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Gómez JE, Navarro FH, Sandoval JE. Novel 3-hydroxypropyl-bonded phase by direct hydrosilylation of allyl alcohol on amorphous hydride silica. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2579-86. [PMID: 24934906 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel 3-hydroxypropyl (propanol)-bonded silica phase has been prepared by hydrosilylation of allyl alcohol on a hydride silica intermediate, in the presence of platinum (0)-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (Karstedt's catalyst). The regio-selectivity of this synthetic approach had been correctly predicted by previous reports involving octakis(dimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (Q8 M8 (H) ) and hydrogen silsesquioxane (T8 H8 ), as molecular analogs of hydride amorphous silica. Thus, C-silylation predominated (∼94%) over O-silylation, and high surface coverages of propanol groups (5 ± 1 μmol/m(2) ) were typically obtained in this work. The propanol-bonded phase was characterized by spectroscopic (infrared (IR) and solid-state NMR on silica microparticles), contact angle (on fused-silica wafers) and CE (on fused-silica tubes) techniques. CE studies of the migration behavior of pyridine, caffeine, Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)Ru(II) chloride and lysozyme on propanol-modified capillaries were carried out. The adsorption properties of these select silanol-sensitive solutes were compared to those on the unmodified and hydride-modified tubes. It was found that hydrolysis of the SiH species underlying the immobilized propanol moieties leads mainly to strong ion-exchange-based interactions with the basic solutes at pH 4, particularly with lysozyme. Interestingly, and in agreement with water contact angle and electroosmotic mobility figures, the silanol-probe interactions on the buffer-exposed (hydrolyzed) hydride surface are quite different from those of the original unmodified tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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2
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Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Tong S, Sandoval JE. Adamantyl Modified Silica via Olefin Hydrosilation on a Hydride Intermediate. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Matyska
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , One Washington Square, San Jose , California , 95192‐0101 , USA
| | - J. J. Pesek
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , One Washington Square, San Jose , California , 95192‐0101 , USA
| | - S. Tong
- a Department of Chemistry , San Jose State University , One Washington Square, San Jose , California , 95192‐0101 , USA
| | - J. E. Sandoval
- b Departamento de Quimica , Universidad del Valle , Cali , Colombia
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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4
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Sandoval JE, Williamsen EJ. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Hydride-Based Surface Materials for HPLC, HPCE and Electrochromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608015114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Pesek
- a Department of Chemistry San Jose State , University One Washington Square , San Jose, CA, 95192
| | - M. T. Matyska
- a Department of Chemistry San Jose State , University One Washington Square , San Jose, CA, 95192
| | - J. E. Sandoval
- a Department of Chemistry San Jose State , University One Washington Square , San Jose, CA, 95192
| | - E. J. Williamsen
- a Department of Chemistry San Jose State , University One Washington Square , San Jose, CA, 95192
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5
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Hemström P, Szumski M, Irgum K. Atom-Transfer Radical Graft Polymerization Initiated Directly from Silica Applied to Functionalization of Stationary Phases for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Mode. Anal Chem 2006; 78:7098-103. [PMID: 17037908 DOI: 10.1021/ac0602874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization of a number of monomers (styrene, methyl acrylate, 3-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium] propanesulfonate, butyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate) directly from chlorinated porous silica particles has been performed. The grafting has been confirmed and evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This initiation technique results in a hydrolytically stable initial Si-C bond, tethering the polymer to the silica substrate. The resulting grafted particles have been used as separation materials for both reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Hemström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Sander LC, Lippa KA, Wise SA. Order and disorder in alkyl stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:646-68. [PMID: 15827723 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Covalently modified surfaces represent a unique state of matter that is not well described by liquid or solid phase models. The chemical bond in tethered alkanes imparts order to the surface in the form of anisotropic properties that are evident in chromatographic and spectroscopic studies. An understanding of the structure, conformation, and organization of alkyl-modified surfaces is requisite to the design of improved materials and the optimal utilization of existing materials. In recent years, the study of alkyl-modified surfaces has benefited from advances in modern analytical instrumentation. Aspects of alkyl chain conformation and motion have been investigated through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and neutron scattering studies. Chromatography provides complementary evidence of alkyl chain organization through interactions with solute probes. Computational simulations offer insights into the structure of covalently modified surfaces that may not be apparent through empirical observation. This manuscript reviews progress achieved in the study of the architecture of alkyl-modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane C Sander
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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7
