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Płotka-Wasylka JM, Morrison C, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Chemical derivatization processes applied to amine determination in samples of different matrix composition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4693-718. [PMID: 26023865 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Płotka-Wasylka
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Calum Morrison
- ‡Forensic Medicine and Science, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Biziuk
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Prokorátová V, Kvasnicka F, Sevcík R, Voldrich M. Capillary electrophoresis determination of carnitine in food supplements. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:60-4. [PMID: 16013599 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine is a substance natural for human body which transfers fatty acids to the place of burning-mitochondria and aids the transformation of fats into energy and this way supports overweight reduction and immediate physical performance, increases resistance from physical load and protect heart from overload. In this study are described newly developed electrophoretic methods (ITP, CZE with direct and/or indirect UV detection) for carnitine determination in various samples. The results were compared with results obtained by validated HPLC method. All of these methods gave comparable results. The detection limits of the electrophoretic methods were between 2.4 and 4.7 microg/ml, reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD%) was between 1.2 and 4.4% and recoveries were between 91 and 113% in different samples. The shorter analysis and low running cost are the main advantages of CE methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Prokorátová
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Preservation and Meat Technology, Technicá 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Imai K. Analytical Chemical Studies on High-Performance Recognition and Detection of Bio-molecules in Life. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2003; 123:901-17. [PMID: 14631753 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.123.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism for maintaining life of animals based on the search of dynamics of biomolecules, I have developed several sensitive and selective methods for their quantification. Using the methods of derivatization with the developed benzofurazan fluorogenic reagents (4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), ammonium 7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-sulfonate (SBD-F) and etc.) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)--fluorescence detection, a certain kind of biological and clinical importance was demonstrated of chiral bio-molecules (D-amino acids, D-lactic acid and so on), peptides and proteins. The proposed method (derivatization with SBD-F, isolation of the fluorescent proteins by two-dimensional HPLC, enzymatic digestion and identification of the altered proteins by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS with database-searching algorithm) for proteomics studies revealed the changed proteins in the islets of Langerhans of the dexamethazone-induced diabetic rats. An importance of catecholamine metabolism on the blood pressure regulation was also suggested by the method of HPLC-chemiluminescence detection of catecholamines and their 3-O-methylmetabolites. A new field of Analytical Chemistry, i.e., Bio-Analytical Chemistry, was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Imai
- Center for Research and Development, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Onoda M, Uchiyama S, Santa T, Imai K. The effects of spacer length on the fluorescence quantum yields of the benzofurazan compounds bearing a donor-acceptor system. LUMINESCENCE 2002; 17:11-4. [PMID: 11816057 DOI: 10.1002/bio.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of spacer length on the fluorescence quantum yields (Phi) of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reagents, using nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) derivatives that have the -NMe2 moiety and NBD-NH- fluorophore as electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A), respectively. The Phi values were reduced as the spacer length became shorter (n < or = 4; n is the number of methylene units of the spacer) and the fluorescence recovered by suppression of the PET process. It is necessary for the useful PET reagents to link D and A with a short spacer to obtain a difference in the Phi values between fluorescent "off-state" and "on-state".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Onoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Derivatization Reactions for Analytes with Various Functional Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Uchiyama S, Santa T, Okiyama N, Fukushima T, Imai K. Fluorogenic and fluorescent labeling reagents with a benzofurazan skeleton. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:295-318. [PMID: 11507712 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic and fluorescent labeling reagents having a benzofurazan (2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) skeleton such as 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F), 4-aminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F), ammonium 7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F), 4-hydrazino-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-H), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-H), 4-nitro-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PZ), 4-(N-chloroformylmethyl-N-methyl)amino-7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-COCl) and 7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl) isothiocyanate (DBD-NCS) are reviewed in terms of synthetic method, reactivity, fluorescence characteristics, sensitivity and application to analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Uchiyama S, Santa T, Imai K. A fluorogenic reagent, 4-mercapto-7-methylthio-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole for carboxylic acids, designed by prediction of the fluorescence intensity. