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Chiral secondary amino acids, their importance, and methods of analysis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:687-719. [PMID: 35192062 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring secondary amino acids, with proline as the main representative, contain an alpha-imino group in a cycle that is typically four-, five-, and six-membered. The unique ring structure exhibits exceptional properties-conformational rigidity, chemical stability, and specific roles in protein structure and folding. Many proline analogues have been used as valuable compounds for the study of metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and for the synthesis of compounds with desired biological, pharmaceutical, or industrial properties. The D-forms of secondary amino acids play different roles in living organisms than the L-forms. They have different metabolic pathways, biological, physiological, and pharmacological effects, they can be indicators of changes and also serve as biomarkers of diseases. In the scientific literature, the number of articles examining D-amino acids in biological samples is increasing. The review summarises information on the occurrence and importance of D- and L-secondary amino acids-azetidic acid, proline, hydroxyprolines, pipecolic, nipecotic, hydroxypipecolic acids and related peptides containing these D-AAs, as well as the main analytical methods (mostly chromatographic) used for their enantiomeric determination in different matrices (biological samples, plants, food, water, and soil).
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2
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Abstract
PCA is the cosmetic ingredient term used for the cyclic organic compound known commonly as pyroglutamic acid. Sodium PCA is the sodium salt of PCA. Both are used as hair and skin conditioning agents. These ingredients are recommended to be used in a concentration range of 0.2-4%. One optical isomer of PCA (the L form) is a naturally occurring component of mammalian tissue. PCA applied to the skin is absorbed to a limited extent. Absorption is in addition to PCA already present in the skin. In short-term and subchronic studies in several animal species, findings were unremarkable except for neurotoxicity in mice when injected interstriatally. No such findings were seen in similar studies using rats or with oral administration using mice. In animal studies, Sodium PCA was nonirritating to the eye and skin at concentrations up to 50%. No evidence of phototoxicity, sensitization, or comedogenicity was found. These ingredients were not genotoxic. In a range of clinical tests, PCA and Sodium PCA were found to be nonirritating and nonsensitizing (with and without UV exposure). Based on the low actual skin penetration of dermally applied PCA and in recognition of the endogenous levels found in the skin, it was considered that reproductive and developmental toxicity data were not critical to completion of the safety assessment. Based on the available data, it was concluded that PCA and Sodium PCA are safe as presently used in cosmetic formulations. These ingredients, however, should not be used in cosmetic products containing nitrosating agents.
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Hung CH, Zukowski J, Jensen DS, Miles AJ, Sulak C, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Separation of cannabinoids on three different mixed-mode columns containing carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2968-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsi Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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Chen S. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Enantioresolution of Benzoyl Amino Acid, Dipeptides and Tripeptide on β-Cyclodextrin Bonded Stationary Phase Using Polar-Organic Acetonitrile as the Mobile Phase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Armstrong DW. The Evolution of Chiral Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199800088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen S. The Enantioresolution of Methylthiohydantoin-Amino Acids onR, S-2-hydroxypropyl Derivatized β-Cyclodextrin Bonded Stationary Phase Using the Water-Based Mobile Phase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199600074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Chen S. The Enantioresolution ofn-Benzoyl and Its Analogs Derivatized Amino Acids on Cyclodextrin Bonded Chiral Stationary Phases Using a Nonaqueous Acetonitrile-Based Mobile Phase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Chen S. The HPLC Enantioresolution of Selected Native or Derivatized Amino Acids on Teicoplanin Bonded Chiral Stationary Phase Using a Methanol-Based Mobile Phase. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dołowy M, Pyka A. Application of TLC, HPLC and GC methods to the study of amino acid and peptide enantiomers: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:84-101. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dołowy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Alina Pyka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Sosnowiec Poland
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Banik A, Saikia MD. Adsorptive Interaction of Chiral Amino Acids on <i>β</i>-Cyclodextrin Bonded to Silica Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jeas.2013.31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Hsiao YL, Chen S. LC Separation of Enantiomers on Silica-Bonded Thiostrepton Derivatives. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hühnerfuss H, Shah MR. Enantioselective chromatography—A powerful tool for the discrimination of biotic and abiotic transformation processes of chiral environmental pollutants. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:481-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Studies on adsorption of amino acids on β-cyclodextrin bonded to silica particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Chiral Separation of N-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl α -Amino Acids on Quinine Carbamate-Bonded Silica by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.1.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Remsburg JW, Armstrong DW, Péter A, Tóth G. LC Enantiomeric Separation of Unusual Amino Acids Using Cyclodextrin‐based Stationary Phases. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701738886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Remsburg
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Antal Péter
- b Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Tóth
