1
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Zarski A, Kapusniak K, Ptak S, Rudlicka M, Coseri S, Kapusniak J. Functionalization Methods of Starch and Its Derivatives: From Old Limitations to New Possibilities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:597. [PMID: 38475281 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that starch as a raw material is of strategic importance for meeting primarily the nutritional needs of people around the world. Year by year, the demand not only for traditional but also for functional food based on starch and its derivatives is growing. Problems with the availability of petrochemical raw materials, as well as environmental problems with the recycling of post-production waste, make non-food industries also increasingly interested in this biopolymer. Its supporters will point out countless advantages such as wide availability, renewability, and biodegradability. Opponents, in turn, will argue that they will not balance the problems with its processing and storage and poor functional properties. Hence, the race to find new methods to improve starch properties towards multifunctionality is still ongoing. For these reasons, in the presented review, referring to the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, attempts were made to highlight not only the current limitations in its processing but also new possibilities. Attention was paid to progress in the non-selective and selective functionalization of starch to obtain materials with the greatest application potential in the food (resistant starch, dextrins, and maltodextrins) and/or in the non-food industries (hydrophobic and oxidized starch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Zarski
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Kamila Kapusniak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ptak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudlicka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Sergiu Coseri
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41 A, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Janusz Kapusniak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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2
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Urlaub J, Kaiser RP, Scherf-Clavel O, Bolm C, Holzgrabe U. Investigation of isomerization of dexibuprofen in a ball mill using chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1790-1799. [PMID: 33502037 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Besides the racemate, the S-enantiomer of ibuprofen (Ibu) is used for the treatment of inflammation and pain. Since the configurational stability of S-Ibu in solid state is of interest, it was studied by means of ball milling experiments. For the evaluation of the enantiomeric composition, a chiral CE method was developed and validated according to the ICH guideline Q2(R1). The addition of Mg2+ , Ca2+ , or Zn2+ ions to the background electrolyte (BGE) was found to improve Ibu enantioresolution. Chiral separation of Ibu enantiomers was achieved on a 60.2 cm (50.0 cm effective length) x 75 μm fused-silica capillary using a background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 50 mM sodium acetate, 10 mM magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, and 35 mM heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) as chiral selector. The quantification of R-Ibu in the mixture was performed using the normalization procedure. Linearity was evaluated in the range of 0.68-5.49% R-Ibu (R2 = 0.999), recovery was found to range between 97 and 103%, the RSD of intra- and interday precision below 2.5%, and the limit of quantification for R- in S-Ibu was calculated to be 0.21% (extrapolated) and 0.15% (dilution of racemic ibuprofen), respectively. Isomerization of S-Ibu was observed under basic conditions by applying long milling times and high milling frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Urlaub
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard P Kaiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Physical and emulsion stabilizing properties of maltodextrin fatty acid polymers produced by lipase-catalyzed reactions in ethanol. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115309. [PMID: 31582079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltodextrin (MD) fatty acid esters (MFAs) have amphiphilic properties and the enzymatic synthesis of these molecules has gained growing interest. Here, MFAs were synthesized in a food-grade ethanol system and the properties of the products were analyzed. A total of 6 different MFAs were produced with 2 different MD sources and 3 combinations of fatty acids (lauric, palmitic, and both) with yields ranging from 72.7 to 83.4%. With an increase in fatty acid carbon length, degree of substitution (0.026 to 0.016) and solubility (100.9% to 93.1%) were significantly decreased. The stability of emulsions formulated with MFAs was investigated and all emulsions formulated were stable except those containing the lowest concentration of MFAs esterified with palmitate. Notably, MD esterified with laurate showed an enhanced emulsion stabilizing ability as compared to commercial emulsifiers. In conclusion, the emulsion stabilizing ability of MFAs may have applications in the food industry.
