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Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Piri F, Ghassempour A, Jalali-Heravi M. The use of multivariate curve resolution methods to improve the analysis of muramic acid as bacterial marker using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: An alternative method to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Investigation of the molecular ion structure for aldononitrile acetate derivatized muramic acid. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Elmroth I, Fox A, Holst O, Larsson L. Detection of bacterial contamination in cultures of eucaryotic cells by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:421-9. [PMID: 18613045 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for early detection of bacterial contaminations in cultures of baker's yeast, Penicillium chrysogenum, and an animal cell line was evaluated; muramic acid and characteristic cellular fatty acids were used as analytes. By analyzing branched-chain and cyclopropane-substituted fatty acids as methyl esters, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were detected in a 500-fold excess (w/w) of baker's yeast; the amounts injected corresponded to 300 ng (dry mass) of the bacteria. Contamination with Bacillus was detected in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum and animal cells by analyzing muramic acid, both as its alditol acetate derivative, using electron impact ionization, and its trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside derivative, using negative ion-chemical ionization. The trifluoroacetylated derivative was detected in injected amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(3) bacterial cells in the contaminated animal cell line, whereas amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(5) bacteria were required for detection of the alditol acetate derivative; the amounts in the original samples were 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(6), respectively. However, the alditol acetate method exhibited lower chemical interferences than the trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside procedure. The results show the potential of using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of cellular constituents for the detection of bacterial contaminations in eucaryotic cultures as an alternative to conventional microbiological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elmroth
- Department of Technical Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Center, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Larsson L. Use of mass spectrometry for determining microbial toxins in indoor environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:301-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b718584g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Chen T, Rimpiläinen M, Luukkainen R, Möttönen T, Yli-Jama T, Jalava J, Vainio O, Toivanen P. Bacterial components in the synovial tissue of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis: analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pan-bacterial polymerase chain reaction. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 49:328-34. [PMID: 12794787 DOI: 10.1002/art.11119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the presence of bacterial components in the synovial tissue (ST) of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS ST was collected during joint surgery from 41 RA patients. Tissue from 39 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), 4 patients with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis (UA), and 3 cases of accidental deaths served as controls. The pan-bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers for the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 16S rRNA genes was used to detect bacterial DNA. In addition, synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with chlamydial reactive arthritis (ReA) were also examined by the same method. The positive controls, bacterial DNA or ST spiked with different living bacteria, were analyzed alongside clinical samples. Most of the ST samples were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determining the presence of bacteria-derived muramic acid. Strict precautions were followed in the clinics and the laboratory to prevent contamination. RESULTS In GC-MS analysis, muramic acid was observed in the ST from 4 of 35 RA patients and from 2 of 14 OA patients, but not in ST from 2 patients with UA and 3 cadavers. Bacterial DNA was not detected by either one of the PCR primers used in ST from 42 patients with RA and 39 patients with OA. However, 5 of 15 SF samples from ReA patients were PCR positive. The sensitivity of GC-MS to detect muramic acid was 2 pg/injected amount (227 pg muramic acid/mg ST), and that of the pan-bacterial PCR was 2-20 bacteria colony forming units/reaction. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a bacterial component, muramic acid, is detectable by GC-MS in ST from a few patients with advanced RA or OA. However, no bacterial DNA was detectable by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
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6
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Harley WM, Kozar MP, Fox A. Trace analysis of muramic acid in indoor air using an automated derivatization instrument and GC-MS(2) or GC-MS(3). J Microbiol Methods 2002; 51:95-104. [PMID: 12069894 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(02)00064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An automated derivatization instrument has been developed for the preparation of alditol acetates from bacterial hydrolysates for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current report demonstrates the utility of the automated instrument for the more demanding task of trace analysis of muramic acid (Mur) in airborne dust using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS(2)). Conditions for efficient derivatization of Mur, vital for trace analysis, are rigorous including lactam and imido group formation under anhydrous conditions. Furthermore, as the detection limit is lowered, possible contamination or carry-over of samples becomes an increasingly greater consideration and must not occur. The instrument meets these criteria and was successfully used for assaying the levels of Mur in laboratory air, which were found to be much lower than in the previous studies of heavily occupied schools and agricultural environments. The potential for GC-MS(3) in further lowering the detection limit was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Harley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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7
