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Douša M, Doubský J. Separation of structurally related primary aliphatic amines using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with fluorescence detection after postcolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde/mercaptoethanol. J Sep Sci 2018; 40:4689-4699. [PMID: 29057598 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The retention behavior of primary aliphatic amines (homologous series of aliphatic alkyl amines and cycloalkyl amines) and positional isomers of alkylamines in the hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode was studied. The study was carried out on a TSKgel Amide-80 column followed by postcolumn derivatization with fluorescence detection to describe the retention mechanism of tested compounds. The effect of chromatographic conditions including column temperature, acetonitrile content in the mobile phase, mobile phase pH (ranging from 3.5 to 6.8), and salt concentration in the mobile phase was investigated. The final mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and solution of 20 mM potassium formate pH 3.5 in ratio 80:20 v/v. The analyses were carried out at mobile phase flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature of 20°C. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantification), accuracy, and precision according to International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. The proposed new methods were proved to be highly sensitive, simple, and rapid, and were successfully applied to the determinations of isopropylamine, cyclohexylamine, and cyclopropylamine in relevant active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, a Sanofi Company, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Doubský
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, a Sanofi Company, Prague, Czech Republic
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Overview of Methods for the Direct Molar Mass Determination of Cellulose. Molecules 2015; 20:10313-41. [PMID: 26053488 PMCID: PMC6272693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of the methods used to determine the molecular weights of cellulose. Methods that employ direct dissolution of the cellulose polymer are described; hence methods for investigating the molecular weight of cellulose in derivatized states, such as ethers or esters, only form a minor part of this review. Many of the methods described are primarily of historical interest since they have no use in modern cellulose chemistry. However, older methods, such as osmometry or ultracentrifuge experiments, were the first analytical methods used in polymer chemistry and continue to serve as sources of fundamental information (such as the cellulose structure in solution). The first part of the paper reviews methods, either absolute or relative, for the estimation of average molecular weights. Regardless of an absolute or relative approach, the outcome is a molecular weight average (MWA). In the final section, coupling methods are described. The primary benefit of performing a pre-separation step on the molecules is the discovery of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Here, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is unquestionably the most powerful and most commonly-applied method in modern laboratories and industrial settings.
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Preparation and Analysis of Cello- and Xylooligosaccharides. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Douša M, Srbek J, Stránský Z, Gibala P, Nováková L. Retention behavior of a homologous series and positional isomers of aliphatic amino acids in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:739-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha U Kabelovny 130, Praha 10 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Srbek
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha U Kabelovny 130, Praha 10 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Stránský
- Department of analytical chemistryRCPTM, Faculty of SciencePalacký University 17.listopadu 12 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gibala
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha U Kabelovny 130, Praha 10 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of analytical chemistryCharles UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy Heyrovského 1203 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
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Cyclofructan 6 based stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang C, Jiang C, Armstrong DW. Considerations on HILIC and polar organic solvent-based separations: use of cyclodextrin and macrocyclic glycopetide stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1980-90. [PMID: 18615818 PMCID: PMC4301416 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a natural tendency in science to prefer straightforward, logical classification systems. The use of mobile phase-stationary phase combinations that do not fit neatly into the standard "normal phase" or "reversed-phase" categories has been going on for over 50 years. The term "hydrophilic interaction chromatography" (HILIC) is sometimes being used as a general category for these "other" separations. In some cases, it may be appropriate and in others, not. Indeed the mechanistic constrains used to define the method seem to be varying with time. Given the name HILIC, it is assumed that water is not only present in the mobile phase, but also plays an essential role in the retention mechanism. However, there is residual water present in all organic solvents. Regardless, the number of reported separations in this alternative mode has increased tremendously in the last two decades. This is due to the advent of new stationary phases and an emphasis on polar, biologically important molecules. We discuss the relationships between HILIC and other chromatographic modes. We then examine two classes of stationary phases that have played a major role in these separations. These particular stationary phases can be used to provide appreciable mechanistic information as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Chunxia Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
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Pedruzzi I, Malvessi E, Mata VG, Silva EAB, Silveira MM, Rodrigues AE. Quantification of lactobionic acid and sorbitol from enzymatic reaction of fructose and lactose by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:128-32. [PMID: 17306812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental conditions for complete separation and quantification of mixtures containing lactobionic acid, sorbitol, lactose and fructose are discussed for the first time. These mixtures appear in the enzymatic bioconversion of fructose and lactose catalyzed by glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR) and glucono-delta-lactonase (GL) enzymes of Zymomonas mobilis cells. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation was carried out in a strong cation ion exchange resin (hydrogen form) based on a copolymer of styrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB). A stationary phase of beta-cyclodextrin was also evaluated. An efficient separation was obtained with PS-DVB column eluted with sulfuric acid 0.450 mM solutions (pH 3.0-3.2) at 75 degrees C. The formation of lactones was observed, which is associated with the dissolution of lactobionic acid crystals; however, by dissolving the lactobionic acid crystals on alkaline calcium hydroxyde solution in equimolar ratio a single lactobionic acid chromatographic peak without lactobionolactone is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pedruzzi
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Berthod A, Berthod L, Armstrong DW. Selectivity of a Native β‐Cyclodextrin Column in the Separation of Catechins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berthod
- a Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques , Université Claude Bernard–Lyon , Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Berthod
- a Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques , Université Claude Bernard–Lyon , Villeurbanne, France
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Liu Y, Urgaonkar S, Verkade JG, Armstrong DW. Separation and characterization of underivatized oligosaccharides using liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1079:146-52. [PMID: 16038300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Native cyclodextrin-based columns are particularly useful for the analysis of oligosaccharides because the retention of these carbohydrates is based mainly on the hydrogen bonding interactions of oligosaccharide hydroxyl groups with the stationary phase. Thus, the retention time predictably increases with the number of analyte hydroxyl groups, which corresponds to the elongation of the oligosaccharide chain. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used for the separation and characterization of underivatized oligosaccharide mixtures. With the limits of detection as low as 50 pg, all individual components of oligosaccharide mixtures (up to 11 glucose units long) were baseline resolved on a Cyclobond I 2000 column and detected using ESI-MS. Low flow rates and narrow I.D. columns increase the ESI-MS sensitivity significantly. The method showed potential usefulness for the sensitive and quick analysis of hydrolysis products of polysaccharides, and for trace levels of individual oligosaccharide or oligosaccharide isomers from biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111, USA
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Stoll T, Schieber A, Carle R. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and on-line mass spectrometric detection of saturated and unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:2481-6. [PMID: 12493233 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of saturated and unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids up to degree of polymerization (dp) of 7 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. For this purpose, a Cyclobond I 2000 column and a volatile mobile phase consisting of ammonium formate and methanol were used, allowing direct coupling of HPLC to a mass spectrometer via an electrospray interface (ESI-MS) without additional desalting. The analytical system was used for the characterization of digests obtained by incubation of polygalacturonic acid with commercial enzyme preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoll
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Chapter 5 HPLC of carbohydrates with cation- and anion-exchange silica and resin-based stationary phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 4 High performance hydrophilic interaction chromatography of carbohydrates with polar sorbents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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High-performance anion-exchange chromatographic separations of carbohydrates on a macrocycle-based stationary phase with eluents of relatively low pH and concentration. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Recent progress in carbohydrate separation by high-performance liquid chromatography based on hydrophilic interaction. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of oligogalacturonic acids on a cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) bonded-phase column. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chapter 9 Preparative HPLC of Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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