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Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. Some thoughts about enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2420-2437. [PMID: 31081552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this overview the goal of the authors was to analyze from the historical perspective the reasons of success and failure of chiral capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the current trends are analyzed, unique advantages of capillary electrophoresis are highlighted and some future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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6
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Zhang Y, Du Y, Yu T, Feng Z, Chen J. Investigation of dextrin-based synergistic system with chiral ionic liquids as additives for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:413-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Salgado A, Chankvetadze B. Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the understanding of enantiomer separation mechanisms in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:95-144. [PMID: 27604161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms of chiral separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). It is accepted that changes observed in the separation process, including the reversal of enantiomer migration order (EMO), can be caused by subtle modifications in the molecular recognition mechanisms between enantiomer and chiral selector. These modifications may imply minor structural differences in those selector-selectand complexes that arise from the above mentioned interactions. Therefore, it is mandatory to understand the fine intermolecular interactions between analytes and chiral selectors. In other words, it is necessary to know in detail the structures of the complexes formed by the enantiomer (selectand) and the selector. Any differences in the structures of these complexes arising from either enantiomer should be detected, so that enantiomeric bias in the separation process could be explained. As to the nature of these interactions, those have been extensively reviewed, and it is not intended to be discussed here. These interactions contemplate ionic, ion-dipole and dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, steric and hydrophobic interactions. The main subject of this review is to describe how NMR spectroscopy helps to gain insight into the non-covalent intermolecular interactions between selector and selectand that lead to enantiomer separation by CE. Examples in which diastereomeric species are created by covalent (irreversible) derivatization will not be considered here. This review is structured upon the different structural classes of chiral selectors employed in CE, in which NMR spectroscopy has made substantial contributions to rationalize the observed enantioseparations. Cases in which other techniques complement NMR spectroscopic data are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salgado
- Centro de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, University Campus, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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8
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Nishi H, Izumoto S, Nakamura K, Nakai H, Sato T. Dextran and dextrin as chiral selectors in capillary zone electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Tabani H, Mahyari M, Sahragard A, Fakhari AR, Shaabani A. Evaluation of sulfated maltodextrin as a novel anionic chiral selector for the enantioseparation of basic chiral drugs by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:305-11. [PMID: 25262990 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a new class of chiral selectors is an interesting work and this issue is still one of the hot topics in separation science and chirality. In this study, for the first time, sulfated maltodextrin (MD) was synthesized as a new anionic chiral selector and then it was successfully applied for the enantioseparation of five basic drugs (amlodipine, hydroxyzine, fluoxetine, tolterodine, and tramadol) as model chiral compounds using CE. This chiral selector has two recognition sites: a helical structure and a sulfated group which contribute to three corresponding driving forces; inclusion complexation, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen binding. Under the optimized condition (buffer solution: 50 mM phosphate (pH 3.0) and 2% w/v sulfated MD; applied voltage: 18 kV; temperature: 20°C), baseline enantioseparation was observed for all mentioned chiral drugs. When instead of sulfated MD neutral MD was used under the same condition, no enantioseparation was observed which means the resolution power of sulfated MD is higher than neutral MD due to the electrostatic interaction between sulfated groups and protonated chiral drugs. Also, the countercurrent mobility of negatively charged MD (sulfated MD) allows more interactions between the chiral selector and chiral drugs and this in turn results in a successful resolution for the enantiomers. Furthermore, a higher concentration of neutral MD (approximately five times) is necessary to achieve the equivalent resolution compared with the negatively charged MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tabani
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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10
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Tabani H, Fakhari AR, Nojavan S. Maltodextrins as chiral selectors in CE: molecular structure effect of basic chiral compounds on the enantioseparation. Chirality 2014; 26:620-8. [PMID: 25065695 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of chiral separation for a compound using a chiral selector is an interesting and debatable work. For this purpose, in this study 23 chiral basic drugs with different chemical structures were selected as model solutes and the influence of their chemical structures on the enantioseparation in the presence of maltodextrin (MD) as chiral selector was investigated. For chiral separation, a 100-mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0) containing 10% (w/v) MD with dextrose equivalent (DE) of 4-7 as chiral selector at the temperature of 25°C and voltage of 20 kV was used. Under this condition, baseline separation was achieved for nine chiral compounds and partial separation was obtained for another six chiral compounds while no enantioseparation was obtained for the remaining eight compounds. The results showed that the existence of at least two aromatic rings or cycloalkanes and an oxygen or nitrogen atom or -CN group directly bonded to the chiral center are necessary for baseline separation. With the obtained results in this study, chiral separation of a chiral compound can be estimated with MD-modified capillary electrophoresis before analysis. This prediction will minimize the number of preliminary experiments required to resolve enantiomers and will save time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tabani
