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Nikolaev E, Lioznov A. Evaluation of major historical ICR cell designs using electric field simulations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:262-283. [PMID: 33238049 PMCID: PMC9292346 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, ions are detected by measuring image current induced in the detecting electrodes by trapped ions rotating in a magnetic field at their cyclotron frequencies. The ion trap used for this purpose is called the Penning trap. It can have various configurations of electrodes that are used to create a trapping electric field, to excite cyclotron motion, and to detect the induced signal. The evolution of this type of mass spectrometry is mainly driven by progress in the technology of superconducting magnets and in the constantly improved design of the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) measuring cell. In this review, we focus on ICR cell designs. We consider that the driving forces of this evolution are the desire to increase resolution, mass accuracy and dynamic range, as well as to adapt new methods for creating and trapping ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Nikolaev
- Center for Computational and Data‐Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyMoscowRussia
| | - Anton Lioznov
- Center for Computational and Data‐Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyMoscowRussia
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Arkin CR, Laude DA. Collision induced ion ejection in an FTICR trapped-ion cell. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:422-430. [PMID: 15734337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A collision algorithm was used with SimIon to evaluate collision-mediated ion ejection mechanisms in the ICR MS experiment. These mechanisms were characterized based on kinetic energy, ion mass, applied trapping potential, and collision gas mass. It was found that there are three collision-based energy regimes for ion loss from a trapped-ion cell. The first region is characterized by low initial cyclotron kinetic energy, a radial ejection mode, and a very high collision ratio (>100 collisions per ejection). The second region is characterized by a medium to high initial cyclotron kinetic energy leading to axial ejection at low collision ratio (1 to 10 collisions per ejection). The third region is characterized by a high initial cyclotron kinetic energy, a radial ejection mode, and a collision ratio of unity. It was also determined that there is a radial cyclotron mode limit, approximately 40% of the cell radius, after which an ion is ejected after a single collision. This has important consequences on the damping of the FTICR signal, various cooling techniques, ion activation techniques, and the remeasurement experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Richard Arkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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3
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Schmidt EG, Arkin CR, Fiorentino MA, Laude DA. Application of simultaneous excitation/detection to generate real-time excitation profiles in fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:1009-1015. [PMID: 11073264 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous excitation/detection (SED), which permits observation of ion motion during an excitation event, is used to generate real-time Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) excitation profiles that track the radial extent of ion motion in a trapped-ion cell. The conventional FTICR excitation profile is collected in a series of individual experiments in which peak magnitude is monitored as excitation voltage is increased. In contrast, SED permits the single-scan detection of ion cyclotron motion within the trapped-ion cell and consequently yields the data that produces a real-time excitation profile. Data analysis techniques are presented that facilitate conversion of a time domain SED profile into an excitation profile. An order of magnitude decrease in the amount of time is required to acquire an excitation profile, while the precision of the measurement is improved. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, it is applied to the study of axial and radial ion loss mechanisms for argon, benzene, and acetophenone ions under different conditions. SED excitation profiles are also used to illustrate the facility of quadrupolar excitation for minimizing radial ion loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- EG Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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4
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A 4.7 Tesla internal MALDI-FTICR instrument for high mass studies: performance and methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(96)04403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vartanian VH, Laude DA. Three-dimensional motional stabilization in the trapping field of an open-ended trapped-ion cell: application to the remeasurement experiment in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1996; 68:1321-7. [PMID: 8651497 DOI: 10.1021/ac950787p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional motional stabilization of radial trajectories of low-mass organic ions in an open cell using only a dc trapping field is applied to the FT-ICR remeasurement experiment. More than 300 remeasurement cycles are observed with 99.59% remeasurement efficiency for benzene (m/z 78) using a high-pressure helium buffer gas. The enhancement in remeasurement efficiency is due to collisional stabilization of the guiding center of ion motion by dynamic motional averaging in the axial position-dependent radial electric field. Such dc-induced radial stabilization is in contrast to the stability produced by application of radio frequency fields characteristic of quadrupolar axialization or rf-only mode operation. The same effect is produced because ions experience a radial "pseudopotential" during axial oscillation as in time-varying fields. Trajectory simulations for ions oscillating in an open cell trapping well above a z-amplitude critical threshold energy of 0.60 eV (in a potential well of 0.84 V) indicate that radially stabilized trapping motion is achieved because the outward-directed radial electric field existing near the cell center line is compensated by an opposing inward-directed radial electric field at extended z-amplitude. Sufficient axial kinetic energy permits ion penetration into the inward-directed radial electric field regions, enabling > 50% residence time of each trapping oscillation period in regions inducing radial stability, thereby inhibiting magnetron radius growth. A high-pressure, low-mass buffer gas such as helium provides the requisite increase in the axial amplitude of the ion cloud, similar to the mechanism observed for axial excitation of low-mass ions observed in collision-induced dissociation. The result is radial stability at high pressure, even after multiple remeasurement cycles. An optimized excitation radius of 12.5% of the cell radius yields maximum remeasurement efficiency with a 500 ms relaxation delay between excitation events. Summed signal intensity decreases with increased trap potential due to the greater radial electric field and reduced axial expansion of the ion cloud and also decreases with buffer gas mass in response to greater radial scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Vartanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA
