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Hajba L, Jeong S, Chung DS, Guttman A. Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: Historical overview and recent advances. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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2
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Bhimwal R, Rustandi RR, Payne A, Dawod M. Recent advances in capillary gel electrophoresis for the analysis of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Samarasinghe TN, Zeng Y, Johnson CK. Comparison of separation modes for microchip electrophoresis of proteins. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:744-751. [PMID: 33226183 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Separation of a set of model proteins was tested on a microchip electrophoresis analytical platform capable of sample injection by two different electrokinetic mechanisms. A range of separation modes-microchip capillary zone electrophoresis, microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and nanoparticle-based sieving-was tested on glass and polydimethylsiloxane/glass microchips and with silica-nanoparticle colloidal arrays. The model proteins calmodulin (18 kiloDalton), bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), and concanavalin (106 kDa) were labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 for laser-induced fluorescence detection. The best separation and resolution were obtained in a silica-nanoparticle colloidal array chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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4
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Dolnik V. Borate‐containing background electrolytes to improve CE separation in bare capillaries. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1073-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Arvin NE, Dawod M, Lamb DT, Anderson JP, Furtaw MD, Kennedy RT. Fast Immunoassay for Microfluidic Western Blotting by Direct Deposition of Reagents onto Capture Membrane. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:1606-1616. [PMID: 32661464 PMCID: PMC7357712 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Western blotting is a widely used protein assay platform, but the technique requires long analysis times and multiple manual steps. Microfluidic systems are currently being explored for increased automation and reduction of analysis times, sample volumes, and reagent consumption for western blots. Previous work has demonstrated that proteins separated by microchip electrophoresis can be captured on membranes by dragging the microchip outlet across the membrane. This process reduces the separation and transfer time of a western blot to a few minutes. To further improve the speed and miniaturization of a complete western blot, a microscale immunoassay with direct deposition of immunoassay reagents has been developed. Flow deposition of antibodies is used to overcome diffusion limited binding kinetics so that the entire immunoassay can be completed in 1 h with detection sensitivity comparable to incubation steps requiring 20 h. The use of low microliter/min flow rates with antibody reagents applied directly and locally to the membrane where the target proteins have been captured, reduced antibody consumption ~30-fold. The complete western blot was applied to the detection of GAPDH and β-Tubulin from A431 cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Arvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Vaccine Analytical R&D, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Don T. Lamb
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Jon P. Anderson
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Michael D. Furtaw
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, United States
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Corresponding author: Robert T. Kennedy, , Tel: 734-615-4363, Fax: 745-615-6462
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6
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Sänger–van de Griend CE. CE‐SDS method development, validation, and best practice—An overview. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2361-2374. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari E. Sänger–van de Griend
- Kantisto BV Baarn The Netherlands
- Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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7
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Srinivas PR. Introduction to Protein Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:23-29. [PMID: 30426403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the developments in electrophoresis of proteins from Tiselius' moving-boundary electrophoresis to the modern-day two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It also touches upon the staining methods used to visualize total proteins post electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pothur R Srinivas
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Dawod M, Arvin NE, Kennedy RT. Recent advances in protein analysis by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Analyst 2017; 142:1847-1866. [PMID: 28470231 PMCID: PMC5516626 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review article describes the significant recent advances in the analysis of proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis during the period from mid-2014 to early 2017. This review highlights the progressions, new methodologies, innovative instrumental modifications, and challenges for efficient protein analysis in human specimens, animal tissues, and plant samples. The protein analysis fields covered in this review include analysis of native, reduced, and denatured proteins in addition to Western blotting, protein therapeutics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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9
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Azim M, Malekpourkoupaei A, Ye W, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Evaluation of protein separation mechanism and pore size distribution in colloidal self-assembled nanoparticle sieves for on-chip protein sizing. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:342-349. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Wenmin Ye
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Abebaw B. Jemere
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; NRC; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - D. Jed Harrison
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; NRC; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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10
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De Jong CAG, Risley J, Lee AK, Zhao SS, Chen DDY. Separation of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins Using Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:137-149. [PMID: 27473487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed step-by-step methods for protein separation techniques based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) are described in this chapter. Focus is placed on two techniques, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). CGE is essentially gel electrophoresis, performed in a capillary, where a hydrogel is used as a sieving matrix to separate proteins or peptides based on size. cIEF separates proteins or peptides based on their isoelectric point (pI), the pH at which the protein or peptide bears no charges. Detailed protocols and steps (including capillary preparation, sample preparation, CE separation conditions, and detection) for both CGE and cIEF presented so that readers can follow the described methods in their own labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn A G De Jong
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Jessica Risley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Alexis K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - David D Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1.
