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Kohlmeier V, Dragan GC, Karg EW, Schnelle-Kreis J, Breuer D, Forbes PBC, Rohwer ER, Zimmermann R. Multi-channel silicone rubber traps as denuders for gas-particle partitioning of aerosols from semi-volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:676-686. [PMID: 28378867 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During many measurements it is important to account for possible changes in the gas-particle distribution of aerosols containing semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). If denuders are combined with currently used personal air samplers, a simultaneous differential sampling of the gas and particle phase is possible. Here we analysed the transmission efficiency of denuders based on multi-channel silicone rubber traps (setup: 9 cm long glass liner (ID 4 mm), containing 22 parallel silicone rubber tubes (55 mm long, ID 0.3 mm, OD 0.5 mm)) with polystyrene latex (PSL) particles for different scenarios. n-Hexadecane, dimethyl phthalate and diethylene glycol gases were used to measure the time-dependent gas phase collection efficiency of a denuder. Additionally, the evaporation of n-hexadecane aerosol particles passing through the denuders was investigated. Our results showed high transmission efficiencies from 91 to 100% (variation coefficients 3.69-9.65%) for the denuders operated vertically at a flow rate of 0.5 l min-1. With regard to the gas phase collection efficiency, nonpolar n-hexadecane gas was trapped with higher efficiency (87% after 22 h) than dimethyl phthalate gas (27% after 22 h), while for highly polar diethylene glycol the gas phase collection efficiency was 50% after 2 h. Regarding the evaporation of aerosol particles, smaller particles and lower flow rates led to higher particle volume reduction inside the denuders. In conclusion, the tested denuders are suitable for determining the gas-particle partitioning of SVOC aerosols of nonpolar substances and show above 90% transmission for all tested particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesta Kohlmeier
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Forbes PB, Karg EW, Zimmermann R, Rohwer ER. The use of multi-channel silicone rubber traps as denuders for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 730:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Time-resolved chromatographic analysis and mechanisms in adsorption and catalysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1567-606. [PMID: 19150072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main object of this review is the study of fundamentals of adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis, a benefit for the understanding of adsorptive and catalytic properties. This work aims to define and record, with the utmost accuracy, the phenomena and the possible reactions. A new methodology for the study of the adsorption is presented, which is a version of the well-known inverse gas chromatography. This reversed-flow inverse gas chromatography (RF-IGC) is technically very simple, and it is combined with a mathematical analysis that gives the possibility for the estimation of various physicochemical parameters related to adsorbent or catalyst characterization, under conditions compatible with the operation of real adsorbents and catalysts. On this base, this methodology has been successfully applied to the study of the impact of air pollutants, volatile organic and/or inorganic, on many solids such as marbles, ceramics, oxide-pigments of works of art, building materials, authentic statues of the Greek Archaeological Museums. Moreover, this methodology proved to be a powerful tool for studying the topography of active sites of heterogeneous surfaces in the nano-scale domain. Thus, some very important local quantities for the surface chemistry have been determined experimentally for many solids including thin films. These physicochemical local quantities (among which adsorption energy and entropy, surface diffusion coefficient, probability density function) have been determined from the experimental pairs of height of extra chromatographic peaks and time by a nonlinear least-squares method, through personal computer programs written in GW BASIC and lately in FORTRAN. Through the time-resolved analysis the surface characterization of the examined materials took place. In addition, the kinetic constants responsible for adsorption/desorption and surface chemical reactions have also been calculated. Thus, important answers have been provided to the following essential questions: (1) Can RF-IGC define the gnostic regions of adsorption/desorption, surface diffusion, surface reaction? Yes, irrefutably and undeniably. (2) Can RF-IGC deal with issues of catalysis, the existence of more than one reaction? Certainly yes. Indeed, it is impressive to observe the reactions "on line". (3) Can RF-IGC identify peaks of products and reactants simultaneously? Certainly yes. (4) Can RF-IGC be applied to thin films in a nano-scale domain? The answer is "definitely yes". (5) Can it kinetically follow the above? Yes, again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Roubani-Kalantzopoulou