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Evin, Tehran, I.R., Iran
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11
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Investigation of chondroitin sulfate D and chondroitin sulfate E as novel chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1557-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Tai DF, Huang CY, Chao YH, Luo JM, Lin YT, Wu SH. Resolution of Ibuprofen Catalyzed with Free and Immobilized Lipases. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Tsioupi DA, Stefan-Vanstaden RI, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:178-204. [PMID: 23161372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in enantioanalysis by use of electrophoretic techniques. Due to the big number of publications in the subject mentioned above, this article is focused on chiral method developments and applications published from 2008 until 2011, and it demonstrates chiral selectors used in CE. Numerous chiral selectors have been used over the years, and these include the cyclic and the linear oligo- and polysaccharides, the branched polysaccharides, the polymeric and monomeric surfactants, the macrocyclic and other antibiotics, and the crown ethers. Different dual-selector systems are also presented in this article, and the results are compared with those obtained by use of a single chiral selector. Finally, several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications based on chiral recognition are summarized.
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14
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Stavrou IJ, Moore L, Fernand VE, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP, Warner IM. Facile preparation of polysaccharide-coated capillaries using a room temperature ionic liquid for chiral separations. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1334-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard Moore
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
| | - Vivian E. Fernand
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
| | | | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge; LA; USA
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15
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Mohammadi A, Nojavan S, Rouini M, Fakhari AR. Stability evaluation of tramadol enantiomers using a chiral stability-indicating capillary electrophoresis method and its application to pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1613-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Holo L. Enantioanalysis of L-Histidine Using Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Maltodextrins. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.506935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Wei W, Guo B, Lin JM. Helical- and ahelical-dependent chiral recognition mechanisms in capillary electrophoresis using amylose as the selector. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1380-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Suzan Nhlapo N, Frederick van Staden J, Aboul-Enein HY. Enantioanalysis of S-Ketoprofen Using Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902722020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Zhu F, Du Y, Chen J, Chen B, Zhu Y, Zhai X, Xu S, Zhou W. Enantioselective Separation of Basic Drugs by CE with Polygalacturonic Acid as a Novel Chiral Selector. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Wei WL, Guo BY, Lin JM. Ultra-high concentration of amylose for chiral separations in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1484-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Kwon C, Paik SR, Jung S. Enantiomeric separation of some flavanones using shinorhizobial linear octasaccharides in CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4284-90. [PMID: 18924103 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Succinoglycan, a shinorhizobial exopolysaccharide produced by Shinorhizobium meliloti, is composed of an octasaccharide subunit. S. meliloti produces both high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight (M(r)<10 000) succinoglycans that consisted of monomer, dimer, or trimer of an octasaccharide unit. We isolated and purified the monomer among low-molecular-weight succinoglycans and used this microbial linear octasaccharide as a novel chiral additive for enantiomeric separation of some flavanones such as homoeriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin, and isosakuranetin in CE. Throughout the present investigation, we firstly used noncyclic oligosaccharides for the chiral separation of flavanones. We also found that successful enantioseparation of four flavanones depends on the presence of succinate substituents of the linear monomeric octasaccharide in CE, suggesting that succinylation of succinoglycan monomer is decisive for the effective enantiomeric separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Kwon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Abstract
Molecular recognition of different enantiomers of a drug has become of increasing importance in the last decade due to the racemic switch strategy adapted by the pharmaceutical industry. Different analytical techniques to carry out enantioselective analysis of chiral compounds have been suggested in the literature. In the following, a brief overview of different techniques used for enantioselective analysis is given. Challenging aspects of these techniques, such as the quality of analytical information received from each technique, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Alternatives (enantioselective membranes, amperometric biosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)), capable of meeting the requirements of industrial processes, in terms of productivity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental issues are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad L Izake
- Forensic Chemistry Section, Pathology and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Queensland Government, Australia.