- c Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center , Szeged, Hungary
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Jin JY, Lee KA, Kang JS, Kang YK, Baek CS, Lee W. Comparison of several polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phases for the enantiomer separation ofN-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl α-amino acids by hplc. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:659-64. [PMID: 17615688 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) protected alpha-amino acids was performed on nine polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The cellulose derived coated CSPs, Chiralcel OD-H (separation factor = 1.09-2.70) and Chiralcel OD (separation factor = 1.08-2.55), had the best performance of all the CSPs for resolution of N-FMOC alpha-amino acids and therefore, all analyte enantiomers were base-line separated on Chiralcel OD-H and/or Chiralcel OD. Enantioseparation on cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) derived CSPs (Chiralcel OD-H, Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak IB) is generally greater than that on amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) derived CSPs (Chiralpak AD-RH, Chiralpak AD and Chiralpak IA). Additionally, coated type CSPs (Chiralcel OD-H or Chiralcel OD, and Chiralpak AD) generally provided better enantioseparation for these analytes than the covalently bonded type CSPs (Chiralpak IB and Chiralpak IA) with the same chiral selector of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) and amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate), respectively. However, Chiralpak IB and Chiralpak IA had an advantage over the coated type CSPs in that a broader range of solvents could be used due to its covalently bonded nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Kohama J, Saito K, Sakamoto H, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Horie M, Nakazawa H. Enantiomeric Determination of Proline in Liquid Food by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kohama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | | | | | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Esquivel
- a Analytical Sciences Laboratories , 1897 Building Dow Chemical USA, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
| | - C. Sanchez
- a Analytical Sciences Laboratories , 1897 Building Dow Chemical USA, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
| | - M. J. Fazio
- b Pharmaceutical Process Research , 1710 Building Dow Chemical USA, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
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Berthod A, Berthod L, Armstrong DW. Selectivity of a Native β‐Cyclodextrin Column in the Separation of Catechins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berthod
- a Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques , Université Claude Bernard–Lyon , Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Berthod
- a Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques , Université Claude Bernard–Lyon , Villeurbanne, France
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Chen S. HPLC Enantiomeric Resolution of Phenyl Isothiocyanated Amino Acids on Teicoplanin‐Bonded Phase Using an Acetonitrile‐Based Mobile Phase: A Structural Consideration. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shushi Chen
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiayi University , Chiayi, Taiwan, 600, R.O.C
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Li YH, Lee W. Liquid chromatographic enantiomer resolution ofN-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl α-amino acids and their ester derivatives on polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2057-60. [PMID: 16318199 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation of N-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) protected alpha-amino acids and their ethyl ester derivatives was performed on polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phases, Chiralcel OD, Chiralpak AD, and Chiralpak AS. In general, Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD showed good performance for resolution of N-FMOC alpha-amino acids and their ethyl esters, respectively. All investigated N-FMOC alpha-amino acid enantiomers were baseline separated on Chiralcel OD or Chiralpak AD, whereas N-FMOC alpha-amino acid ethyl ester enantiomers were baseline resolved (alpha = 1.15-3.03) on Chiralpak AD, except for two analytes. The L-enantiomers of all examined FMOC alpha-amino acid ethyl ester derivatives are preferentially retained on Chiralpak AD, while the elution orders of the other enantiomer separations are not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, South Korea
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22
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Direct Chiral Separation of N-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl α-Amino Acids by HPLC for Determination of Enantiomeric Purity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.6.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Chen S. The factors that influence the elution order for the resolution of amino acids on vancomycin phase using the polar-organic mobile phases after their pre-column derivatization with electrophilic reagents. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:426-33. [PMID: 16037926 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A variety of amino acids were enantioresolved on a vancomycin bonded chiral phase using the polar-organic mobile phases after their pre-column derivatization with electrophilic reagents in alkaline medium. The resolution was highly dependent on the analyte's structure and was enhanced as the aromatic side-chain group on the skeleton of analyte for pi-pi interaction with the chiral selector became available. The steric hindrance resulting from the bulky side-chain group on the analyte also affected the resolution. Elution reversal, not found on the teicoplanin phase under the same chromatographic conditions, was possible through altering the type of reagent used in the derivatizing reaction (e.g. 2,4-difluorophenylisothiocyanate to 2,4-difluorophenylisocyanate). It is believed that the steric hindrance, as a result of the bulky sulfur atom in reagents such as methylisothiocyanate and others examined in this study, was responsible for the reversed elution order. The bulkiness of the substituent on the aromatic ring of derivatizing reagents (i.e. 2,3- and 3,5-dichlorophenylisothiocyanate) was observed to affect the resolution and alter the elution order as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan 600, Republic of China.