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Behm JM, Hemminger JC, Lykke KR. Microscopic Laser Desorption/Postionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1996; 68:713-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9510999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M. Behm
- Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry and Institute for Surface and Interface Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92717
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry and Institute for Surface and Interface Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92717
| | - Keith R. Lykke
- Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry and Institute for Surface and Interface Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92717
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Vartanian VH, Hadjarab F, Laude DA. Open cell analog of the screened trapped-ion cell using compensation electrodes for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Haebel S, Walser ME, Gäumann T. High front-end resolution collision-induced dissociation in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Guan S, Marshall AG. Ion traps for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: principles and design of geometric and electric configurations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04190-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mitchell DW. Theory of trapped ion motion in the non-quadrupolar electrostatic potential of a cubic ion cyclotron resonance cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)04090-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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The trapping condition and a new instability of the ion motion in the ion cyclotron resonance trap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)04092-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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A two-electrode ion trap for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)85008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Xiang X, Guan S, Marshal AG. Simulated ion trajectory and induced signal in ion cyclotron resonance ion traps. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 5:238-249. [PMID: 24222561 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(94)85014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1993] [Revised: 12/07/1993] [Accepted: 12/07/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical method for computation of electrostatic (trapping) and time-varying (excitation) electric fields and the resulting ion trajectory and detected time-domain-induced voltage signal in a rectangular (or cubic) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) ion trap. The electric potential is calculated by use of the superposition principle and relaxation method with a large number of grid points (e.g., 100 × 100 × 100 for a cubic trap). Complex ICR experiments and spectra may now be simulated with high accuracy. Ion trajectories may be obtained for any combination of trapping and excitation modes, including quadrupolar or cubic trapping in static or dynamic mode; and dipolar, quadrupolar, or parametric excitation with single-frequency, frequency-sweep (chirp), or stored waveform inverse Fourier transform waveforms. The resulting ion trajectory may be represented either as its three dimensional spatial path or as two-dimensional plots of x-, y-, or z-position, velocity, or kinetic energy versus time in the absence or presence of excitation. Induced current is calculated by use of the reciprocity principle, and simulated ICR mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform of the corresponding time-domain voltage signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Cooper BT, Buckner SW. Simplified electron ejection in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry by suspended trapping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210280815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Winger BE, Hofstadler SA, Bruce JE, Udseth HR, Smith RD. High-resolution accurate mass measurements of biomolecules using a new electrospray ionization ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:566-577. [PMID: 24227643 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85018-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/1993] [Revised: 03/05/1993] [Accepted: 03/05/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrospray ionization/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer based on a 7-T superconducting magnet was developed for high-resolution accurate mass measurements of large biomolecules. Ions formed at atmospheric pressure using electrospray ionization (ESI) were transmitted (through six differential pumping stages) to the trapped ion cell maintained below 10(-9) torr. The increased pumping speed attainable with cryopumping (> 10(5) L/s) allowed brief pressure excursions to above 10(-4) torr, with greatly enhanced trapping efficiencies and subsequent short pumpdown times, facilitating high-resolution mass measurements. A set of electromechanical shutters were also used to minimize the effect of the directed molecular beam produced by the ES1 source and were open only during ion injection. Coupled with the use of the pulsed-valve gas inlet, the trapped ion cell was generally filled to the space charge limit within 100 ms. The use of 10-25 ms ion injection times allowed mass spectra to be obtained from 4 fmol of bovine insulin (Mr 5734) and ubiquitin (Mr 8565, with resolution sufficient to easily resolve the isotopic envelopes and determine the charge states. The microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein ribonuclease B was examined, giving a measured mass of 14,898.74 Da for the most abundant peak in the isotopic envelope of the normally glycosylated protein (i.e., with five mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues (an error of approximately 2 ppm) and an average error of approximately 1 ppm for the higher glycosylated and various H3PO4 adducted forms of the protein. Time-domain signals lasting in excess of 80 s were obtained for smaller proteins, producing, for example, a mass resolution of more than 700,000 for the 4(+) charge state (m/z 1434) of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Winger
- Chemical Methods and Separations Group, Chemical Sciences Department, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS P8-19, 99352, Richland, WA, USA
