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Gründahl J, Guan Z, Rust S, Reunert J, Müller B, Du Chesne I, Zerres K, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Ortiz-Brüchle N, Häusler M, Siedlecka J, Swiezewska E, Raetz C, Marquardt T. Life with too much polyprenol: polyprenol reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:642-51. [PMID: 22304929 PMCID: PMC3428379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are caused by a dysfunction of glycosylation, an essential step in the manufacturing process of glycoproteins. This paper focuses on a 6-year-old patient with a new type of CDG-I caused by a defect of the steroid 5α reductase type 3 gene (SRD5A3). The clinical features were psychomotor retardation, pathological nystagmus, slight muscular hypotonia and microcephaly. SRD5A3 was recently identified encoding the polyprenol reductase, an enzyme catalyzing the final step of the biosynthesis of dolichol, which is required for the assembly of the glycans needed for N-glycosylation. Although an early homozygous stop-codon (c.57G>A [W19X]) with no functional protein was found in the patient, about 70% of transferrin (Tf) was correctly glycosylated. Quantification of dolichol and unreduced polyprenol in the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated a high polyprenol/dolichol ratio with normal amounts of dolichol, indicating that high polyprenol levels might compete with dolichol for the initiation of N-glycan assembly but without supporting normal glycosylation and that there must be an alternative pathway for dolichol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.E.H. Gründahl
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - Z. Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S. Rust
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung, Münster, Germany
| | - J. Reunert
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - B. Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - I. Du Chesne
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
| | - K. Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | | | - N. Ortiz-Brüchle
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - M.G. Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Siedlecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C.R.H. Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T. Marquardt
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin—Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48149 Münster, Germany. Fax: +49 251 835 6085. (T. Marquardt)
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Narasaki CT, Toman R. Lipopolysaccharide of Coxiella burnetii. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 984:65-90. [PMID: 22711627 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be one of the major determinants of virulence expression and infection of virulent Coxiella burnetii. The LPSs from virulent phase I (LPS I) and from avirulent phase II (LPS II) bacteria were investigated for their chemical composition, structure and biological properties. LPS II is of rough (R) type in contrast to LPS I, which is phenotypically smooth (S) and contains a noticeable amount of two sugars virenose (Vir) and dihydrohydroxystreptose (Strep), which have not been found in other LPSs and can be considered as unique biomarkers of the bacterium. Both sugars were suggested to be located mostly in terminal positions of the O-specific chain of LPS I (O-PS I) and to be involved in the immunobiology of Q fever. There is a need to establish a more detailed chemical structure of LPS I in connection with prospective, deeper studies on mechanisms of pathogenesis and immunity of Q fever, its early and reliable diagnosis, and effective prophylaxis against the disease. This will also help to better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and contribute to improved modulation of pathological reactions which in turn are prerequisite for research and development of vaccines of new type. A fundamental understanding of C. burnetii LPS biosynthesis is still lacking. The intracellular nature of the bacterium, lack of genetic tools and its status as a selected agent have made elucidating basic physiological mechanisms challenging. The GDP-β-D-Vir biosynthetic pathway proposed most recently is an important initial step in this endeavour. The current advanced technologies providing the genetic tools necessary to screen C. burnetii mutants and propagate isogenic mutants might speed the discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Narasaki
- Center Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University Health Science, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Maeda Y, Kinoshita T. Dolichol-phosphate mannose synthase: Structure, function and regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:861-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blencowe A, Hayes W. Development and application of diazirines in biological and synthetic macromolecular systems. SOFT MATTER 2005; 1:178-205. [PMID: 32646075 DOI: 10.1039/b501989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many different reagents and methodologies have been utilised for the modification of synthetic and biological macromolecular systems. In addition, an area of intense research at present is the construction of hybrid biosynthetic polymers, comprised of biologically active species immobilised or complexed with synthetic polymers. One of the most useful and widely applicable techniques available for functionalisation of macromolecular systems involves indiscriminate carbene insertion processes. The highly reactive and non-specific nature of carbenes has enabled a multitude of macromolecular structures to be functionalised without the need for specialised reagents or additives. The use of diazirines as stable carbene precursors has increased dramatically over the past twenty years and these reagents are fast becoming the most popular photophors for photoaffinity labelling and biological applications in which covalent modification of macromolecular structures is the basis to understanding structure-activity relationships. This review reports the synthesis and application of a diverse range of diazirines in macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Blencowe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
| | - Wayne Hayes
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UKRG6 6AD.
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Carlson T, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Hertel J, Chojnacki T, Olsson JM, Swiezewska E. Single polyprenol and dolichol isolation by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography technique. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Grassi D, Lippuner V, Aebi M, Brunner J, Vasella A. Synthesis and Enzymatic Phosphorylation of a Photoactivatable Dolichol Analogue. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9721677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Grassi
- Contribution from the Institutes of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V. Lippuner
- Contribution from the Institutes of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. Aebi
- Contribution from the Institutes of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Brunner
- Contribution from the Institutes of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. Vasella
- Contribution from the Institutes of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kean EL, Rush JS, Waechter CJ. Activation of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol synthesis by mannosylphosphoryldolichol is stereospecific and requires a saturated alpha-isoprene unit. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10508-12. [PMID: 8068690 DOI: 10.1021/bi00200a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous mannosylphosphoryldolichol (Man-P-Dol) has previously been shown to stimulate UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl phosphate N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase (GPT1), the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol (GlcNAc-P-P-Dol). To define the structural specificity of the mannolipid-mediated activation of GPT1, the ability of a variety of mannosylphosphorylisoprenols to stimulate GlcNAc-lipid biosynthesis in microsomal preparations from retinas of the embryonic chick has been tested. For these comparisons several Man-P-isoprenols were synthesized enzymatically and chemically. The catalytic efficiency of activation expressed as the Vmax/Ka ratio was substantially higher for Man-P-Dol95 than for mannosylphosphorylpolyprenol95 (Man-P-Poly95), demonstrating that the saturated alpha-isoprene unit of the dolichyl moiety influences the mannolipid-enzyme interaction. The degree of activation increased with chain length and hydrophobicity of the dolichyl moiety when Man-P-dolichols containing 2, 11, and 19 isoprene units were evaluated. A strict stereospecificity was exhibited as beta-Man-P-Dol95 provided a 100-fold greater stimulation than the corresponding alpha-stereoisomer. The recognition of the saturated alpha-isoprene unit, the influence of chain length, and the strict stereospecificity of the interaction between beta-Man-P-Dol and GPT1 extend the description of the mannolipid-enzyme interaction and provide strong new evidence that Man-P-Dol levels can influence the rate of GlcNAc-P-P-Dol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Kean
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Rush J, Shelling J, Zingg N, Ray P, Waechter C. Mannosylphosphoryldolichol-mediated reactions in oligosaccharide-P-P-dolichol biosynthesis. Recognition of the saturated alpha-isoprene unit of the mannosyl donor by pig brain mannosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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