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Pozzebon JM, Queiroz SCN, Jardim ICSF. Development of Solid‐Phase Extraction for Triazines: Application to a Biological Sample. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120018422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseane M. Pozzebon
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas , P.O. Box 6154, Campinas , SP , 13084‐971 , Brazil
| | | | - Isabel C. S. F. Jardim
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas , P.O. Box 6154, Campinas , SP , 13084‐971 , Brazil
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2
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García MDG, Martínez DB, Galera MM, Vázquez PP. Coupled-column liquid chromatography method with photochemically induced derivatization for the direct determination of benzoylureas in vegetables. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1173-80. [PMID: 15537073 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The coupled-column (LC-LC) system, consisting of a first column packed with internal surface reversed phase (ISRP) (50 x 4.6mm ID) and a Chrompack C18 (100 x 4.6 mm ID) as second column, allowed the simultaneous determination of five benzoylurea insecticides in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) extracts of vegetable samples without any clean-up step. This system was combined with a photochemically induced fluorescence (PIF) post-column derivatization in order to provide strongly fluorescent photoproducts from the non-fluorescent benzoylureas. Limits of detection ranged from 0.21 to 0.98 microg L(-1) of pesticide (equivalent to 0.14-0.65 microg kg(-1) in vegetable samples) and limits of determination ranged from 4.0 to 10.0 microg L(-1) (equivalent to 2.7-6.7 microg kg(-1)). Linearity of the method was established between 2 and 1800 microg L(-1), depending upon the compound. Validation of the total method was performed by randomly analyzing recoveries of four vegetable samples (aubergine, cucumber, green bean, and tomato) spiked at two levels of concentration (10.0 and 33.3 microg kg(-1)). The combination of the LC-LC system with PIF detection provides a sensitive, selective, and rapid method for the determination of pesticides in vegetable samples at levels lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established for these compounds by Spanish legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Gil García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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3
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Dombek T, Davis D, Stine J, Klarup D. Degradation of terbutylazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-terbutylamino-1,3,5-triazine), deisopropyl atrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and chlorinated dimethoxy triazine (2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine) by zero valent iron and electrochemical reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 129:267-275. [PMID: 14987812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To help elucidate the mechanism of dechlorination of chlorinated triazines via metallic iron, terbutylazine (TBA: 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-terbutylamino-1,3,5-triazine), deisopropyl atrazine (DIA: 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and chlorinated dimethoxy triazine (CDMT: 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine) were degraded via zero valent iron under controlled pH conditions. The lower the solution pH the faster the degradation, with surface area normalized pseudo first order rate constants ranging from 2 (+/- 1)x10(-3) min(-1) m(-2) l for TBA at pH 2.0 to 4 (+/- 2)x10(-5) min(-1) m(-2) l for CDMT at pH 4.0. Hydrogenolysis (dechlorinated) products were observed for TBA and CDMT. Electrochemical reduction on mercury showed similar behavior for all of the triazines studied; the initial product of CDMT bulk electrolysis was the dechlorinated compound. The iron results are consistent with a mechanism involving the addition of surface hydrogen to the surface associated triazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dombek
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA
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4
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Determination of triazine herbicides by capillary liquid chromatography with on-column focusing and temperature gradient. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Sabik H, Jeannot R, Rondeau B. Multiresidue methods using solid-phase extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:217-36. [PMID: 10941674 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for monitoring priority pesticides in ground and surface waters. The focus is on triazine herbicides and their degradation products. Data concerning the fate, occurrence, properties and extraction of triazines and their degradation products using different SPE techniques are tabulated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sabik
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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6
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Abstract
A review with 136 references on the principles and recent developments in the solid-phase extraction based on polymer sorbents is presented. New polymer-based materials, chromatographic modes, experimental configurations are described and their advantages for a rapid sample preparation of certain classes of compounds with different functional groups are discussed and compared to silica-based sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria.