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2165-70. [PMID: 11393836 DOI: 10.1021/ac001232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the course of our studies of the development of fluorogenic reagents having a 4,7-disubstituted benzofurazan structure, we previously proposed 7-acetylamino-4-mercapto-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (AABD-SH) as a fluorogenic reagent for carboxylic acids. Since then, progress has made it possible to estimate the fluorescence quantum yields of the 4,7-disubstituted benzofurazan compounds on the basis of the PM3 calculation of their S1-T2 energies. Subsequently, a new fluorogenic reagent, 4-mercapto-7-methylthio-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (MTBDSH) was designed and synthesized. In the presence of condensation reagents, triphenylphosphine (TPP) and 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS), MTBD-SH readily reacted with n-caprylic acid within 1 min at room temperature. The derivatives of five carboxylic acids (n-caprylic acid, n-capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid) were well-separated on a reversed-phase column and were fluorimetrically detected at 519 nm with excitation at 391 nm. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 2.4-5.0 fmol. Thus, MTBD-SH had properties that were considered to be superior. For carboxylic acids, itwas superior not only to AABD-SH, but also to many other conventional reagents. The superiority was examined in terms of its reactivity and sensitivity and the avoidance of interfering peaks that were derived from the reagent itself or degradation products in the chromatogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Heinig K, Henion J. Determination of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 735:171-88. [PMID: 10670733 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Free carnitine and acylcarnitines (carnitine esters) play an important role in the metabolism of fatty acids. Metabolic disorders can be detected by abnormal levels of these compounds in biological fluids. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry has the advantage of combining an efficient separation technique with highly selective detection. Therefore, we have developed a method for the determination of carnitine and several of its esters implementing electrospray capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry in the positive ion selected reaction monitoring mode. A sheath-flow interface with a mixture of 2-propanol or methanol, water and acetic acid as sheath liquid and nitrogen as nebulizing gas was used. The zwitterionic analytes migrated as cations in the applied electric field using ammonium acetate-acetic acid or formic acid electrolytes. Separations were performed in aqueous, mixed organic-aqueous and non-aqueous media. The influence of the electrolyte composition on the separation efficiency was investigated. The electrospray conditions have been optimized regarding ion current stability and sensitivity. Ammonium acetate (10 mmol/l)-0.8% formic acid in water or 6.4% formic acid in acetonitrile-water (1:1) were used as running buffers for the determination of carnitine and acylcarnitines in human biological samples. Methanol extracts of dried blood spots were analyzed as well as urine and plasma following sample preparation via solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction. Recoveries approaching 100% were achieved depending on the analytes and sample preparation procedures employed. Endogenous carnitine and acetylcarnitine were determined at concentrations between 2.7 and 108 nmol/ml in normal human urine and plasma. Other acylcarnitines were detected at levels of below the limit of detection to 12 nmol/ml. Good precision (0.8 to 14%) and accuracy (85 to 111%) were obtained; the achieved limits of quantitation (0.1 to 1 nmol/ml) are sufficient to characterize carnitine and acylcarnitine levels occurring as markers for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heinig
- Analytical Toxicology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Mardones C, Vizioli N, Carducci C, Rios A, Valcárcel M. Separation and determination of carnitine and acyl-carnitines by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Woollard DC, Indyk HE, Woollard GA. Enzymatic determination of carnitine in milk and infant formula. Food Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(96)00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Longo A, Bruno G, Curti S, Mancinelli A, Miotto G. Determination of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography after pre-column derivatization with 1-aminoanthracene. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 686:129-39. [PMID: 8971593 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of L-carnitine (LC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) and propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) in human plasma has been developed. Precolumn derivatization with 1-aminoanthracene (1AA), performed in phosphate buffer in the presence of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as catalyst, is involved. The fluorescent derivatives were isocratically separated on a reversed-phase column (C18). The eluate was monitored with a fluorimetric detector set at 248 nm (excitation wavelength) and 418 nm (emission wavelength). Because of the presence of endogenous carnitines, the validation was performed using dialyzed plasma. The identity of the derivatized compounds was assessed by mass spectrometry and the purity of the chromatographic peaks was confirmed by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of quantitation were 5 nmol/ml for LC, 1 nmol/ml for ALC and 0.25 nmol/ml for PLC. The recovery of the extraction procedure was in the range 82.6%-95.4% for all 3 compounds. Good linearity (R approximately 0.99) was observed within the calibration ranges studied: 5-160 nmol/ml for LC, 1-32 nmol/ml for ALC and 0.25-8 nmol/ml for PLC. Precision was in the range 0.3-16.8% and accuracy was always lower than 10.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Longo
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Metabolism, Sigma-tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite, Rome, Italy
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13
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Dorsey JG, Cooper WT, Siles BA, Foley JP, Barth HG. Liquid Chromatography: Theory and Methodology. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/a19600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Dorsey
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3006
| | - William T. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-3006
| | - Barbara A. Siles
- Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795
| | - Joe P. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085-1699
| | - Howard G. Barth
- Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, P. O. Box 80228, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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