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11
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Zhu Z, Lu JJ, Liu S. Protein separation by capillary gel electrophoresis: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:21-31. [PMID: 22122927 PMCID: PMC3227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been used for protein separation for more than two decades. Due to the technology advancement, current CGE methods are becoming more and more robust and reliable for protein analysis, and some of the methods have been routinely used for the analysis of protein-based pharmaceuticals and quality controls. In light of this progress, we survey 147 papers related to CGE separations of proteins and present an overview of this technology. We first introduce briefly the early development of CGE. We then review the methodology, in which we specifically describe the matrices, coatings, and detection strategies used in CGE. CGE using microfabricated channels and incorporation of CGE with two-dimensional protein separations are also discussed in this section. We finally present a few representative applications of CGE for separating proteins in real-world samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Joann J. Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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12
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Dolnik V, Gurske WA. Size separation of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis with cationic hitchhiking. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2884-92. [PMID: 21948216 PMCID: PMC3516881 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes a method of size separation of proteins by capillary sieving electrophoresis with cationic surfactant. Proteins are separated within 12 min with repeatability of migration times better than 0.2%. Some proteins achieve the separation efficiency of 200,000 theoretical plates. The method can be used for determination of protein relative molecular masses. The accuracy of the determined relative molecular masses and the limitation of the method were investigated by the analysis of more than 60 proteins. The method also allows separation of protein oligomers. Proteins can be quantitated after the electrokinetic injection in the concentration range 0.07-0.43 g/L. The average detection limit is about 2 mg/L.
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Dolnik V, Gurske WA. Chemical modification of proteins to improve the accuracy of their relative molecular mass determination by electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2893-7. [PMID: 21905048 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied the electrophoretic behavior of basic proteins (cytochrome c and histone III) and developed a carbamylation method that normalizes their electrophoretic size separation and improves the accuracy of their relative molecular mass determined electrophoretically. In capillary zone electrophoresis with cationic hitchhiking, native cytochrome c does not sufficiently bind cationic surfactants due to electrostatic repulsion between the basic protein and cationic surfactant. Carbamylation suppresses the strong positive charge of the basic proteins and results in more accurate relative molecular masses.
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Abstract
The use of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with a number-average molecular weight (of polymer) of 500,000 g/mol in a sieving matrix for SDS CE size separation of proteins is investigated using polymer solutions with concentrations between 6 and 12% w/v. Optimal separation efficiency is obtained using 10% w/v, with an average separation efficiency of 150,000 (12,000) theoretical plates observed for myoglobin (weight-average molecular weight=18 kDa) and 8,800,000 (2,400,000) theoretical plates for carbonic anhydrase (weight-average molecular weight=30 kDa) for 14 capillaries with an 80 cm effective length. Some adsorbed polymers were found to be effective in reducing EOF when applied to a clean capillary; however, a covalently attached polyacrylamide coating was found to be much less troublesome after initial wall treatment. Two different buffer systems, (i) 25 mM HEPES and (ii) 20 mM Tris with 40 or 60 mM tricene, were tried with 0.05 or 0.10% w/v SDS added. Tris-tricene gave generally better current stability than HEPES but with no observed improvement in separation efficiency. This polymer has all the desired characteristics for an SDS-CE sieving matrix using LIF detection, including hydrolytic stability, optical clarity, low viscosity, acceptable hydrophilicity, and commercial availability.