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7
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Chapter 8 Coupled-column LC (LC/LC) in environmental trace analysis of polar pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Lin CE, Hsueh CC, Wang TZ, Chiu TC, Chen YC. Migration behavior and separation of s-triazines in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using a cationic surfactant. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)01075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Parrilla P, Martínez Vidal JL. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Water Using LLE or SPE and HPLC/DAD Detection. ANAL LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719708001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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11
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Liška I, Slobodník J. Comparison of gas and liquid chromatography for analysing polar pesticides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Extraction methodology and chromatography for the determination of residual pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Determination of herbicides in surface water by means of a supported liquid membrane technique and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Tena RC, Rodríguez Delgado MA, Sánchez MJ, Montelongo FG. Comparative study of the ratio spectra derivative and partial least squares methods applied to the simultaneous determination of atrazine and ametryn in ground waters. Analyst 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/an9962100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Barceló D, Hennion MC. On-line sample handling strategies for the trace-level determination of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Hogendoorn E, van Zoonen P. Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Prosen H, Zupančič-Kralj L, Marsel J. Optimization of an analytical procedure for the determination of triazine herbicides in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00015-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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19
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Nilvé G, Knutsson M, Jönsson JÅ. Liquid chromatographic determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in natural waters after automated sample pretreatment using supported liquid membranes. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Hennion MC, Pichon V, Barceló D. Surface water analysis (trace-organic contaminants) and EC regulations. Trends Analyt Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(94)85007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Sacchero G, Sarzanini C, Mentasti E. On-line preconcentration and ion chromatography of triazine compounds. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Sacchero G, Apone S, Sarzanini C, Mentasti E. Chromatographic behaviour of triazine compounds. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Determination of triazines and dinitroanilines in waters by high-performance liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Pichon V, Hennion MC. Comparison of on-line enrichment based on ion-pair and cation-exchange liquid chromatography for the trace-level determination of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole) in water. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85316-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Trace-level monitoring of chloroanilines in environmental waters using on-line trace-enrichment and liquid chromatography with UV and electrochemical detection. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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On-line low-level screening of polar pesticides in drinking and surface waters by liquid chromatography—thermospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83331-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography—UV analyser for the determination of polar pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80713-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Font G, Mañes J, Moltó JC, Picó Y. Solid-phase extraction in multi-residue pesticide analysis of water. J Chromatogr A 1993; 642:135-61. [PMID: 8366163 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80083-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The determination of pesticides in water is fundamental to the solution of environmental problems as natural waters are usually contaminated with a large number of pesticides. The selection of an isolation and/or concentration technique depends largely on the class of pesticides to be determined. It is often necessary to determine simultaneously a wide variety of compounds in a water sample. Application of solid-phase extraction techniques offers a solution. The mechanisms of solid-phase extraction, types of sorbents and their application to multi-residue pesticide analysis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Font
- Laboratori de Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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29
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Barceló D. Environmental Protection Agency and other methods for the determination of priority pesticides and their transformation products in water. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80546-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Hennion MC, Coquart V. Comparison of reversed-phase extraction sorbents for the on-line trace enrichment of polar organic compounds in environmental aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80089-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Coquart V, Hennion MC. Determination of phenoxyacid herbicides in drinking water at the ppt-level by liquid chromatography and on-line selective preconcentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1993; 132:349-360. [PMID: 8475372 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(93)90143-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
On-line precolumn sample handling using an anion-exchanger is applied to preconcentrate phenoxyacid herbicides in aqueous samples prior to their LC separation. Since direct percolation of large sample volumes through the ion-exchanger has to be avoided owing to the high content of inorganic anions in natural waters, a two-step preconcentration is carried out: phenoxyacids are concentrated in their neutral (acidic) form by percolation of natural samples at pH 1 first through a precolumn packed with the copolymer-based PRP-1 sorbent. Then, the PRP-1 precolumn is coupled on-line with a second one packed with the anion-exchanger and 3 ml of deionised water with 35% of acetonitrile allows the phenoxyacids to be desorbed from the PRP-1 sorbent and reconcentrated on the anion-exchanger in their ionic form. The content of the anion-exchanger is analysed on-line by coupling with a C18 analytical column and elution is made with a water-acetonitrile gradient. Detection limits in drinking water from a 500-ml sample are between 15 and 35 ng/l (ppt) and identity of phenoxyacids is reinforced by the fact that analytes are preconcentrated by the anion-exchanger. This methodology can be fully automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Coquart
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, France
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32
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Determination of triazine-herbicides in drinking water by a HPLC column switching technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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34
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Hennion MC, Scribe P. Chapter 2 Sample Handling Strategies For The Analysis Of Organic Compounds From Environmental Water Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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35
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Slobodnik J, Brouwer E, Geerdink R, Mulder W, Lingeman H, Brinkman U. Fully automated on-line liquid chromatographic separation system for polar pollutants in various types of water. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Desiderio C, Fanali S. Atrazine and simazine determination in river water samples by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 1992; 13:698-700. [PMID: 1459095 DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501301148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography analytical method was used for the determination of chlorotriazine herbicides in river water samples. Several electrolyte systems in the pH range 7-10 were tested in order to optimize the separation. The two compounds were separated in less than 10 min and the determination limit was about 0.4 ppb for each herbicide. Recovery values of the method were in the range 80%-117%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desiderio
- Istituto di Cromatografia del C.N.R. Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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37
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Bagheri H, Vreuls JJ, Ghijsen RT, Brinkman UAT. Determination of triazine herbicides in surface and drinking waters by off-line combination of liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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