- National Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., 157 80 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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Agelakopoulou T, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Hydrogenation of 1-butene on nanosized Pd/ZnO catalysts. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Grajek H. Rediscovering the problem of interpretation of chromatographically determined enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of different adsorbates on carbon materials. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1145:1-50. [PMID: 17307187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbate-adsorbent and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions having decisive influence on the distribution of adsorbate between gas-solid phases in inverse gas chromatography (IGC) have been thermodynamically explained. Specific retention volumes, second adsorption virial coefficients and Kováts retention indices, likewise their dependencies on column temperature, T, number of carbon atoms, n(C) (or methylene groups CH(2)) and mutual ones have been briefly presented. The results of the molar differential enthalpy and entropy of adsorption obtained for different carbon materials employing inverse gas chromatography have been collected and interpreted. An attempt has been made to elucidate abnormal behaviour of the specific and net retention volumes, the second adsorption virial coefficients and the Kováts retention indices, e.g., the magnitudes on which the values of the afore-mentioned thermodynamic values have been determined and compared. The detailed analysis of the errors associated with the experimental parameters necessary for calculating retention volumes, second adsorption virial coefficients and Kováts retention indices has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Grajek
- Military Technical Academy, Department of Advanced Technology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Kaliski st. 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
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Gavril D. REVERSED FLOW GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: A TOOL FOR INSTANTANEOUS MONITORING OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC PROCESSES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gavril
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , 26500 Patras, Greece
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Arvanitopoulou E, Nikolaropoulos SS, Bazoti F, Katsanos NA. PHYSICOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUIDS BY SIMPLE HPLC INSTRUMENTATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Arvanitopoulou
- a Physical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Patras , Patras, 26504, Greece
| | | | - F. Bazoti
- a Physical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Patras , Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - N. A. Katsanos
- b Physical Chemistry Laboratory , University of Patras , Patras, 26504, Greece
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Margariti S, Bassiotis I, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Physicochemical characterization of interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 274:413-20. [PMID: 15144812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-flow inverse gas chromatography (RF-IGC) was used to measure, directly from experimental data, adsorption energies, local adsorption isotherms, the probability density function for the adsorption energies, and lateral interaction parameters, as distributed over experimental time. Local isotherms and the distribution energy function were correlated with adsorption energy. The results obtained are comparable to those calculated on the basis of the well-known integral equation. The RF-IGC method was used with the two most common hydrocarbons, acetylene and 1-butene, as probe gases, in the presence and absence of ozone, and with magnesium oxide and silicon oxide as solid adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Margariti
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC), apart from the qualitative and quantitative analysis of gaseous mixtures, offers many possibilities for physicochemical measurements, among which the most important is the determination of diffusion coefficients of gases in gases and liquids and on solids. The gas chromatographic techniques used for the measurement of diffusion coefficients, namely the methods based on the broadening of the chromatographic elution peaks, and those based on the perturbation of the carrier gas flow-rate, are reviewed from the GC viewpoint, considering their running though the history, the experimental arrangement and procedure, the appropriate mathematical analysis and the main results with brief discussions. The experimental data on diffusion coefficients, determined by the various gas chromatographic techniques, are compared with those quoted in the literature or estimated by the known empirical equations predicting diffusion coefficients. This comparison permits the calculation of the precision and accuracy of the techniques applied to the measurement of diffusion coefficients.