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16
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Schwarzer J, Rapp E, Reichl U. N-glycan analysis by CGE-LIF: Profiling influenza A virus hemagglutininN-glycosylation during vaccine production. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Feng J, Arriaga EA. Quantification of carbonylated proteins in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria using capillary sieving electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:475-82. [PMID: 18064596 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl-modified proteins are markers of oxidative damage. Here, we report a new method for detecting and quantifying carbonylated proteins by capillary sieving electrophoresis (CSE) with LIF detection (CSE-LIF). Alexa 488 hydrazide is used for the specific labeling of carbonyls while 3-(2-furoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (FQ) is used for protein labeling. BSA subjected to metal-catalyzed oxidation is used to optimize the labeling reactions, confirm the separation power of CSE, and characterize the response of the LIF detector. The method is capable of detecting femtomole (fmol) amounts of carbonyls in proteins with molecular masses ranging from 26 to 30 kDa. Using this method, we determined that mitochondrial proteins isolated from skeletal muscle contains 2.1 +/- 0.1 (average +/- SD; n = 3) nmol carbonyl/mg protein. The methodology described here should be compatible with the analysis of single cells and needle biopsies taken from oxidative stress animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin City, MN 55455, USA
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18
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15 Capillary electrophoresis and bioanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Egas DA, Wirth MJ. Fundamentals of protein separations: 50 years of nanotechnology, and growing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:833-855. [PMID: 20636099 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The separation of proteins in biology samples has long been recognized as an important and daunting endeavor that continues to have enormous impact on human health. Today's technology for protein separations has its origins in the early nanotechnology of the 1950s and 1960s, and the methods include immunoassays and other affinity extractions, electrophoresis, and chromatography. What is different today is the need to resolve and identify many low-abundance proteins within complex biological matrices. Multidimensional separations are the rule, high speed is needed, and the separations must be able to work with mass spectrometry for protein identification. Hybrid approaches that combine disparate separation tools (including recognition, electrophoresis, and chromatography) take advantage of the fact that no single class of separation can resolve the proteins in a biological matrix. Protein separations represent a developing area technologically, and understanding the principles of protein separations from a molecular and nanoscale viewpoint will enable today's researchers to invent tomorrow's technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Egas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA.
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20
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Barron AE, Blanch HW. DNA Separations by Slab Gel, and Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory and Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03602549508014343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nunnally B, Park SS, Patel K, Hong M, Zhang X, Wang SX, Rener B, Reed-Bogan A, Salas-Solano O, Lau W, Girard M, Carnegie H, Garcia-Cañas V, Cheng KC, Zeng M, Ruesch M, Frazier R, Jochheim C, Natarajan K, Jessop K, Saeed M, Moffatt F, Madren S, Thiam S, Altria K. A Series of Collaborations Between Various Pharmaceutical Companies and Regulatory Authorities Concerning the Analysis of Biomolecules Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Homogeneous gels represent a new type of (electro)chromatographic media possessing unique separation properties unmatched with any other chromatographic beds. It is important to emphasize that they principally differ from continuous beds, polymer rods (better known as monoliths), which are particulate separation media with pores permitting hydrodynamic flow through the columns. Monoliths, thus, are more similar to beds conventionally packed with beads, although the particles building up monolithic columns are usually smaller in size (few submicometers) and covalently linked together. Consequently, homogeneous gels deserve better the term "monoliths" having a non-particulate structure formed by crosslinked free polymer chains (according to a dictionary a monolith is a non-modularized column). The goals of this minireview are to clarify the position of homogeneous gels among the separation media (including polymer solutions), to explain and to exemplify their outstanding (electro)chromatographic properties. This review gives hopefully a complete list of references to homogeneous gels developed for capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Végvári
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P O. Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hu S, Jiang J, Cook LM, Richards DP, Horlick L, Wong B, Dovichi NJ. Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate-DALT electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for size-based analysis of proteins in human colon cancer cells. Electrophoresis 2003; 23:3136-42. [PMID: 12298085 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:18<3136::aid-elps3136>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-DALT electrophoresis (SDS-DALT-CE) refers to CE separation of proteins based on their size; DALT is the abbreviation for Dalton, the unit used to describe molecular weight. In this work, seven proteins from 18 to 116 kDa were denatured by SDS, labeled by 3-(2-furoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde, separated by SDS-DALT-CE in polyethylene oxide sieving matrix, and detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in a sheath flow cuvette. This method was combined with detergent differential fractionation, which is a protein fractionation method using a series of detergent-containing buffers to sequentially extract protein fractions from cells, to analyze the proteins in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, on-column labeling was demonstrated for protein analysis by SDS-DALT-CE with LIF, and applied to analysis of proteins in a single HT29 cancer cell. Most proteins had molecular masses from 10 to 120 kDa. Similar protein profiles were obtained for single cells and protein extract of a large cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Lee HG, Chang S, Fritsche E. Rational approach to quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary gel electrophoresis of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2002; 947:143-9. [PMID: 11873993 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary gel electrophoresis has been used to separate and quantify murine monoclonal antibodies. The method uses a murine IgG, whose subclass differs from the analyte antibody, as an internal reference. The internal reference is chosen based on knowing that mouse IgG1 can be separated from mouse IgG2a or IgG2b. Good intra- and inter-day reproducibility [relative standard deviation (RSD)<2%] of peak-area ratio has been obtained. A calibration curve also demonstrates high linearity (R2=0.9999) of response for the analyte. The described method is highly suitable for accurate determination of the antibody concentration even if a capillary electrophoresis apparatus is unable to provide good injection reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey G Lee
- Analytical Research Laboratory, Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY 10191, USA
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Tran NT, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Taverna M. Chapter 20 Analysis of glycoproteins and their glycopeptide and glycan fragments by electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Hu S, Zhang L, Cook LM, Dovichi NJ. Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate-DALT electrophoresis of proteins in a single human cancer cell. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3677-82. [PMID: 11699905 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:17<3677::aid-elps3677>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capillary Sodium dodlecyl sulfate (SDS)-DALT an (abbreviation for Dalton) electrophoresis was applied to analysis of proteins in single HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. A vacuum pulse was employed to introduce a single cell into the coated capillary. Once the cell was lysed, proteins were denatured with SDS, fluorescantly labeled with 3-(2-furoyl)-quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (FQ), and then separated by using 8% pullulan as the sieving matrix. This method offers a few advantages for single-cell protein analysis. First, it provides reproducible separation of single-cell proteins according to their size. Based on comparison with the migration time of standard proteins, most components from a single HT29 cancer cell have molecular masses within the range of 10-100 kDa. Second, as a one-dimensional separation method, it gives fairly good resolution for proteins. Typically, around 30 protein components of a single HT29 cell were resolved, indicating that this method has similar peak capacity to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Third, this method shows high detection sensitivity and wide dynamic range, which is important because of the wide range of protein expression in living systems. Detection limits for standard proteins ranged from 10(-10) to 10(-11) M. Finally, this method provides much higher speed than classical gel electrophoresis methods, and it provides automated anlysis of cellular proteins at the single-cell level; the separation is complete in 30 min and the entire analysis takes approximately 45 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
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27
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Hu S, Zhang L, Cook LM, Dovichi NJ. Capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate-DALT electrophoresis of proteins in a single human cancer cell. Electrophoresis 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:17%3c3677::aid-elps3677%3e3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Lin C, Cotton F, Boutique C, Dhermy D, Vertongen F, Gulbis B. Capillary gel electrophoresis: separation of major erythrocyte membrane proteins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:411-9. [PMID: 10901146 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new separation method of human erythrocyte membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) is described. In this method, a replaceable gel matrix was used. Seven major erythrocyte membrane proteins, alpha-and beta-spectrin, ankyrin 2.1, band 3 (anion-exchanger), 4.1a and b, and 4.2 (pallidin), were separated and identified by SDS-CGE method. High reproducible migration times of these proteins (inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 2%), as well as quantification (inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 11%) were obtained. This new SDS-CGE method may provide important diagnostic evidence for hereditary spherocytosis. It can be a powerful diagnostic tool in place of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for erythrocyte membrane protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Lee HG. High-performance sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis of antibodies and antibody fragments. J Immunol Methods 2000; 234:71-81. [PMID: 10669771 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-performance sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) has been used to separate antibodies and their fragments according to size. Under non-reduced conditions, murine monoclonal antibodies generally show a predominant peak with five to six apparent fragment peaks. The magnitude of the apparent fragmentation is temperature-dependent and is more pronounced with rabbit, sheep and bovine immunoglobulin G's than murine monoclonal antibodies. In addition to temperature, pH and buffer also affect the fragmentation. Without heat treatment during the preparation of the SDS-antibody complexes, the observed fragments become nearly absent; however, some murine monoclonal antibodies exhibit several peaks that group near the expected migration time of an immunoglobulin G, presumably due to their anomalous interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The method can also be used to monitor the progress of peptic digestions to generate murine F(ab')(2) antibody, to perform "gel-shift" assays, and to separate mouse ascitic fluid. This high-performance electrophoretic technique is suitable for quality control as well as the characterization of the antibodies under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Lee