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Liu Y, Lantz AW, Armstrong DW. High Efficiency Liquid and Super‐/Subcritical Fluid‐Based Enantiomeric Separations: An Overview. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- a Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa , 50011‐3111 , USA
| | - Andrew W. Lantz
- a Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa , 50011‐3111 , USA
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- a Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa , 50011‐3111 , USA
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Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by using capillary electrophoretic techniques. The story of 20 and a few more years. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:45-70; discussion 44. [PMID: 17765908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the author's insight on the past, present and future of performing enantioseparations using capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These techniques are discussed from the historical point of view, as well as based on their potential as the separation techniques of today and the future. The overview covers mechanistic as well as practical aspects of CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences and Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia.
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25
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Sharp VS, Risley DS, McCarthy S, Huff BE, Strege MA. Evaluation of a New Macrocyclic Antibiotic as a Chiral Selector for Use in Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708013660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Scott Sharp
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Donald S. Risley
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Sharon McCarthy
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Bret E. Huff
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Mark A. Strege
- a Lilly Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, 46285
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26
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Hefnawy MM, Stewart JT. ENANTIOSELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF R(+) AND S(−) ROGLETIMIDE IN SERUM USING ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIED CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AND SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
| | - James T. Stewart
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602-2352, U.S.A
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27
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Van Eeckhaut A, Michotte Y. Chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis: Recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2880-95. [PMID: 16688697 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different classes of chiral selectors that are used in CE. The main properties of every class are described, together with the mechanism of enantioseparation. Newly introduced selectors are also discussed. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications published from January 2004 till March 2005 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Petrović M, Debeljak Z, Blazević N. Optimization of gas chromatographic method for the enantioseparation of arylpropionic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug methyl esters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:531-4. [PMID: 15950426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gas chromatography (GC) method for enantioseparation of well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, fenoprofen and ketoprofen methyl esters mixture was developed. Best enantioseparation was performed on capillary column with heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyldimethyl-silyl)-beta-cyclodextrin stationary phase and hydrogen used as a carrier gas. Initial temperature, program rate and carrier pressure were optimized to obtain best resolution between enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinko Petrović
- PLIVA-Research and Development Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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29
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Rat'ko AA, Stefan-van Staden RI. Determination of baclofen enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations using maltodextrin-based enantioselective, potentiometric membrane electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:993-7. [PMID: 15598435 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two enantioselective, potentiometric membrane electrodes (EPMEs) based on maltodextrins with different value of dextrose equivalent (DE) (maltodextrin I: DE 4.0-7.0; maltodextrin II: DE 16.5-19.5) were proposed for the assay of baclofen enantiomers in baclofen raw materials and from its pharmaceutical formulation, Norton-Baclofen tablets. The slopes of the electrode function of the proposed electrodes were 55.0 mV/pS-baclofen for maltodextrin I-based electrode and 59.0 mV/pR-baclofen for maltodextrin II-based electrode and the detection limits were 1.34 x 10(-6) mol l(-1) (S-baclofen) and 2.52 x 10(-10) mol l(-1) (R-baclofen), respectively. The surfaces of the electrodes are stable and easily renewable by simply polishing on alumina paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Rat'ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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30