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Abstract
This literature review of the fundamental developments in gas-solid adsorption isotherms includes articles published from 1933 until now. Analytical and numerical methods used for calculating the adsorption energy distribution function, as a quantitative measure of surface heterogeneity, are included. Special attention is paid to inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and more precisely to a new version of IGC known as reversed-flow gas chromatography (RF-IGC or RF-GC). RF-GC is presented as a quick, precise and effective method to investigate physicochemical properties of different kinds of adsorbents, through adsorption isotherms and related energetic parameter determinations. Advantages of the RF-GC method over traditional chromatographic methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Roubani-Kalantzopoulou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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Atta KR, Gavril D, Loukopoulos V, Karaiskakis G. Study of the influence of surfactants on the transfer of gases into liquids by inverse gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:287-96. [PMID: 14753695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The experimental technique of the reversed-flow version of inverse gas chromatography was applied for the study of effects of surfactants in reducing air-water exchange rates. The vinyl chloride (VC)-water system was used as a model, which is of great importance in environmental chemistry. Using suitable mathematical analysis, various physicochemical quantities were calculated, among which the most significant are: Partition coefficients of the VC gas between the surfactant interface and the carrier gas nitrogen, as well as between the bulk of the water + surfactant solution and the carrier gas nitrogen, overall mass transfer coefficients of VC in the liquid (water + surfactant) and the gas (nitrogen) phases, water and surfactant film transfer coefficients, nitrogen, water and surfactant phase resistances for the transfer of VC into the water solution, relative resistance of surfactant in the transfer of VC into the bulk of solution, exchange velocity of VC between nitrogen and the liquid solution, and finally the thickness of the surfactant stagnant film in the liquid phase, according to the three phase resistance model. From the variation of the above parameters with the surfactant's concentration, important conclusions concerning the effects of surfactants on the transfer of a gas at the air-liquid interface, as well as to the bulk of the liquid were extracted. An interesting finding of this work was also that by successive addition of surfactant, the critical micelle concentration of surfactant was obtained, after which follows a steady-state for the transfer of the gas into the water body, which could be attributed to the transition from mono- to multi-layer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Rashid Atta
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, P.O. Box 1045, Patras GR-26504, Greece
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Katsanos NA, Gavril D, Karaiskakis G. Time-resolved determination of surface diffusion coefficients for physically adsorbed or chemisorbed species on heterogeneous surfaces, by inverse gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 983:177-93. [PMID: 12568381 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new simple method is developed for measuring surface diffusion coefficients Ds of gases adsorbed on heterogeneous surfaces, using the reversed-flow version of inverse gas chromatography. The Ds values are found in a time-resolved way, together with the corresponding adsorption energy values, the local adsorbed concentrations, and the local adsorption isotherm values. A relative dynamic adsorption rate constant, an adsorption/desorption rate constant, and a surface reaction rate constant are also found in the same experiment, together with the total diffusion coefficient of the gas in the solid bed. The method has been applied for carbon monoxide, oxygen gas, and carbon dioxide as adsorbates on 75% Pt+25% Rh catalyst supported on SiO2, at 593.8 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Katsanos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece.
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Abstract
Since the first publication on the method, reversed-flow gas chromatography has been used to "separate" physicochemical quantities by measuring the value of one in the presence of another. The experimental arrangement consists of a small modification of a commercial gas chromatograph, so that it includes a four- or six-port gas sampling valve, and a simple cell placed inside the chromatographic oven. This cell suppresses the effects of the carrier gas flow on the physicochemical phenomena taking place in the stationary phase. These phenomena pertain to chemical kinetics, diffusion in gases, liquids and surfaces, mass transfer across gas-liquid and gas-solid boundaries, local adsorption on heterogeneous solid surfaces, etc.