- Product Development, Diagnostics Division, Bayer, East Walpole, MA 02032, USA.
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30
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Pantazaki A, Taverna M, Vidal-Madjar C. Recent advances in the capillary electrophoresis of recombinant glycoproteins. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Taverna M, Tran NT, Merry T, Horvath E, Ferrier D. Electrophoretic methods for process monitoring and the quality assessment of recombinant glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2572-94. [PMID: 9848665 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In many ways electrophoretic techniques appear ideal for quality monitoring of proteins and are thus well suited for the analysis of recombinant glycoproteins. The requirements of high throughput, comparative analysis and resolution of many variants are met by several electrophoretic techniques. A wide variety of such techniques are available to biotechnologists in the rapidly developing area of recombinant glycoproteins. It is the aim of this review to specifically cover recent work which has been applied to the analysis of DNA-derived glycoproteins, both from a process control standpoint and final product validation. All major areas of electrophoresis including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isoelectric focusing and techniques utilizing capillary electrophoresis are covered, with emphasis on analysis of glycoforms and oligosaccharide profiles of recombinant glycoproteins. As illustration, actual examples rather than standard glycoproteins are given to indicate the potential and limitations which may be encountered. It is anticipated that this review will prove a useful and practical guide to the latest developments by indicating the relevant merits of different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taverna
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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32
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Manabe T, Oota H, Mukai J. Size separation of sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of human plasma proteins by capillary electrophoresis employing linear polyacrylamide as a sieving polymer. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2308-16. [PMID: 9788314 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic conditions to separate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) complexes of human plasma proteins according to their size differences, by capillary electrophoresis employing linear polyacrylamide as a sieving matrix (LPA-CE), have been examined. Using the optimized separation conditions, SDS complexes of human plasma proteins not treated with reducing agents were separated into about 40 peaks and shoulders within 60 min. The molecular mass values of major peaks in a separation pattern were estimated from a plot of molecular mass and migration time for standard proteins and some of the major plasma proteins have been identified on the pattern. The electrophoretic conditions were successfully applied for the analysis of proteins in immunoglobulin G (IgG) myeloma sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
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33
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Harvey MD, Bandilla D, Banks PR. Subnanomolar detection limit for sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis using a fluorogenic, noncovalent dye. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2169-74. [PMID: 9761199 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Picomolar limits of detection are obtained using the noncovalent, fluorogenic dye, Sypro Red. The size separation of four commonly used sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) molecular weight markers with 8% linear polyacrylamide (PAA) as the sieving matrix is used to construct a calibration curve for molecular weight determinations. SDS-CGE purity and molecular weight determination of purified chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase (CMPD) from Escherichia coli is shown to be comparable in accuracy with slab gel SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A migration time precision study indicates excellent reproducibility. Sypro red labeling of SDS-bovine serum albumin (SDS-BSA) complexes at nanomolar protein concentrations suggests assay detection limits surpassing those of silver staining. This detectability exceeds that achieved in previous SDS-CGE laser-induced fluorescence studies. This approach is expected to be easily adapted for use with commercial polymer formulations and automated instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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34
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Craig DB, Polakowski RM, Arriaga E, Wong JC, Ahmadzadeh H, Stathakis C, Dovichi NJ. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary electrophoresis of proteins in a sieving matrix utilizing two-spectral channel laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2175-8. [PMID: 9761200 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for protein labeling, separation by capillary electrophoresis in a polymer sieving matrix, and detection by laser-induced fluorescence. Different dyes are used to label standard and sample proteins. A two-spectral channel detector resolves fluorescence from the sample and standards. Comparison of the migration time of the sample and standards permits the precise determination of molecular weight, irrespective of variations in run-to-run migration times.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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35