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Wu Q, Lee ML, Harrison RG. Performance of metal complex substituted polysiloxanes in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 967:289-301. [PMID: 12685576 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polysiloxanes containing the metal complex, Co(TACN)(3+)2 (TACN= 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) were used as coatings for capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Through crosslinking and covalent bonding, the positively charged polymers were bonded to silica supports. In both CE and CEC, these coatings exhibited strong, pH-independent, and anodic electroosmotic flow (EOF), and had excellent long-term stability. Successful separations of aromatic acids were achieved in CE. In CEC, separation of alkylbenzenes (7 min) and basic compounds (20 min) was achieved with higher resolving power than conventional octadecyl silica packings. These polymers represent a new class of coatings for CE and CEC that generate pH-independent EOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-5700, USA
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8
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Abstract
This review article describes the preparation of dynamic and static polymeric wall coatings for capillary electrophoresis. Properties of bare fused-silica surfaces and methods for the characterization of capillary coatings are summarized. The preparation and basic properties of neutral and charged wall coatings are considered. Finally, advantages and potential applications of various coatings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horvath
- Molecular Dynamics Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
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9
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Buchmeiser MR. New synthetic ways for the preparation of high-performance liquid chromatography supports. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:233-66. [PMID: 11407572 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The latest developments and in particular important synthetic aspects for the preparation of modern HPLC supports are reviewed. In this context, the chemistry of inorganic supports based on silica, zirconia, titania or aluminum oxide as well as of organic supports based on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene), acrylates, methacrylates and other, more specialized polymers is covered. Special consideration is given to modern approaches such as sol-gel technology, molecular imprinting, perfusion chromatography, the preparation of monolithic separation media as well as to organic HPLC supports prepared by new polymer technologies such as ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Synthetic particularities relevant for the corresponding applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Buchmeiser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Wegmann J, Albert K, Pursch M, Sander LC. Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) stationary phases for the separation of shape-constrained isomers. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1814-20. [PMID: 11338596 DOI: 10.1021/ac000992r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the synthesis of long alkyl chain length stationary phases for use in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is described. Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymers (i.e., (-CH2CH2-)x[CH2CH(CO2H)-]y) with different levels of acrylic acid were covalently bonded to silica via glycidoxypropyl or aminopropyl linkages. 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the new reversed-phase materials. Aspects of shape selectivity were evaluated for six different columns with Standard Reference Material (SRM) 869a, Column Selectivity Test Mixture for Liquid Chromatography. Selectivity for isomer separations was enhanced for stationary phases prepared with poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) containing a mass fraction of 5% acrylic acid. The relationship between alkyl conformation and chromatographic properties was studied by 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR measurements, and correlations were made with the composition of the polymer. Finally, the effectiveness of this phase is demonstrated by the separation of several beta-carotene isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wegmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Stella C, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Tchapla A. Silica and other materials as supports in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic tests and their importance for evaluating these supports. Part I. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT. Open tubular capillary electrokinetic chromatography in etched fused-silica tubes. J Chromatogr A 2000; 887:31-41. [PMID: 10961302 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes an open tubular approach to capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) that first etches the inner surface of the fused-silica tube using ammonium hydrogen diflouride. This process can increase the inner surface area significantly. The new surface is then chemically modified to attach a bonded stationary phase using a silanization/hydrosilation reaction process. The surfaces are characterized spectroscopically by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform and by electroosmotic flow measurements. Applications of OTCEC columns with C18, diol and chiral stationary phases are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, CA 95192, USA
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Kasicka V, Prusík Z, Sázelová P, Chiari M, Miksík I, Deyl Z. External electric field control of electroosmotic flow in non-coated and coated fused-silica capillaries and its application for capillary electrophoretic separations of peptides. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 741:43-54. [PMID: 10839131 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of an external electric field on the electroosmotic flow in the noncoated (bare) fused-silica capillaries and in the fused-silica capillaries with covalent coating of the inner surface by the polymer of a new acrylamido derivative, N-(acryloylaminoethoxy)ethyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, has been tested in the capillary electrophoretic separations of peptide analytes. The effect of magnitude and polarity of the external electric field on the flow-rate of the electroosmotic flow, the migration times of charged analytes and the separation efficiency and resolution of separations of synthetic oligopeptides, diglycine, triglycine, glycyl-proline and prolyl-glycine, by capillary zone electrophoresis has been evaluated. The effect of the external electric field on the velocity of the electroosmotic flow was much higher in the bare fused-silica capillaries than in the coated capillaries. Better separation of the analyzed peptides was achieved in the coated fused-silica capillaries. An external electric field proved to be an effective tool for control of the electroosmotic flow and for optimization of the speed and resolution of capillary electrophoretic separations of synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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15
