a non-enzymatic role of prolidase in cell regulation and infectious disease. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on prolidase, from its discovery to its role in health and disease, while addressing the current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireti Eni-Aganga
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zeljka Miletic Lanaghan
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,Pharmacology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
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Dunaevsky YE, Tereshchenkova VF, Oppert B, Belozersky MA, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Human proline specific peptidases: A comprehensive analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gencer M, Aksoy N, Dagli EC, Uzer E, Aksoy S, Selek S, Celik H, Cakir H. Prolidase activity dysregulation and its correlation with oxidative-antioxidative status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2011; 25:8-13. [PMID: 21254236 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a consequence of an underlying chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is usually progressive and causes dysregulation in the metabolism of collagen. Prolidase has an important role in the recycling of proline for collagen synthesis and cell growth. OBJECTIVE We measured and compared prolidase activity in healthy individuals with COPD patients to find out that whether its activity might reflect disturbances of collagen metabolism in the patients. We also investigated oxidative-antioxidative status and its relationship with prolidase activity in this disease. METHODS Thirty voluntary patients with COPD and 30 healthy control subjects with similar age range and sex were included into the study. Plasma prolidase activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were measured in the patient and control groups. RESULTS Plasma prolidase activity and TAC levels were significantly lower, and LPO levels were significantly higher in the patients than those in the control subjects (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively). Significant correlations were detected between plasma prolidase activity and TAC and LPO levels in the patients group (r=0.679, P<0.001; r=-426, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that oxidative-antioxidative balance and collagen turnover are altered by the development of COPD in human lungs, and prolidase activity may reflect disturbances of collagen metabolism in this pulmonary disease. Monitoring of plasma prolidase activity and oxidative-antioxidative balance may be useful in evaluating fibrotic processes and oxidative damage in the chronic inflammatory lung disease in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gencer
- Department of Chest Disease, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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S1 site residues of Lactococcus lactis prolidase affect substrate specificity and allosteric behaviour. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1715-24. [PMID: 19682610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis prolidase preferably hydrolyzes Xaa-Pro dipeptides where Xaa is a hydrophobic amino acid. Anionic Glu-Pro and Asp-Pro dipeptides cannot be hydrolyzed at any observable rates and the hydrolysis of cationic Arg-Pro and Lys-Pro dipeptides is at about one tenth of the rate of Leu-Pro. It was hypothesized that the hydrophobic residues in the S1 site were responsible for this substrate specificity, thus the residues in the S1 site were substituted with hydrophilic residues. The substitution of Leu193 and Val302 revealed that these residues influenced the substrate specificity. The introduction of a cationic residue, L193R, allowed Asp-Pro to be utilized as a substrate at 37.0% of the rate of Leu-Pro, and the anionic mutation, V302D, yielded mutants that could hydrolyze Asp-Pro, Arg-Pro and Lys-Pro at 25.9 to 57.4% rates. Interestingly, these mutants of S1 site residues eliminated the allosteric behaviour of L. lactis prolidase that makes this enzyme unique among known prolidases. Results of pH dependency, thermal dependency, and molecular modelling suggested that these observed changes were due to the alteration of the interactions among catalytic zinc cations, Arg293, His296, and the mutated residues.