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Takagi T. Capillary electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and a sieving medium. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:2239-42. [PMID: 9456038 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For analysis of proteins in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), basic knowledge about their behavior in presence and absence of sieving medium is required. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is particularly suitable for this purpose. Although various polymers are used as sieves in CE analysis in presence of SDS, attention must be paid to possible interaction between SDS and the polymer. For obtaining new insights polymers with defined molecular weight and distribution should be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan.
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36
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Abstract
This review article with 237 references is focused on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) of proteins. It includes discussion of modeling electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment before the analysis, methods reducing the sorptions of proteins on the capillary wall, and techniques for increasing selectivity by using electrolyte additives including the sieving matrices. Significant progress in detection techniques, namely in laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry, is emphasized. Modifications of CZE using specific interactions, such as affinity capillary electrophoresis or capillary immunoelectrophoresis, are debated as well as combination of CZE with other separation methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A number of practical applications of CZE of proteins are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dolnik
- Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA.
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37
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Denton KA, Tate SA. Capillary electrophoresis of recombinant proteins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 697:111-21. [PMID: 9342661 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many naturally occurring proteins which are used therapeutically have been cloned and expressed in large quantities in bacterial, yeast or mammalian systems. Purification of these proteins by column chromatography generates high purity products with low levels of host protein contaminants. However, isoforms of the desired protein may be present at variable concentrations. Analysis of these variant forms has been enhanced by the utilisation of capillary electrophoresis (CE), a highly efficient, widely applicable technique which is increasingly used in the field of biotechnology. The role of CE in the analysis of recombinant proteins is reviewed with respect to microcharacterisation, comparison of natural and recombinant proteins, separation of mutant or variant forms and analysis of glycoforms. Examples of these applications are described and illustrated with analysis of recombinant human albumin. The rapid development of CE, further enhancing its versatility, and its use with complementary analytical techniques is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Denton
- Delta Biotechnology Limited, Nottingham, UK
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38
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Chen Y, Wang FL, Schwarz U. Polyacrylamide gradient gel-filled capillaries with low detection background. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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Chao-Cheng Wang, Beale SC. Preparation of linear polyacrylamide gel step gradients for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Huang A, Chen Y, Zhu T, Fang X, Sun Y. Simple method for preparing cross-linked polyacrylamide gel-filled capillaries. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Nakatani M, Shibukawa A, Nakagawa T. Separation mechanism of pullulan solution-filled capillary electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteins. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:1584-6. [PMID: 8957185 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150171015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The separation mechanism of capillary electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteins using pullulan with a molecular mass range of 50,000-100,000 as a separation matrix was investigated. The pullulan solution was filled into fused-silica capillaries whose inner walls were coated with linear polyacrylamide through chemically stable Si-C linkages. Baseline separations of SDS proteins were achieved at concentrations ranging from 3-10% w/v of pullulan. The entanglement threshold of pullulan solution was found to be around 0.5% w/v, indicating migration of SDS-proteins through an entangled pullulan network. Ferguson plots exhibited a linear relationship between log mobility and pullulan concentration. Linear relationships were also obtained for double logarithmic plots of the electrophoretic mobility and protein molecular mass. These results show that the separation is based on mass discrimination in accordance with the Ogston theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakatani
- Pharmaceutical Research Dept., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
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42