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Sandoval JE. Equation for calculating surface coverage from end-capping of chromatographic bonded phases. J Chromatogr A 1999; 852:375-81. [PMID: 10481976 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An equation was derived to calculate the surface density of trimethylsilyl groups (alphaTMS) on bonded chromatographic stationary phases that have undergone primary as well as secondary ('end-capping') chemical modification. The new equation is an extension of that published by Berendsen-de Galan for calculating primary surface coverage and, likewise, alphaTMS is calculated in terms of the carbon content (% by weight) of the bonded material before and after end-capping, specific surface area of the starting silica and structural information (molecular weight and number of carbon atoms) of the anchored groups. The new equation is valuable when a thorough characterization of bonded stationary phases is desirable and, if used along with the Berendsen-de Galan equation, it affords total ligand coverage information. Application of the new equation to correct for measurable carbon content of the starting support leads to a more accurate expression for surface coverage from primary as well as secondary bonding. The scope and limitations of the new equation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sandoval
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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16
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Rodriguez I, Li S. Surface deactivation in protein and peptide analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Pesek JJ, Matyska MT, Williamsen EJ, Evanchic M, Hazari V, Konjuh K, Takhar S, Tranchina R. Synthesis and characterization of alkyl bonded phases from a silica hydride via hydrosilation with free radical initiation. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Chiari M, Gelain A, Riva S, Tura D. Analysis of mandelonitrile lyase and beta-glucosidase from sweet almonds by combined electrophoretic techniques. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:2050-4. [PMID: 9420168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Almonds are a rich source of mandelonitrile lyase (oxynitrilase) and beta-glucosidase. The isolation of these two enzymes from sweet almonds requires fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-(DEAE) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) columns. In the present investigation different electrophoretic techniques such as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients (IEF-IPG), and capillary electrophoresis were used to characterize these two enzymes. For the first time, beta-glucosidase and oxynitrilase were separated in an immobilized pH gradient of one pH unit. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was an excellent tool for analysis of the purity of enzyme preparations, achieving complete separation of various protein constituents in only 15 min. CZE showed a resolving capacity for the separation of enzyme forms comparable to that of isoelectric focusing in an immobilized pH gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiari
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, Milano, Italy.
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Akapo S, Matyska M, Pesek J. Retention characteristics and selected applications of cyclic siloxane-based octadecylsilyl bonded phases in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Chiari M, Dell'Orto N, Casella L. Separation of organic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis in buffers containing divalent metal cations. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chiari M, Dell'Ort N, Gelain A. Synthesis and Characterization of Capillary Columns Coated with Glycoside-Bearing Polymer. Anal Chem 1996; 68:2731-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960158v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Norma Dell'Ort
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Gelain
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- L. David Rothman
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897B Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
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23
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Dorsey JG, Cooper WT, Siles BA, Foley JP, Barth HG. Liquid Chromatography: Theory and Methodology. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/a19600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Dorsey
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3006
| | - William T. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3006
| | - Barbara A. Siles
- Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795
| | - Joe P. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085-1699
| | - Howard G. Barth
- Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, P. O. Box 80228, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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Abstract
A new method of electrochromatography is described in which a 50-microns capillary is etched with ammonium hydrogen difluoride, followed by modification of the new surface via a silation reaction with triethoxysilane to produce a hydride intermediate, and then subsequently subjected to hydrosilation using 1-octadecene in the presence of a platinum complex catalyst. The C18 bonded phase is then compared with bare capillaries, etched bare capillaries and the hydride etched capillary to determine if any solute-bonded phase interactions are present. With bradykinin as a test solute, peak efficiencies are quite similar for all capillaries without C18 but become noticeably broader when the organic moiety is attached to the etched capillary wall. A test mixture of peptides and proteins displays shorter retention for some of the components when methanol is added to the mobile phase which is typical of reversed-phase behavior. The same result is also obtained when a mixture of tetracyclines is separated on the C18 capillary with and without methanol as part of the mobile phase. The reproducibility of retention times for two proteins is +/- 1.5%. A few results for several neutral compounds indicate small but measurable k' values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pesek
- Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, CA 95192-0101, USA
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Capillary electrophoretic separation of proteins using stable, hydrophilic poly(acryloylaminoethoxyethanol)-coated columns. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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