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Critical parameters for design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs: recent trends. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2335-2358. [PMID: 35013982 PMCID: PMC8747862 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, the groundbreaking concept of the magic bullet was given by Paul Ehrlich. Since then, this concept has been extensively explored in various forms to date. The concept of multivalency is among such advancements of the magic bullet concept. Biologically, the concept of multivalency plays a critical role in significantly huge numbers of biochemical interactions. This concept is the sole reason behind the higher affinity of biological molecules like viruses to more selectively target the host cell surface receptors. Multivalent nanoconstructs are a promising approach for drug delivery by the active targeting principle. Designing and developing effective and target-specific multivalent drug delivery nanoconstructs, on the other hand, remain a challenge. The underlying reason for this is a lack of understanding of the crucial interactions between ligands and cell surface receptors, as well as the design of nanoconstructs. This review highlights the need for a better theoretical understanding of the multivalent effect of what happens to the receptor-ligand complex after it has been established. Furthermore, the critical parameters for designing and developing robust multivalent systems have been emphasized. We have also discussed current advances in the design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs for drug delivery. We believe that a thorough knowledge of theoretical concepts and experimental methodologies may transform a brilliant idea into clinical translation.
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Function Oriented Molecular Design: Dendrimers as Novel Antimicrobials. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101581. [PMID: 28934169 PMCID: PMC6151464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years innovative nanostructures are attracting increasing interest and, among them, dendrimers have shown several fields of application. Dendrimers can be designed and modified in plentiful ways giving rise to hundreds of different molecules with specific characteristics and functionalities. Biomedicine is probably the field where these molecules find extraordinary applicability, and this is probably due to their multi-valency and to the fact that several other chemicals can be coupled to them to obtain desired compounds. In this review we will describe the different production strategies and the tools and technologies for the study of their characteristics. Finally, we provide a panoramic overview of their applications to meet biomedical needs, especially their use as novel antimicrobials.
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van Dongen M, Dougherty CA, Banaszak Holl MM. Multivalent polymers for drug delivery and imaging: the challenges of conjugation. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3215-34. [PMID: 25120091 PMCID: PMC4157765 DOI: 10.1021/bm500921q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent polymers offer a powerful opportunity to develop theranostic materials on the size scale of proteins that can provide targeting, imaging, and therapeutic functionality. Achieving this goal requires the presence of multiple targeting molecules, dyes, and/or drugs on the polymer scaffold. This critical review examines the synthetic, analytical, and functional challenges associated with the heterogeneity introduced by conjugation reactions as well as polymer scaffold design. First, approaches to making multivalent polymer conjugations are discussed followed by an analysis of materials that have shown particular promise biologically. Challenges in characterizing the mixed ligand distributions and the impact of these distributions on biological applications are then discussed. Where possible, molecular-level interpretations are provided for the structures that give rise to the functional ligand and molecular weight distributions present in the polymer scaffolds. Lastly, recent strategies employed for overcoming or minimizing the presence of ligand distributions are discussed. This review focuses on multivalent polymer scaffolds where average stoichiometry and/or the distribution of products have been characterized by at least one experimental technique. Key illustrative examples are provided for scaffolds that have been carried forward to in vitro and in vivo testing with significant biological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory
A. van Dongen
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
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van Dongen MA, Vaidyanathan S, Banaszak Holl MM. PAMAM Dendrimers as Quantized Building Blocks for Novel Nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:10.1039/C3SM52250D. [PMID: 24319491 PMCID: PMC3852679 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The desire to synthesize soft supramolecular structures with size scales similar to biological systems has led to work in assembly of polymeric nanomaterials. Recent advances in the isolation of generationally homogenous poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer enables their use as quantized building blocks. Here, we report their assembly into precise nanoclusters. In this work, click-functional ligands are stochastically conjugated to monomeric generation 5 PAMAM dendrimer and separated via reverse-phase HPLC to isolate dendrimers with precise numbers of click ligands per dendrimer particle. The click-ligand/dendrimer conjugates are then employed as modular building blocks for the synthesis of defined nanostructures. Complimentary click chemistry employing dendrimers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 ring-strained cyclooctyne ligands and dendrimers with 1 azide ligand were utilized to prepare megamer structures containing 2 to 5 ~30,000 kDa monomer units as characterized by mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The resulting structures are flexible with masses ranging from 60,000 to 150,000 kDa, and are soluble in water, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A. van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Dohnal V, Malý J, Havlíčková M, Semerádtová A, Herman D, Kuča K. A new concept in the separation of polyethyleneglycol-modified PAMAM dendrons by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:321-8. [PMID: 23613158 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a unique high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and applied for monitoring the synthesis of polyethyleneglycol surface modified poly(amidoamine) cystamine core dendrimers (PEG-PAMAMs) and PEG-PAMAM-alkynes with a single alkyne moiety attached to the core of a dendron through a unique sulfhydryl group. The separation of the products was performed on a column with a pentafluorphenylpropyl stationary phase, allowing multiple mechanisms of selectivity. More than 50 peaks were separated in one run, reflecting the degree of dendrimer PEGylation (PEG average molecular mass: 3,000). Moreover, modification of PAMAM with a single alkyne group could be distinguished. The developed method can be used for the general characterization and separation of PAMAM derivatives, in which the degree of modification is critical for final applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Dohnal
- 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, CZ-500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Shi X, Bi X, Ganser TR, Hong S, Myc LA, Desai A, Holl MMB, Baker JR. HPLC analysis of functionalized poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and the interaction between a folate-dendrimer conjugate and folate binding protein. Analyst 2006; 131:842-8. [PMID: 16802031 DOI: 10.1039/b602546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations with carboxyl, acetyl, and hydroxyl terminal groups and a folic acid (FA)-dendrimer conjugate were separated and analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of both the individual PAMAM derivatives and the separation of mixed generations can be achieved using a linear gradient 0-50% acetonitrile (ACN) (balance water) within 40 min. We also show that PAMAMs with defined acetylation and carboxylation degrees can be analyzed using HPLC. Furthermore, a generation 5 dendrimer-FA conjugate (G5.75Ac-FA4; Ac denotes acetyl) was analyzed and its specific binding with a bovine folic acid binding protein (FBP) was monitored. The HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results indicate the formation of three complexes after the binding of G5.75Ac-FA4 with FBP. Dendrimers with FA moieties show much higher specific binding capability with FBP than those without FA moieties. Findings from this study indicate that HPLC is an effective technique not only for characterization and separation of functionalized PAMAM dendrimers and conjugates but also for investigation of the interaction between dendrimers and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Shi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Bu L, Nonidez WK, Mays JW, Tan NB. MALDI/TOF/MS and SEC Study of Astromol Dendrimers Having Cyano End Groups. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990458p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - William K. Nonidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jimmy W. Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Nora Beck Tan
- Polymers Research Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, APG, Maryland 21005-5096
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Lochmann L, Janata M, Holler P, Tuzar Z, Kratochvíl P. A Novel Method for Preparation of Block Copolymers. Selective Multisite Functionalization of Block Copolymers via Metalation and Reaction with Electrophiles. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960910u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Lochmann
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holler
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Tuzar
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kratochvíl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Lochmann L, Fréchet JMJ. Controlled Functionalization of Polystyrene: Introduction of Reactive Groups by Multisite Metalation with Superbase and Reaction with Electrophiles. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir Lochmann
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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Fréchet JMJ, Hawker CJ, Wooley KL. The Convergent Route to Globular Dendritic Macromolecules: A Versatile Approach to Precisely Functionauzed Three-Dimensional Polymers and Novel Block Copolymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329408545873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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