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Citak Kurt AN, Ustundag B, Akarsu S, Kurt A, Yilmaz E, Ocal C, Aygun AD. Cord blood prolidase activity correlates with gestational age and birth weight. Neonatology 2008; 94:110-2. [PMID: 18332639 DOI: 10.1159/000119720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolidase, a specific iminopeptidase involved in collagen turnover, is especially active in growing tissues. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between cord blood prolidase activity and both birth weight and gestational age. METHODS Cord blood was collected consecutively from 50 healthy newborns (35 term, 15 preterm). Prolidase activity was measured in the samples using standard methods. RESULTS Themean +/- SD cord blood prolidase activity was 41.4 +/- 6.9 U/l in term infants and 35.2 +/- 8.0 U/l in preterm infants and these were significantly different (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations between cord blood prolidase and both birth weight (r = 0.533, p < 0.01) and gestational age (r = 0.806, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Cord blood prolidase activity may be a good indicator of fetal maturation and gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nese Citak Kurt
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty of Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
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Kir ZO, Oner P, Iyidoğan YO, Türkmen S, Koçak H, Koşer M, Küçücük SO. Serum prolidase I activity and some bone metabolic markers in patients with breast cancer: in relation to menopausal status. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:289-94. [PMID: 12810158 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(03)00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of some osteoblastic/osteoclastic biochemical markers and serum prolidase I activity in breast cancer (BC). DESIGN AND METHODS Serum bone gla protein (BGP), prolidase I activity, urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpy) and calcium excretions were measured, in metastatic and nonmetastatic BC patients, and in 52 healthy women. RESULTS In patients with metastases, bone turnover markers were found to be significantly higher than those in the control group and in patients without metastases. Serum prolidase activity in patients with and without metastases was also significantly higher than those in the control group, but there was no difference between the two patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Bone turnover has been suggested to be accelerated in BC patients with the more pronounced osteolytic activation, especially in metastatic state. Serum prolidase in premenopausal period appears to be valuable in discriminating cancer patients from controls. BGP and to a lesser degree of Dpy, may be useful markers for predicting the metastatic bone involvement, as well as for the more cost effective management of BC patients and monitoring the effects of antiresorptive therapy of malignant osteolysis before any metastasis could be detected by other invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ozbek Kir
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbull University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
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Tarçin O, Avşar K, Demirtürk L, Gültepe M, Oktar BK, Ozdoğan OC, Tarçin O, Baloğlu H, Gürbüz AK. In vivo inefficiency of pentoxifylline and interferon-alpha on hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats: assessment by tissue collagen content and prolidase activity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:437-44. [PMID: 12653893 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To evaluate the possible antifibrotic effects of two drugs, pentoxifylline (PTX) and interferon (IFN)-alpha as well as their combination, on a bile-duct-ligated rat hepatic fibrosis model. METHODS Bile ducts of 34 female Wistar rats were ligated, and 24 bile ducts were sham operated. Bile-duct-ligated rats were divided into four groups, in which either sterile saline, IFN-alpha (100 000 IU/3 days a week), PTX (50 mg/kg/day) or IFN-alpha + PTX were administered. Sham-operated rats were treated at the same doses. On the 28th day, rats were decapitated to obtain blood for the measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and bilirubins. Serum prolidase was assayed at the beginning and at the end of the study by the modified Chinard's colorimetric method. Liver prolidase was assayed after tissue homogenization. Liver collagen content was determined by the dye elution method described by Lopez de Leon. Morphometric-densitometric measurements of hepatic fibrosis were quantified by computerized image analysis. RESULTS The AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and bilirubins, liver prolidase enzyme activity, collagen content and hepatic collagen surface density were found to be increased in bile-duct-ligated rats on day 28. There was no statistically significant recovery or even a change in collagen turnover rate in rats treated with alternate regimens applied in the study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Pentoxifylline, IFN-alpha and their combination have no beneficial effect on experimental fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Tarçin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gülhane Military Academy, Haydarpaşa Educational Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Erbağci AB, Araz M, Erbağci A, Tarakçioğlu M, Namiduru ES. Serum prolidase activity as a marker of osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem 2002; 35:263-8. [PMID: 12135686 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prolidase is a specific imidodipeptidase involved in collagen degradation. The increase in the enzyme activity is believed to be correlated with the increased intensity of collagen degradation This study aimed to evaluate serum prolidase activity and urinary deoxypyridinoline cross links in type 2 diabetic subjects with and without osteoporosis assessed by bone mineral density. DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-five patients (54 F/21 M) with type 2 DM and 43 age and gender matched healthy subjects (30 F/13 M) were recruited for this study. Serum prolidase activity was assessed with colorimetric determination. Urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpy) was determined with electrochemiluminesence immunoassay. RESULTS