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Mbuna J, Takayanagi T, Oshima M, Motomizu S. Evaluation of weak ion association between tetraalkylammonium ions and inorganic anions in aqueous solutions by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1022:191-200. [PMID: 14753786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of weak ion association between eleven (11) inorganic anions (charge -1 to -3) and five n-tetraalkylammonium ions, R4N+ (R: methyl, Me; ethyl, Et; propyl, Pr; butyl, Bu; pentyl, Am) in aqueous media at 25 degrees C was studied. The analysis of ion association equilibria was carried out under acidic condition (formate buffer, pH 3.5) at low separating potential (-10 kV) using a coated capillary with suppressed electroosmotic flow (micro = 4 x 10(-5) cm2 V(-1) s(-1)). Direct UV detection was done at anode (lambda = 220 nm). The combination of the aforementioned conditions ensured that ion association constants, Kass, between n-tetraalkylammonium ion and the small inorganic anions were reliably determined after a non-linear least squares (NLLS) treatment of the measured anion's mobility. Like their larger counterparts, small anions showed increased interaction with an increase in size of pairing ions. Moreover, for a specific cation, the interaction of small anions increased with an increase in size of the hydrated anions as reflected by the relationship between the Kass and the Stokes' radius. A favourable comparison exists between the results presented in this work and those previously documented from other analytical techniques like conductometry. Qualitatively, the mobility of the anions appeared to obey the Hückel's model more closely than the more elaborate Zwanzig and Hubbard-Onsager models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Mbuna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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31
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Blanco M, Valverde I. Choice of chiral selector for enantioseparation by capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(03)00705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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11 Evolving methods and method selection. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(03)80029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Jabor VAP, Lanchote VL, Bonato PS. Enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen in human plasma by anionic cyclodextrin-modified electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3041-7. [PMID: 12207314 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<3041::aid-elps3041>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a rapid method for the enantioselective analysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis employing the anionic cyclodextrin-modified electrokinetic chromatography mode. Sample cleanup was carried out by acidification with HCl followed by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane:isopropanol (99:1 v/v). The complete enantioselective analysis was performed within 10 min, using 100 mmol L(-1) phosphoric acid/triethanolamine buffer, pH 2.6, containing 2.0% w/v sulfated beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector; fenoprofen, another nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was used as internal standard. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.25-125.0 microg mL(-1) for each enantiomer of ibuprofen. The mean recoveries for ibuprofen enantiomers were up to 85%. The enantiomers studied could be quantified at three different concentrations (0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 microg mL(-1)) with a coefficient of variation and relative error not higher than 15%. The quantitation limit was 0.2 microg mL(-1) for (+)-(S)- and (-)-(R)-ibuprofen using 1 mL of human plasma. The plasma endogenous compounds and other drugs did not interfere with the present assay. The analysis of real plasma samples obtained from a healthy volunteer after administration of 600 mg of racemic ibuprofen showed a maximum plasma level of 29.6 and 39.9 microg mL(-1) of (-)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-ibuprofen, respectively, and the area under plasma concentration-time curve AUC(0-infinity) (+)-(S)/AUC(0-infinity) (-)-(R) ratio was 1.87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria A P Jabor
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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34
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Russo MV. Chiral separation of methoxamine and lobeline in capillary zone electrophoresis using ethylbenzene-deactivated fused-silica capillary columns and cyclodextrins as buffer additives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:999-1003. [PMID: 12110384 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complete chiral separation of methoxamine and lobeline was achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis on an ethylbenzene-deactivated fused-silica capillary column and with cyclodextrins (CDs) as buffer additives. Among the CDs investigated in this study, i.e. alpha-CD, beta-CD, dimethyl-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD and gamma-CD, all the three beta-type CDs showed chiral recognition on the two drugs investigated. Under the investigated conditions, the baseline chiral separation of methoxamine can be achieved with 90 mM Tris-H3PO4 (pH 2.5) containing 11.5 mM of the three beta-type CDs, with dimethyl-beta-CD giving the best resolution, whereas the baseline chiral separation of lobeline can be realized by using 90 mM Tris-H3PO4 buffer (pH 2.5) containing 5.8 mM dimethyl-beta-CD or 29.5 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Russo
- Facoltà di Agraria (DISTAAM), Università del Molise, Via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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35