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24
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HPLC of Amino Acids as Chloroformate Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(05)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Caja López MDM, Blanch GP, Herraiz M. Derivatization of Chiral Amino Acids in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Anal Chem 2003; 76:736-41. [PMID: 14750870 DOI: 10.1021/ac034638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method is proposed to perform the derivatization of chiral amino acids occurring in complex samples using supercritical carbon dioxide as both the reaction medium and the agent used to extract the obtained derivatives prior to accomplishing the subsequent enantiomeric chromatographic analysis. The derivatization step under supercritical conditions involves the esterification of the carboxyl group and the acylation of the amino group of the amino acids without using a catalyst. A Chirasil-L-Val capillary column enabled the separation of the D- and L-forms of the amino acids as their N(O)-pentafluoropropionyl 1-propyl esters. Relative standard deviation values obtained from the gas chromatographic analysis for the derivatized amino acids ranged from 5 to 15%.
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Liquid Chromatographic Reaolution of N-Protected α -Amino Acids as Their Anilide and 3,5-Dimethylanilide Derivatives on Chiral Syationary Phases Derived fron (S)-Leucine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.9.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Chiral separation of amino acids and peptides by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is reviewed regarding the separation principles of different approaches, advantages and limitations, chiral recognition mechanisms and applications. The direct approach details various chiral selectors with an emphasis on cyclodextrins and their derivatives, antibiotics and chiral surfactants as the chiral selectors. The indirect approach deals with various chiral reagents applied for diastereomer formation and types of separation media such as micelles and polymeric pseudo-stationary phases. Many derivatization reagents used for high sensitivity detection of amino acids and peptides are also discussed and their characteristics are summarized in tables. A large number of relevant examples is presented illustrating the current status of enantiomeric and diastereomeric separation of amino acids and peptides. Strategies to enhance the selectivity and optimize separation parameters by the application of experimental designs are described. The reversal of enantiomeric elution order and the effects of organic modifiers on the selectivity are illustrated in both direct and indirect methods. Some applications of chiral amino acid and peptide analysis, in particular, regarding the determination of trace enantiomeric impurities, are given. This review selects more than 200 articles published between 1988 and 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, Sweden
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Szabó S, Khlafulla R, Szarvas S, Almás M, Ladányi L, Szókán G. HPLC enantioseparation of amino acids and their protected derivatives used in peptide synthesis with pre-column chiral derivatization. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Wan H, Schmidt S, Carlsson L, Blomberg LG. Some factors affecting enantiomeric impurity determination by capillary electrophoresis using ultraviolet and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2705-14. [PMID: 10532338 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990901)20:13<2705::aid-elps2705>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The key factors influencing enantiomer trace determination were investigated; these include resolution capillary diameter, limit of detection, linear range and type of detection. Chiral reagents, (+)- and (-)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate (FLEC), were employed as probes to demonstrate the influence of the variables. In order to find the best resolution, separation variables were optimized in both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) modes by the application of factorial design experiments. A highly efficient chiral separation of the (+/-)-FLEC, derivatized with nonchiral amino acids, was achieved when using gamma-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector. The benefits of using a small diameter capillary for direct determination of both (+) and (-)-FLEC impurity (0.05-0.1% area/area) were demonstrated using UV detection and applying a sample stacking condition. A frequency-doubled argon ion laser (244 nm) was used as light source for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Excitation light was provided by means of an optical fiber directed into the Hewlett Packard 3D capillary cartridge. The signals from UV and LIF were monitored simultaneously. The application of LIF detection greatly improved sensitivity and linear range. Further, as a consequence of the increased sensitivity, sample loading could be decreased, which led to an improvement of separation efficiency. Direct determination of 0.005% impurity could be achieved within the linear range.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Karlstad University, Sweden
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30
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You J, Lao W, Ou Q, Sun X. Fluorescence properties of carbazole-N-(2-methyl)acetyl chloride and determination of amino compounds via high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Study of the chromatographic behavior and inclusion constants of new fluorescence agents by use of cyclodextrin additives under conditions of steady- and dynamic-state equilibrium and with fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Enantiomeric impurities in chiral catalysts, auxiliaries, synthons and resolving agents. Part 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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New reagents for determination of amino acids by liquid chromatography with pre-column fluorescence derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Enantiomeric impurities in chiral catalysts, auxiliaries and synthons used in enantioselective synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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36