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Wise ET, Singh N, Hogan BL. Argon-laser-induced fluorescence detection in sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoretic separations of proteins. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Toribio F, Martínez-Lara E, Pascual P, López-Barea J. Methods for purification of glutathione peroxidase and related enzymes. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 684:77-97. [PMID: 8906467 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The different preparative techniques and related analytical methods used for purification of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase, described in papers published in the last ten years, have been reviewed in this article. Among the different purification techniques, chromatography has played a relevant role, being reported in all the papers reviewed, whereas other preparative techniques such as electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing were less employed and have been reported in only ca. 3% of cases. Frequently, several different chromatographic modes and several rechromatography steps have been employed. The use of at least three different chromatographic modes has been reported in 53% of total reviewed papers, whereas 41% of them employed two differents modes and in only 6% a single preparative chromatographic step was used. To evaluate losses and improve recovery, analytical methods for quantitation of protein and assay of enzymatic activity must be used in each purification step. Among these analytical techniques, gel electrophoresis, under denaturing conditions, has been widely used to assess purity of enzyme preparation. A discussion of the different activity assay methods used for these three enzymes is also presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Toribio
- Departamento de Bioquímica v Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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44
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Toribio F, Alhama J, López-Barea J. Methods for chromatographic and electrophoretic separation and assay of NADP oxidoreductases. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 684:1-23. [PMID: 8906463 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The different techniques described in purification protocols for pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes have been reviewed, covering mainly the papers published in the past six years. Chromatography was reported in 100% of reviewed papers and among the chromatographic techniques, affinity chromatography was the most used (ca. 92%), followed by ion-exchange chromatography (ca. 79%), size-exclusion chromatography (ca. 64%) and hydrophobic chromatography (ca. 24%). Other chromatographic techniques were used infrequently. Each chromatographic technique has a different specific capacity and chemical selectivity and, therefore, the order of selection should be based on a precise knowledge of the nature of the sample and the amount of the target enzyme that it contains. Analytical electrophoresis was used in about 95% of the reviewed papers, with denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) being the most widely used mode (ca. 92%), followed by native PAGE (ca. 48%). The use of isoelectric focusing was reported in 14% of the papers, while preparative gel electrophoresis was used in only 8% of the cases. The use of other electrophoretic techniques was reported in only a few papers. The use of continuous enzymatic activity assay methods (spectrophotometric) was found in most papers, while high-performance liquid chromatography-based methods (discontinuous assays) were reported in only 11% of the reviewed articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Toribio
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecuiar, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdobo, Spain
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45
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Zhang Y, Lee H, Li SF. Separation of myoglobin molecular mass markers using non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guttman
- Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA 92634-3100, USA
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47
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Nakatani M, Shibukawa A, Nakagawa T. Effect of temperature and viscosity of sieving medium on electrophoretic behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteins on capillary electrophoresis in presence of pullulan. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:1210-3. [PMID: 8855406 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pullulan was used as a sieving medium in high-performance capillary gel electrophoresis to study the effect of temperature and viscosity on electrophoretic behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteins with molecular masses in the range of 14,400-116,000 Da. The migration time decreased with increasing capillary temperature. Equations were derived relating mobility of SDS-proteins to capillary temperature and viscosity of pullulan solution. Linear relationships were obtained from experiments between logarithm of mobility and reciprocal temperature and between double logarithmic values of mobility and viscosity of pullulan solution. The experimental results agree well with the equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakatani
- Pharmaceutical Research Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
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48
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Virtanen V, Bordin G, Rodriguez AR. Separation of metallothionein isoforms with capillary zone electrophoresis using an uncoated capillary column effects of pH, temperature, voltage, buffer concentration and buffer composition. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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50
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Karger BL, Foret F, Berka J. Capillary electrophoresis with polymer matrices: DNA and protein separation and analysis. Methods Enzymol 1996; 271:293-319. [PMID: 8782559 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)71015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Karger
- Department of Chemistry, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Masaschusetts 02115, USA
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