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Du Y, Taga A, Suzuki S, Liu W, Honda S. Colominic acid: a novel chiral selector for capillary electrophoresis of basic drugs. J Chromatogr A 2002; 962:221-31. [PMID: 12198966 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduced colominic acid as a new chiral selector for capillary electrophoresis of basic drugs. Use of a low concentration phosphate buffer containing this polysaccharide and a Polybrene/colominic acid double coated capillary allowed excellent separation of the enantiomers of primaquine, chloroquine and tryptophan. Other drugs giving partial enantioseparation include laudanosine and salbutamol. Capillary coating with Polybrene followed by colominic acid eliminated the problems of peak tailing and low reproducibility of migration time in uncoated capillaries. The optimum pH was in the acidic region but varied among drugs. A low capillary temperature of 16 degrees C and a colominic acid concentration of 9 w/v% are recommended for practical analysis of these drugs. Colominic acid preparations having higher molecular masses gave better enantioseparation, and N-acetylneuraminic acid, the component monosaccharide, did not give any enantioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, PR China
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36
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Tegeler T, El-Rassi Z. Surfactant-mediated capillary electrochromatography with octadecyl-silica- packed capillary columns for the separation of nonpolar compounds. Case of pyrethroid insecticides. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:1217-23. [PMID: 12007119 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200205)23:9<1217::aid-elps1217>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with octadecyl-silica-packed capillary columns was evaluated in the separation of nonpolar compounds, e.g., pyrethroid insecticides, using surfactant-rich mobile phases. This novel concept is referred to as surfactant-mediated capillary electrochromatography (SM-CEC), and is based on including a charged surfactant, namely sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS), in the mobile phase. Under these conditions, DOSS plays the role of a slowly moving pseudostationary phase so that solutes are partitioned between a mobile phase, a fixed stationary phase and a slowly moving pseudostationary phase. The SM-CEC system was investigated with pyrethroid insecticides over a wide range of DOSS and acetonitrile concentrations in the mobile phase. Pyrethroid insecticides, which are very hydrophobic solutes consisting of geometric isomers and diastereomers, were better resolved in SM-CEC than in straight CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Tegeler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3071, USA
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37
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Du Y, Taga A, Suzuki S, Liu W, Honda S. Effect of structure modification of chondroitin sulfate C on its enantioselectivity to basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 947:287-99. [PMID: 11883662 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of structure modification of chondroitin sulfate C on its enantioselectivity to several representative basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis was investigated. Chemical desulfation showed no remarkable decrease in selectivity, whereas depolymerization with chondroitinase ABC resulted in complete loss of selectivity. Comparison with chondroitin sulfate A indicated considerable decrease in selectivity with this isomer. The great retention of enantioselectivity in the desulfated derivative suggests that the selectivity comes from the difference of the magnitude of an interaction in the multipoint mechanism between a part of the drug molecule and a functional group in chondroitin sulfate C other than the sulfate group. The sulfate group is not considered to play a major role for chiral separation. The complete loss of selectivity by depolymerization is consistent with a general tendency of lower selectivity in smaller saccharides, and the priority of chondroitin sulfate C to chondroitin sulfate A suggests the importance of the hydroxyl group at C4 in the galactosamine residue. During the course of this work we observed heavy tailing of the peaks of basic drugs in some batches of uncoated fused-silica capillaries under acidic conditions and solved this problem by doubly coating capillaries with Polybrene followed by chondroitin sulfate C. On the other hand, we demonstrated the usefulness of a special technique which uses a short, wider bore PTFE tube-attached capillary for the study of the effect of depolymerization, in order to minimize sample amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
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38
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Simó C, Gallardo A, San RJ, Barbas C, Cifuentes A. Fast and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method to quantitatively monitor ibuprofen enantiomers released from polymeric drug delivery systems. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 767:35-43. [PMID: 11863293 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the capability of two polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) containing racemic ibuprofen (IBU) for controlled release of IBU in different media was studied carrying out assays in-vitro. To quantitatively monitor the release of R(-)- and S(+)-IBU, a fast, sensitive and inexpensive capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed. To do this, different chiral selectors, temperatures, buffer compositions and pHs were tested. This new CE method uses bare silica columns together with a buffer containing 6% Dextrin in a 150 mM sodium tetraborate buffer at pH 9. Baseline separations of R(-)- and S(+)-IBU were achieved in less than 5 min at 20 degrees C. By using this method, both enantiomers can be determined at concentrations as low as 1 microg/ml, allowing the detection of enantiomeric percentages of 0.5% of R(-)-IBU in the presence of 99.5% of the optical antipode. Moreover, the method shows a high reproducibility for the same day and different days. The usefulness of this method to quantitatively monitor the release of R(-)- and S(+)-IBU from two different polymeric DDS is demonstrated. It is shown that the release rate of IBU depends on the spacer of the side residue used in the polymeric device. Also, it is demonstrated that the release of both enantiomers is enzymatically activated in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simó