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Amino Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Due to their identical chemical and physical properties, the separation of enantiomers has been considered one of the most difficult challenges in chemistry from both an analytical or a preparative viewpoint. With the development and commercialization of many new or improved chiral stationary phases and chiral additives, interest in enantiomeric separation by HPLC has grown tremendously in the last two decades. Cyclodextrins and modified cyclodextrins are widely used chiral selectors. They are used as either the chiral stationary phases, as chiral mobile phase additives, or as chiral counter-ions. This review describes the historical development of derivatized and underivatized cyclodextrins in HPLC and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies (UP9200), Smithkline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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Knoche B, Milosavljev S, Gropper S, Brunner LA, Powell ML. Enantioselective determination of selfotel in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chiral stationary phase after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 695:355-63. [PMID: 9300872 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for the enantioselective determination of selfotel in human urine has been developed and validated. The method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography and utilizes CGS 20005 (a selfotel analog) as the internal standard. Urine samples were derivatized in situ with o-phthalic dicarboxaldehyde-3-mercaptopropionic acid and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC). Chromatographic separations of the FMOC derivatives of selfotel enantiomers and the internal standard were achieved using a column switching system consisting of an Inertsil ODS-2 column (75x4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm) and a Chiralcel OD-R column (250x4.6 mm I.D., 10 microm). The composition of the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.50 (35:65) for the Inertsil ODS-2 column and acetonitrile-0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.00 (35:65) for the Chiralcel OD-R column. The analytes were monitored using fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 262 nm and an emission wavelength of 314 nm. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for this method is 0.25 microg/ml for each selfotel enantiomer. The method was successfully utilized to determine preliminary selfotel stereospecific pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Knoche
- Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Pharmaceuticals Division, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
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39
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Ringo MC, Evans CE. Role of Modest Pressure in Chirally Selective Complexation Interactions. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970870b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moira C. Ringo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Christine E. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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40
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Bressolle F, Audran M, Pham TN, Vallon JJ. Cyclodextrins and enantiomeric separations of drugs by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: basic principles and new developments. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:303-36. [PMID: 9017455 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of individual drug enantiomers is required in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of drugs with a chiral centre. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are extensively used in high-performance liquid chromatography as stationary phases bonded to a solid support or as mobile phase additives in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of chiral compounds. We describe here the basis for the liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic resolution of drug enantiomers and the factors affecting their enantiomeric separation. This review covers the use of CDs and some of their derivatives in studies of compounds of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bressolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinetique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier I, France
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41
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Tang Y, Zukowski J, Armstrong DW. Investigation on enantiomeric separations of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino acids and peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography using native cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1996; 743:261-71. [PMID: 8843658 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study was carried out to investigate enantiomeric separations of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) amino acids and their peptides. Twenty amino acids were derivatized by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) and its analogues, FMOC-glycyl-Cl and FMOC-beta-alanyl-Cl. All derivatives were chromatographed on native beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin columns using acetonitrile as the main mobile phase component. The results indicated that glycyl and beta-alanyl groups between FMOC and amino acid moieties enhanced chiral selectivities of amino acid derivatives. The addition of modifiers, triethylamine, acetic acid and methanol, into the mobile phase caused alterations in retention, enantiorecognition and elution order. The structures of amino acids and the type of chiral stationary phase employed exhibited significant impacts on chiral resolutions. It is also found that the number and position of glycyl moieties affect the retentions and enantioselectivities of FMOC derivatized glycyl containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Rolla 65401, USA
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42
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Berthod A, Liu Y, Bagwill C, Armstrong DW. Facile liquid chromatographic enantioresolution of native amino acids and peptides using a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1996; 731:123-37. [PMID: 8646327 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin is shown to be a highly effective stationary phase chiral selector for the resolution of underivatized amino-acid and imino-acid enantiomers. Fifty four of these compounds (including all chiral protein amino acids) as well as a number of dipeptides were resolved. Hydro-organic mobile phases are used and no buffers or added salts are needed in most cases. Hence the purified analytes are easily isolated in pure form, if needed, by evaporating of the solvent. The effect of pH, organic modifier type and amount are discussed. The enantioselective separation mechanism is examined using both molecular modeling and retention data. The strongest stereoselective interaction is for carboxy-terminated D-amino-acids. In case of peptides, it is not necessary for these to be a D-, D-, terminal sequence for strong interactions. In some cases, including Ala-Ala, the L-, D-, terminal sequence showed greater interaction with the teicoplanin chiral stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berthod
- University of Missouri-Rolla, Department of Chemistry 65401, USA
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43
