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da Silva Costa F, Júnio Pedroso Dias R, Fonseca Rossi M. Macroevolutionary analyses of ciliates associated with hosts support high diversification rates. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:967-976. [PMID: 33991568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciliophora is a phylum that is comprised of extremely diverse microorganisms with regard to their morphology and ecology. They may be found in various environments, as free-living organisms or associated with metazoans. Such associations range from relationships with low metabolic dependence such as epibiosis, to more intimate relationships such as mutualism and parasitism. We know that symbiotic relationships occur along the whole phylogeny of the group, however, little is known about their evolution. Theoretical studies show that there are two routes for the development of parasitism, yet few authors have investigated the evolution of these characteristics using molecular tools. In the present study, we inferred a wide dated molecular phylogeny, based on the 18S rDNA gene, for the entire Ciliophora phylum, mapped life habits throughout the evolutionary time, and evaluated whether symbiotic relationships were linked to the variation in diversification rates and to the mode of evolution of ciliates. Our results showed that the last common ancestor for Ciliophora was likely a free-living organism, and that parasitism is a recent adaptation in ciliates, emerging more than once and independently via two distinct routes: (i) a free-living ciliate evolved into a mutualistic organism and, later, into a parasitic organism, and (ii) a free-living ciliate evolved directly into a parasitic organism. Furthermore, we have found a significant increase in the diversification rate of parasitic and mutualistic ciliates compared with their free-living conspecifics. The evolutionary success in different lineages of symbiont ciliates may be associated with many factors including type and colonization placement on their host, as well as physical and physiological conditions made available by the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola da Silva Costa
- Protozoology Laboratory (LabProto), Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Post-Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Júnio Pedroso Dias
- Protozoology Laboratory (LabProto), Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Post-Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fonseca Rossi
- Protozoology Laboratory (LabProto), Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Post-Graduation Program, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Dheilly NM, Martínez Martínez J, Rosario K, Brindley PJ, Fichorova RN, Kaye JZ, Kohl KD, Knoll LJ, Lukeš J, Perkins SL, Poulin R, Schriml L, Thompson LR. Parasite microbiome project: Grand challenges. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008028. [PMID: 31600339 PMCID: PMC6786532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NMD); (JMM)
| | - Joaquín Martínez Martínez
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NMD); (JMM)
| | - Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Raina N. Fichorova
- Genital Tract Biology Division, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Kaye
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Susan L. Perkins
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lynn Schriml
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luke R. Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Northern Gulf Institute, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Rueckert S, Betts EL, Tsaousis AD. The Symbiotic Spectrum: Where Do the Gregarines Fit? Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:687-694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Leonard G, Soanes DM, Stevens JR. Resolving the question of trypanosome monophyly: a comparative genomics approach using whole genome data sets with low taxon sampling. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:955-9. [PMID: 21419879 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the first attempts to classify the evolutionary history of trypanosomes, there have been conflicting reports regarding their true phylogenetic relationships and, in particular, their relationships with other vertebrate trypanosomatids, e.g. Leishmania sp., as well as with the many insect parasitising trypanosomatids. Perhaps the issue that has provided most debate is that concerning the monophyly (or otherwise) of genus Trypanosoma and, even with the advent of molecular methods, the findings of numerous studies have varied significantly depending on the gene sequences analysed, number of taxa included, choice of outgroup and phylogenetic methodology. While of arguably limited applied importance, resolution of the question as to whether or not trypanosomes are monophyletic is critical to accurate evaluation of competing, mutually exclusive evolutionary scenarios for these parasites, namely the 'vertebrate-first' or 'insect-first' hypotheses. Therefore, a new approach, which could overcome previous limitations was needed. At its most simple, the problem can be defined within the framework of a trifurcated tree with three hypothetical positions at which the root can be placed. Using BLASTp and whole-genome gene-by-gene phylogenetic analyses of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major and Naegleria gruberi, we have identified 599 gene markers--putative homologues--that were shared between the genomes of these four taxa. Of these, 75 homologous gene families that demonstrate monophyly of the kinetoplastids were identified. We then used these data sets in combination with an additional outgroup, Euglena gracilis, coupled with large-scale gene concatenation and diverse phylogenetic techniques to investigate the relative branching order of T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. major. Our findings confirm the monophyly of genus Trypanosoma and demonstrate that <1% of the analysed gene markers shared between the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. major reject the hypothesis that the trypanosomes form a monophyletic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Leonard
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Araújo A, Jansen AM, Bouchet F, Reinhard K, Ferreira LF. Parasitism, the diversity of life, and paleoparasitology. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98 Suppl 1:5-11. [PMID: 12687756 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite-host-environment system is dynamic, with several points of equilibrium. This makes it difficult to trace the thresholds between benefit and damage, and therefore, the definitions of commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis become worthless. Therefore, the same concept of parasitism may encompass commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis. Parasitism is essential for life. Life emerged as a consequence of parasitism at the molecular level, and intracellular parasitism created evolutive events that allowed species to diversify. An ecological and evolutive approach to the study of parasitism is presented here. Studies of the origin and evolution of parasitism have new perspectives with the development of molecular paleoparasitology, by which ancient parasite and host genomes can be recovered from disappeared populations. Molecular paleoparasitology points to host-parasite co-evolutive mechanisms of evolution traceable through genome retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adauto Araújo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Carreno R, Kissinger J, McCutchan T, Barta J. Phylogenetic analysis of haemosporinid parasites (apicomplexa: Haemosporina) and their coevolution with vectors and intermediate hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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