- Inst de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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39
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Nishi H, Kuwahara Y. Enantiomer separation by capillary electrophoresis utilizing carboxymethyl derivatives of polysaccharides as chiral selectors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:577-85. [PMID: 11755758 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomer separations of various drugs by capillary electrophoresis (CE) were investigated utilizing carboxymethyl (CM) derivatives of some polysaccharides. Three types of CM-polysaccharides, namely CM-dextran, -amylose and -cellulose were employed as chiral selectors in the CE enantiomer separation. Capability of enantiomer separation by these CM-polysaccharides was compared with that by polysaccharides without CM residues (i.e. native or neutral polysaccharides). Among three selectors employed, CM-dextran and -cellulose showed a relatively wide capability of enantiomer separation. Modification of polysaccharides seems to lead to the enhancement of the capability of enantiomer separation. Degree of substitution greatly affected the capability of enantiomer separation of these polysaccharide derivatives as in the beta-cyclodextrins derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nishi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Product Technology Development Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
A review is presented that surveys the basic theory of direct separation of enantiomers by capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These separations are based on the formation of diastereomeric complexes between the enantiomeric analytes and a chiral selector added to the electrolyte solution. The review covers a comprehensive treatment of the equations needed for optimization of selectivity coefficients, resolution and analysis time in the zone electrophoretic mode. In this context, it takes into account combined equilibria of complexation and protonation/deprotonation as well as complexation and paritition into micelles. On the basis of these equations, the benefits of charged selectors and the optimization potential inherent to pH tuning can be documented. In addition, the review deals with some basic aspects of chiral isoelectric focusing and briefly discusses indirect enantioseparation. In a subsequent section a survey is given on particularfeatures of the various types of chiral selectors. Finally, the recent developments in preparative enantioseparation in continuous free-flow system and by use of isoelectric membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Chankvetadze B, Burjanadze N, Blaschke G. Enantioseparation of the anticoagulant drug phenprocoumon in capillary electrophoresis with UV and laser-induced fluorescence detection and application of the method to urine samples. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3281-5. [PMID: 11589291 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3281::aid-elps3281>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of phenprocoumon (PhC) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been studied using various cyclodextrins (CDs) such as native alpha, beta and gamma-CD and several neutral and randomly, as well as selectively substituted charged CD derivatives. Reversal of the enantiomer migration order was observed when using heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl (TM)-beta-CD as a chiral selector compared to all other CDs used. The detection of PhC was performed using either UV or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The limit of detection (LOD) observed with LIF detection was ca. 20 times lower compared to UV. The method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples of the patient under treatment with PhC in combination with other drugs such as ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide, and nifedipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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42
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Nishi H, Kuwahara Y. Enantiomer separation by capillary electrophoresis utilizing noncyclic mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides as chiral selectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 48:89-102. [PMID: 11356481 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various noncyclic mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides have been successfully used for enantiomer separation in the analytical sciences such as HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review presents enantiomer separation by CE utilizing mainly polysaccharides as chiral additives. The operation conditions that affect the enantioselectivity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Product Technology Development Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Osaka 532-8505, Yodogawa, Japan.