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Kalogirou E, Bassiotis I, Artemiadi T, Margariti S, Siokos V, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Experimental adsorption isotherms based on inverse gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 969:81-6. [PMID: 12385379 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new chromatographic perturbation method is used for studying the adsorption-desorption equilibrium in various gas-solid heterogeneous systems. It is the reversed-flow method giving accurate and precise values of many physicochemical constants including the basic and necessary adsorption isotherm values. For four inorganic oxides, namely, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and PbO, and two aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene) these adsorption isotherms have been determined through a non-linear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kalogirou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Siokos V, Kapolos J, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Physicochemical Characterization of Inorganic Pigments in the Presence of Gaseous Pollutants. The Role of Ozone. Z PHYS CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2002.216.11.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Reversed–Flow Gas Chromatography technique was used to study the interaction of volatile hydrocarbons on three inorganic pigments, namely, CdS, ZnS and Cr
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Rashid KA, Gavril D, Katsanos NA, Karaiskakis G. Flux of gases across the air-water interface studied by reversed-flow gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 934:31-49. [PMID: 11762762 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work the reversed-flow gas chromatographic technique was applied for the study of flux of gases across the air-water interface. The model system was vinyl chloride-water, which is of great significance in food and environmental chemistry. Using suitable mathematical analysis, equations were derived by means of which the following physicochemical quantities were calculated: diffusion coefficient of vinyl chloride (VC) into water, partition coefficient of VC between the water (at the interface and the bulk) and the carrier gas nitrogen, overall mass transfer coefficients of VC in the gas (nitrogen) and the liquid (water), gas and liquid film transfer coefficients of VC, gas and liquid phase resistances for the transfer of VC into the water, and finally the thickness of the stagnant film in the liquid phase, according to the two-film theory of Whitman. From the variation of the above parameters with temperature, as well as the volume and the free surface area of the water, useful conclusions concerning the mechanism for the transfer of VC into water were extracted. These are discussed in comparison with the same parameters calculated from empirical equations or determined experimentally by other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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Dudek M, Wolska L, Pilarczyk M, Zygmunt B, Namiešnik J. Studies on the Use of Commercial Capillary Gas Chromatographic Columns as Diffusion Denuders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20000601)23:6<449::aid-jhrc449>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Katsanos NA, De Santis F, Cordoba A, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F, Pasella D. Corrosive effects from the deposition of gaseous pollutants on surfaces of cultural and artistic value inside museums. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 1999; 64:21-36. [PMID: 10337391 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the project were to assess the critical relationships between environmental factors and damage of the artifacts and other cultural property exposed inside museums, by studying: (a) the outdoor/indoor pollutant concentration and their transfer inside the museum; (b) the distribution and circulation of pollutants inside the museum influenced by various factors; (c) chemical interactions between pollutants in the gas phase leading to removal and/or formation of secondary pollutants; (d) the final deposition of the indoor pollutants on surfaces of artistic interest and the damage on them, governed by strictly defined physicochemical parameters. All the above information, together with the main factors influencing each stage, were obtained by applying the methodology developed and described in detail here. Measurements of rate constants of reactions in the gas phase, of physicochemical deposition parameters on artefacts, and the synergistic effects of pollutants on the deposition parameters, were conducted. Seven PC programmes for analysing the experimental data were written and used. The pollutants, the solid materials and the museums chosen in this programme are only examples needed to develop the necessary methodology. The numerical results obtained serve the purpose of exemplifying the procedures and not enriching the world's bibliography with useless empirical information. Two commercially available protectives for marble were investigated from the point of view of their reactivity towards SO2 by using a diffusional technique. From measurements of SO2 concentration carried out on three types of marble, the deposition velocities have been calculated. Indoor monitoring of the church of San Luigi dei Francesi and of the Museo della Civiltá Romana in Rome has shown that indoor production of nitrous acid most likely results from heterogeneous reactions indoors, on the walls and the exposed surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Katsanos
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Patras, Greece.
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Katsanos NA, Thede R, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Diffusion, adsorption and catalytic studies by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A differential method for the analysis of chemical kinetics results based on reversed-flow gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02495328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zahariou-Rakanta H, Kalantzopoulos A, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F. Chromatographic study of the influence of nitrogen dioxide on the reactions between volatile hydrocarbons and inorganic pigments. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abatzoglou C, Iliopoulou E, Katsanos N, Roubani-Kalantzopoulou F, Kalantzopoulos A. Deposition parameters of air pollutants on solid surfaces, measured in the presence of surface and gaseous reactions, with a simultaneous determination of the experimental isotherms. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gas chromatographic determination of rate constants in bimolecular gaseous reactions. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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