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Excitation electric field inhomogeneities in a cubic ion cyclotron resonance cell: ion motion for away from the cyclotron frequency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)80034-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gord JR, Horning SR, Wood JM, Cooks RG, Freiser BS. Energy deposition during electron-induced dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:145-151. [PMID: 24234793 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85070-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1991] [Revised: 08/03/1992] [Accepted: 08/03/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report studies of the internal energy deposited during activation of mass-selected ions through electron-ion collisions. Characteristic fragmentations of the molecular ion of limonene and W(CO) (n/+) (n = 1-6) indicate that electron-induced dissociation in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer proceeds via multiple collisions and that the average internal energy deposited during the activation process can be selected to be similar to that associated with electron-impact ionization. Control of the degree of ion excitation through selection of the electron energy, flux, and interaction time with the ions of interest is demonstrated, and advantages of this promising activation technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gord
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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22
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Riegner DE, Laude DA. Collision-mediated axial ejection of radially excited ions as a mass-dependent ion loss mechanism in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)80055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Beu SC, Laude DA. Open trapped ion cell geometries for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)80006-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Radial ion transport due to resistive-wall destabilization in Fourier transform mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85038-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Schweikhard L. Theory of quadrupole detection fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)80064-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Grosshans PB, Shields PJ, Marshall AG. Comprehensive theory of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance signal for all ion trap geometries. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gord JR, Freiser BS, Buckner SW. Kinetic energy release in thermal ion–molecule reactions: The Nb2+–(benzene) single charge–transfer reaction. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hofstadler SA, Laude DA. Ion ejection from fourier transform mass spectrometry trapped ion cells due to non-adiabatic changes in trapping potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)80020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Honovich J, Markey S. Magnetron motion and the transfer of ions in a dual cell ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)80018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Grosshans PB, Marshall AG. Theory of ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: resonant excitation and radial ejection in orthorhombic and cylindrical ion traps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)85083-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Hofstadler SA, Laude DA. Direct observation of trapping motion in elongated fourier-transform mass spectrometry trapped ion cells. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1990; 1:351-360. [PMID: 24248896 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(90)85014-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1989] [Accepted: 05/15/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Measurements by Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) have been used to measure trapping oscillation profiles in elongated trapped ion cells of length 10-43 cm. Trapping periods extracted from these profiles are found to vary linearly with cell length for elongated cells. This is in contrast with the prediction based on a quadrupolar approximation of the electric field that trapping period should increase exponentially with increased cell length. An alternate analytical expression for trapping motion is derived that better accounts for the motion of ions with sufficient energy to approach the trap plates. Calculated trapping frequencies are within a few percent of values determined from ion trajectory simulations for any combination of cell length, trap potential, ion mass, and ion kinetic energy. The new expression also explains the experimentally determined trapping data obtained in elongated cells. This expression predicts an average axial energy near 0.6 eV for the ions that are preferentially detected by FTMS with the specific pulse sequence employed. Department of Chemistry.
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Characterization of ion trapping motion in the dual cell ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer: experimental and theoretical studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)85047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mitchell DW, DeLong SE. Initial relative ion abundances and relaxation times from apodized, segmented FT/ICR time domain signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)80038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Hearn B, Watson C, Baykut G, Eyler J. An ion trajectory model for fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)80029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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de Koning LJ, Kort CW, Pinkse FA, Nibbering NM. Segmented fourier transform and its application to fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry: ion abundances and mass measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(89)83047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Delong SE, Mitchell DW, Cherniak DJ, Harrison T. z-axis oscillation sidebands in FT/ICR mass spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(89)80082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Applications of fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(89)80012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang M, Marshall AG. Mass shifts induced by negative frequency peaks in linearly polarized Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(88)80053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kofel P, Allemann M, Kellerhals H, Wanczek K. Coupling of axial and radial motions in ICR cells during excitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)85019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Giancaspro C, Verdun FR, Muller JF. An experimental study of ion motions in a double cell FT/ICR instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)85034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Larsen BS, Wronka J, Ridge DP. An ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer as a gas chromatographic detector. The effect of continuous trapping on performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)85035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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Rempel D, Huang S, Gross M. Relation of signal sensitivity and ion z-motion in cubic cells. Theory and implication for ion kinetic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)80047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Lin Wang TC, Marshall AG. Coulomb broadening in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(86)87053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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