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43
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Healy LO, Murrihy JP, Tan A, Cocker D, McEnery M, Glennon JD. Enantiomeric separation of R,S-naproxen by conventional and nano-liquid chromatography with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive. J Chromatogr A 2001; 924:459-64. [PMID: 11521897 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral separations of R,S-naproxen mixtures were obtained on an achiral column (ODS) with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive using conventional and nano-LC. The optimised mobile phase composition was 20 mmol l(-1) methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, 20% (v/v) acetonitrile, and 50 mmol l(-1) sodium acetate buffer at pH 3 using hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. In addition to UV detection at 232 nm, amperometric detection was also investigated. Without using any internal standard, the reproducibility of amperometric detection (+1.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl) over a long analysis cycle in LC was greatly improved by choosing the peak area ratio between R- and S-naproxen as the analytical readout (the relative standard deviation was 2.11%) and enantiomeric purity could be assessed directly. This method was successfully employed for enantiomeric purity assessment in commercial naproxen tablets. Finally, successful transfer from conventional LC to nano-LC was realised, resulting in over 1000-fold reduction in reagent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Healy
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Ireland
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44
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Lu H, Ruan Z, Kang J, Ou Q. SIMULTANEOUS CHIRAL SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE OPTICAL PURITY OF NAPROXEN AND METHYL NAPROXEN BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH DUAL-CYCLODEXTRIN SYSTEM AS CHIRAL SELECTOR. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Chankvetadz B, Blaschke G. Enantioseparations in capillary electromigration techniques: recent developments and future trends. J Chromatogr A 2001; 906:309-63. [PMID: 11215895 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of enantioseparations using capillary electromigration techniques and gives the authors insights on the selected fundamental aspects and future trends in this field. The most recent developments in the field of chiral separations using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are summarized. The status of chiral electromigration techniques is evaluated tacking into account the most recent developments in related techniques such as chiral HPLC, GC and SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadz
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Germany.
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46
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Other chiral selectors. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Enantioseparation of warfarin by capillary electrophoresis with UV and LIF detection using single and dual cyclodextrin type chiral selectors. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in the field of chiral separations by electromigration techniques including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), isotachophoresis (ITP), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). This overview focuses on the development of new chiral selectors and the introduction of new techniques rather than applications of already established selectors and methods. The mechanisms of the different chiral separation principles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria.
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vespalec
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veverí 97, CZ-611 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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50
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Tsukamoto T, Ushio T, Haginaka J. Chiral resolution of basic drugs by capillary electrophoresis with new glycosaminoglycans. J Chromatogr A 1999; 864:163-71. [PMID: 10630881 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New glycosaminoglycans, fucose-containing glycosaminoglycan (FGAG) and depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG), were investigated as chiral additives for the separation of drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis. The average molecular masses of FGAG and DHG were estimated to be about 59,000 and 14,000, respectively. A variety of basic drug enantiomers were resolved using 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, containing 3% FGAG or DHG. Since chiral recognition properties of FGAG and DHG are different, some drug enantiomers were only separated by using FGAG or DHG. With regard to comparison of chiral recognition abilities of FGAG and DHG with other chiral selectors, tolperisone and eperisone enantiomers were not separated with alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin, or heparin as the chiral additives, but were separated with FGAG and DHG. The results obtained reveal that FGAG and DHG are useful as the chiral selectors for separations of drug enantiomers by CE, and that they could be complementarily used with other chiral additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsukamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research LAB, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
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