Serum prolidase activity was significantly lower in patients with type 2 DM than in the healthy controls (mean +/- SEM; 43.3 +/- 1.4 U/L and 53.3 +/- 2.2 U/L respectively, p: 0.000). Non osteoporotic diabetic patients had lower serum prolidase activity (median: 25th-75th percentiles; 39.5: 30.3-50.5 U/L) than osteoporotic diabetic patients (50.0: 41.8-56.3 U/L, p: 0.030) and healthy controls (52.0: 43.0-58.0 U/L, p: 0.004). Urinary Dpy excretion was not different between osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic diabetic patients. However it was lower in both diabetic groups than the healthy controls. We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the serum prolidase activity of dislipidemic/normolipidemic, hypertensive/normotensive, obese/nonobese, insulin/OAD treated, poorly/well-controlled patients and patients with/without diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study shows a significant decrease in serum prolidase activity in patients affected with type 2 DM, which may be interpreted as evidence of decreased bone resorption. Our data also suggest that serum prolidase activity may be a better marker of osteoporosis in diabetic state than Dpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Binnur Erbağci
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Gaziantep, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Oner P, Gürdöl F, Oner-Iyidon Y, Kolanci C, Büyüköztürk S. Evaluation of the effect of low-dose oral theophylline therapy on some bone turnover markers and serum prolidase I activity in mild asthmatics. Pharmacol Res 1999; 40:189-93. [PMID: 10433880 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.1999.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria observed both in humans and in animals who were on long-term theophylline therapy, prompted us to investigate whether oral theophylline treatment at optimal doses causes any adverse side effects on bone metabolism in mild asthmatics. Therefore, serum osteocalcin (BGP) and total alkaline phosphatase (TALP, EC 3.1.3.1) as bone formation markers, serum prolidase I (EC 3.4.13.9) activity as a marker for collagen metabolism, urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpd), hydroxyproline (Hyp) and fasting urinary calcium as bone resorption markers, were measured in 18 mild asthmatics who had been treated with theophylline over 1-10 years. Among measured bone turnover markers, BGP, TALP, and Hyp levels were found to be increased in mild asthmatics; and BGP showed the greatest percent mean increase (98%) over the healthy subjects. However, these increments did not exceed the upper reference limits. Serum prolidase I activity was also increased in mild asthmatics receiving theophylline. Our results indicate that theophylline therapy at optimal doses may not exert adverse side effects on bone homeostasis, but patients receiving supratherapeutic doses of theophylline should be under close examination in order to predict future bone mass status.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oner
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Turkey
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Abstract
Proline is unique among the 20 amino acids due to its cyclic structure. This specific conformation imposes many restrictions on the structural aspects of peptides and proteins and confers particular biological properties upon a wide range of physiologically important biomolecules. In order to adequately deal with such peptides, nature has developed a group of enzymes that recognise this residue specifically. These peptidases cover practically all situations where a proline residue might occur in a potential substrate. In this paper we endeavour to discuss these enzymes, particularly those responsible for peptide or protein hydrolysis at proline sites. We have detailed their discovery, biochemical attributes and substrate specificities and have provided information as to the methodology used to detect and manipulate their activities. We have also described the roles, or potential roles that these enzymes may play physiologically and the consequences of their dysfunction in varied disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Cunningham
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Myara I, Cosson C, Moatti N, Lemonnier A. Human kidney prolidase--purification, preincubation properties and immunological reactivity. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:207-14. [PMID: 8174756 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Prolidase I (EC 3.4.13.9) was purified from human kidney to SDS-PAGE homogeneity. The molecular weights of native and denatured purified enzyme were estimated to be 115,000 and 55,000, respectively. 2. Agarose electrophoresis revealed migration in the alpha 1 globulin region, and an isoelectric point (pl) of 4.65 was estimated by both isoelectric focusing (IEF) and the titration curve method. 3. Activation by preincubation for 24 hr at 37 degrees C with 1 mM MnCl2 was maintained throughout the purification steps, using gly-pro and phe-pro dipeptides as substrates. 4. Activation in the presence of gly-pro was higher (4.5- to 11-fold) than in the presence of phe-pro (1.3- to 2.3-fold). 5. Lineweaver-Burk plot consisted of one and two lines with gly-pro and phe-pro, respectively. Km, Vmax and the Vmax/Km ratio were increased and the two lines with phe-pro were conserved after prolonged preincubation. 6. A specific polyclonal antibody was raised in rabbits against the purified enzyme and immunoreactivity was investigated between rabbit antiserum and both prolidase I from various tissues and human kidney prolidase II. 7. Prolidase I from liver, erythrocytes and plasma was immunochemically identical to renal prolidase I. The polyclonal antibody did not react with prolidase II. 8. These results indicate that a specific immunoassay might be developed to investigate prolidase I protein in plasma and tissues from patients with prolidase deficiency and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Myara
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Myara I, Cosson C, Pourci ML, Moatti N, Lemonnier A. Effect of ethanol on prolidase I and prolinase activity in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Clin Chim Acta 1993; 219:195-7. [PMID: 8306460 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(93)90212-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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