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Kozar MP, Fox A. Analysis of a stable halogenated derivative of muramic acid by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 946:229-38. [PMID: 11873972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muramic acid (Mur) is present in the cell wall of Eubacteria and serves as a chemical marker for the trace detection of bacteria and bacterial cell wall debris in complex matrices. There have been numerous studies using a variety of derivatives of Mur, particularly in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) where the detection limit has been steadily lowered. A stable, halogenated derivative, the pentafluorobenzyl oxime (PFBO) acetate of Mur, has been developed by others and successfully used for GC with electron-capture detection. The current report is the first use of this derivative for GC-MS-MS analysis of Mur, or indeed any other carbohydrate, using negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) with GC-MS-MS. Mur was readily detected in settled surface dust (166 ng/mg), as well as dust collected from indoor air (1.4-5.9 ng/mg). Analyses of Mur as a PFBO acetate by GC-NICI-MS-MS or as alditol acetates by electron impact GC-electron impact ionization MS-MS serve as complementary approaches for trace detection in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Kozar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA
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8
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Bal K, Larsson L, Mielniczuk E, Mielniczuk Z. Structure of muramic acid TMS derivative mass spectrum's base ion (m/z=185) used for quantification of bacterial peptidoglycan. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 48:267-70. [PMID: 11777574 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatisation for determining muramic acid in environmental and clinical samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry provides high detection sensitivity; however, questions have been raised as concerns the chemical structure of the entity giving the strong signal of m/z 185. In the present communication we present evidence that this entity results from the formation of a lactam structure of muramic acid upon derivatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, University of Lund, Solvegatan 23, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Zhang X, Rimpiläinen M, Simelyte E, Toivanen P. Enzyme degradation and proinflammatory activity in arthritogenic and nonarthritogenic Eubacterium aerofaciens cell walls. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7277-84. [PMID: 11705898 PMCID: PMC98812 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7277-7284.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two almost-identical strains of Eubacterium aerofaciens isolated from the normal human gut flora were used. The cell wall (CW) of one strain with a peptidoglycan (PG) type A4alpha induces chronic arthritis in the rat after a single intraperitoneal injection, whereas CW of the other with PG type A4beta induces only a transient acute arthritis. The CW of the arthritogenic E. aerofaciens was a twofold-more-potent stimulator of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) than the nonarthritogenic CW. After degradation with mutanolysin, the capacity of the arthritogenic PG to stimulate production of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 was significantly increased, whereas that of the nonarthritogenic PG was significantly decreased. In other words, after enzyme degradation the arthritogenic PG had a four- to fivefold-stronger stimulatory capacity than that of the enzyme-treated nonarthritogenic PG. These findings indicate that the arthritogenicity of CW or a PG is not dependent on the enzyme resistance alone but also on how the PG fragments released by enzyme degradation stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku Immunology Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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10
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Zhang X, Rimpiläinen M, Hoffmann B, Simelyte E, Aho H, Toivanen P. Experimental chronic arthritis and granulomatous inflammation induced by bifidobacterium cell walls. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:171-9. [PMID: 11439164 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of cell walls (CWs) from two almost identical strains of Bifidobacterium adolescentis were studied in rats, using three different doses. A single i.p. injection of both CWs triggered a long-lasting arthritis with CW degradation products present in the joint tissue. Histologically, the arthritis was characterized by inflammatory cells, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation and bone erosion, closely resembling human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, CWs of the other strain induced a remarkable granuloma formation in the spleen and liver. Both CWs have the same peptidoglycan (PG) type A4alpha/beta, but differ from each other in three aspects. CW of the granuloma inducing strain: firstly has more lysine and less ornithine in PG stem peptides; secondly is more resistant to lysozyme degradation, and thirdly is better retained in the spleen. All these in comparison to the other strain used. Such characteristics are associated with the capacity to induce chronic arthritis, but it remains open how crucial they are for the granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku Immunology Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Bal K, Larsson L. New and simple procedure for the determination of muramic acid in chemically complex environments by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 738:57-65. [PMID: 10778926 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-ion trap tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the quantification of muramic acid, a marker of bacterial peptidoglycan, in environmental and clinical specimens. Samples (bacteria, house dust and urine) were heated in methanolic hydrochloric acid overnight and extracted with hexane for removal of hydrophobic compounds. The aqueous phase was evaporated and heated in acetic anhydride and pyridine after which the product, the acetate derivative, was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water. The described method is both rapid and simple to apply, and produces a stable derivative. It should become widely used for measuring peptidoglycan in chemically complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Section of Bacteriology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Study of sugar acids separation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection using alkaline eluents spiked with Ba2+, Sr2+, or Ca2+ as acetate or nitrate salts. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Biondi PA, Chiesa LM, Mariani C, Renon P. New, stable halogenated derivative suitable for the gas Chromatographic determination of muramic acid. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Recent progress in the analysis of sugar monomers from complex matrices using chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry or stand-alone tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Mielniczuk Z, Mielniczuk E, Larsson L. Determination of muramic acid in organic dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 670:167-72. [PMID: 7493076 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the quantitation of muramic acid, a marker of bacterial peptidoglycan, in organic dust. House dust samples were hydrolysed in hydrochloric acid and then extracted with hexane to remove hydrophobic compounds. The aqueous phase was evaporated, heated in a silylation reagent to form trimethylsilyl derivatives, and analysed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. The muramic acid derivative gave two peaks upon injection into the gas chromatograph--mass spectrometer. Injection of 10 pg of the derivative gave a signal-to-noise ratio of 17 for the dominating peak when using selected ion monitoring in the electron impact mode, and a linear calibration curve was achieved upon analysis of samples containing 5-1500 ng of muramic acid. In a house dust sample, 40 ng of muramic acid was found per mg of dust; the coefficient of variation was 8.2% (n = 6, 1.2 mg of dust analysed). The described method is rapid and simple to apply, and should therefore become widely used for measuring peptidoglycan in many types of environmental samples, including organic dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mielniczuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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16
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Fox A, Wright L, Fox K. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for trace detection of muramic acid, a peptidoglycan chemical marker, in organic dust. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(94)00060-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Larsson L. Determination of microbial chemical markers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry--potential for diagnosis and studies on metabolism in situ. Review article. APMIS 1994; 102:161-9. [PMID: 8185883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1994.tb04861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Different strategies for the application of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in medical microbiology research are discussed. GC can be used to determine specific microbial monomeric constituents and metabolites, so-called chemical markers, in cultures of microorganisms; in particular, analysis of cellular fatty acids has proven useful for species characterization and identification. GC-MS can be applied to study chemical markers directly in complex environmental samples, as exemplified by the analysis of airborne organic material as regards muramic acid (marker of peptidoglycan), 3-hydroxy acids (endotoxins), and ergosterol (fungal biomass). This methodological approach represents an alternative to various biological assays for characterization of airborne microbial structures, and forms a firm basis for correlating inhalation of such structures and development of symptoms. Direct GC-MS analysis of clinical samples provides possibilities for diagnosis (here exemplified by chiral separation of urine D- and L-arabinitol in disseminated candidiasis) and insight into microbial metabolism in the infected host (exemplified by observed indications of mycobacterial build-up of mycolic acids in vivo), with implications for drug development. Continued developments in MS technology will allow rapid advances to be made in GC-MS research in microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Larsson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Fox A, Rosario RM, Larsson L. Monitoring of Bacterial Sugars and Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Dust from Air Conditioners by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:4354-60. [PMID: 16349134 PMCID: PMC195911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.12.4354-4360.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial levels in dust collected from hospital air-conditioning filters were examined by chemical analysis (without prior culture). The dust was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after hydrolysis and derivatization.
l
-Glycero-
d
-mannoheptose and hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH 12:0 and 3-OH 14:0) (primarily found in lipopolysaccharide) and muramic acid (a chemical marker for bacterial peptidoglycan) were present at higher levels in dust collected from filters primarily contacting outdoor (as opposed to indoor) air. The ratio of
l
-glycero-
d
-mannoheptose to muramic acid in dust (compared with those of a group of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) suggested that both dust types contained appreciable numbers of gram-negative bacteria. There is potential for the chemical assessment of the microbial content of airborne dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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