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Ekborg-Ott KH, Armstrong DW. Evaluation of the concentration and enantiomeric purity of selected free amino acids in fermented malt beverages (beers). Chirality 1996; 8:49-57. [PMID: 8845281 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:1<49::aid-chir10>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Even though amino acids are important trace components in the brewing of beers, they have not been extensively evaluated in these beverages. Studies involving the enantiomeric composition of these amino acids are even less prevalent. A brief summary of the brewing process for malt beverages is given. The total concentration and enantiomeric composition of three amino acids (leucine, phenylalanine, and proline) were determined in 25 different beers. Proline tended to have the highest average absolute concentration and the lowest percentage of the D-enantiomer in most samples. In some cases the relative amounts of D-phenylalanine and D-leucine exceeded 10% of the individual amino acids. The enantiomeric composition of the amino acids in different beer samples did not vary as extensively as the absolute concentrations. The reason for the concentration differences between proline and the other amino acids is discussed. A knowledge of amino acid concentrations and enantiomeric compositions appears to be useful in characterizing specific beers and brewing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Ekborg-Ott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla 65401, USA
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44
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Matchett M, Branch S, Jefferies T. Polar organic chiral separation of propranolol and analogues using a ?-cyclodextrin bonded stationary phase. Chirality 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:1<126::aid-chir18>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Enantiomeric resolution of derivatized dl-amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography using a β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase: A comparison between derivatization labels. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Brightwell M, Pawlowska M, Zukowski J. HPLC Resolution of Hydroxyl Carboxylic Acid Enantiomers Using 2-Quinoxaloyl Chloride as a New Precolumn Derivatizing Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508009323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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48
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Chan KC, Muschik GM, Issaq HJ. Enantiomeric separation of amino acids using micellar electrokinetic chromatography after pre-column derivatization with the chiral reagent 1-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate. Electrophoresis 1995; 16:504-9. [PMID: 7588518 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150160183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Direct enantiomeric separations of some racemic amino acids derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate were obtained using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD/MEKC) with a buffer made up of 5 mM sodium borate (pH 9.2), 150 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 40 mM gamma-CD. Alternatively, enantiomeric separations were also achieved indirectly using MEKC after pre-column derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl) ethyl chloroformate (FLEC). Using either a 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) or a 5 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.2), each of which contained 25 mM SDS and 10-15% of acetonitrile, FLEC-derivatized serine, alanine, valine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and their diastereomeric pairs were all separated: the L-isomers migrated faster than the corresponding D-isomers. However, when (-)-FLEC was used for derivatization, the D-isomers migrated faster than the corresponding L-isomers. Also, the diastereomers of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and proline were resolved using a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.4). Using KrF (248 nm) laser-induced fluorescence, the detection limit of (+)-FLEC derivatized DL-amino acids was obtained at the nM level, which was about 100 x more sensitive than UV absorption at 200 nm. Analyte concentrations as low as 3 x 10(-8) M (DL-Val) could be derivatized with (+)-FLEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Chan
- Program Resources, Inc/DynCorp, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702, USA
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49
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Meyer VR. Accuracy in the chromatographic determination of extreme enantiomeric ratios: A critical reflection. Chirality 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.530070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Görög S, Gazdag M. Enantiomeric derivatization for biomedical chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 659:51-84. [PMID: 7820281 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization reactions aimed at creating the basis for the chromatographic resolution of biologically and pharmaceutically important enantiomers are reviewed, with emphasis on the literature published in the last 10 years. Three main aspects of chiral derivatization are discussed. (a) Enantiomers containing suitable functional groups (amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy, etc.) are transformed into covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives using homochiral derivatizing agents. The diastereomers formed (esters, amides, urethanes, urea and thiourea, etc., derivatives) can be separated on achiral stationary phases. The derivatization reactions often afford further advantages, such as the improvement of chromatographic properties and the detectability of the solutes using UV and fluorimetric detectors. (b) Covalent but achiral derivatization is often necessary even with the use of chiral stationary phases enabling in principle direct enantioseparations (Pirkle-type columns, cyclodextrin-bonded phases, glycoprotein column and functionalized cellulose columns). The main goals of these derivatization reactions (which are analogous to those discussed above), are to introduce functional groups into the molecule of the enantiomers that improve the possibilities for chiral interactions or block functional groups to avoid non-specific interactions. (c) In the broader sense, the dynamic formation of diastereomers using chiral mobile phase additives (cyclodextrins, various reagents to form diastereomeric ion pairs, adducts, mixed metal complexes) can also be considered to be chiral derivatization reactions and is therefore briefly discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Görög
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter, Budapest, Hungary
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