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Shibamoto S, Lu W, Sato A. A multifunction flow channel switching module for multi-column capillary gas chromatography using silicon pneumatic microvalves. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463961. [PMID: 37060856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Decades ago, multi-column GC was developed for separating analytes which cannot be separated with a single column by switching the flow channels and introducing them into multiple columns. Formerly, a channel switching system consisted of stainless-tube-type packed columns and multi-port switching valves which were connected by stainless-steel pipes. These systems utilizing packed columns are still widely used today, mainly for gas analysis, especially for refinery gas analysis and natural gas analysis related to oil refining. However, there have been no new development updates in terms of hardware for decades. Since multi-port switching valves are used, there are problems such as the high frequency of valve replacements due to wear of seals, high running costs as well as long downtimes. In recent years, a heart-cutting multidimensional capillary GC using pressure switching devices such as the Deans switch has been put into practical use. Compared to the switching valves, the pressure switching devices have no wearing parts and are maintenance-free. Multi-dimensional capillary GC using the pressure-switching method cannot be applied to the analysis of low-boiling-point gasses because the retention capacity of the capillary column is low and the column inlet pressure is far from the optimum value for switching. Because of this another related factors, it has not been able to completely replace the traditional methods. In this study, an ON/OFF type silicon pneumatic microvalve was designed and fabricated by semiconductor manufacturing technology, and a flow channel switching module was developed by mounting microvalves on a metallic channel plate which is made by diffusion bonding. The flow channel switching module using silicon pneumatic microvalves has a heat resistance of up to 310 °C, can withstand pressures up to 1.5 MPA or more, and a durability that can withstand over 2 million opening and closing operations. In addition, the reproducibility of the gas sample analysis showed good reproducibility values of RSD 0.1% or less for peak areas and RSD 0.01 to 0.04% for retention time. Flow path switching without the use of pressure switching simplifies method development in several ways. For instance, by incorporating the use of valves that can be opened and closed independently, it was possible to integrate several methods such as heart cut, precut, column switching, and backflushing flow path layouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Shibamoto
- Shimadzu Corporation, 3-9-4, Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan.
| | - Wenjian Lu
- Shimadzu Corporation, 3-9-4, Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sato
- Shimadzu Corporation, 3-9-4, Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Parallel Ionic Liquid Semi-Packed Microfabricated Columns for Complex Gas Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10635-10642. [PMID: 32640785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a parallel micro gas chromatography approach using three ionic liquid semipacked columns. Switching from single column to multiple parallel columns with different selectivity enhances the power of compound identification without increasing the analysis time. The columns are fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology containing an array of microfabricated pillars. The columns are 1 m-long and 240 μm-deep with four pillars per row. All columns were functionalized with ionic liquid stationary phases using a modified static coating technique and demonstrated the number of theoretical plates between 5000 and 8300 per meter. The chip performance was investigated with four different samples: (1) a mixture of C7-C30 saturated alkanes, (2) a multianalyte mixture consisting of 20 compounds ranging from 80 to 238 °C in boiling point, (3) a mixture of five organic chemicals with varying degrees of polarity, and (4) 46-compounds mixture containing all the chemicals in the first three samples. The individual columns separated 75%-100% of the first three samples but failed to distinguish all 46 compounds due to coeluting analytes; however, the parallel configuration provided more retention time information by which all the compounds in all samples were fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Martínez RM, Barba C, Robredo S, Herraiz M. Improving enantiomeric resolutions by avoiding peak distortion effects in on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography. Chirality 2019; 31:879-891. [PMID: 31429160 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study the effect of different variables affecting elution profile distortion on the enantiomeric resolution eventually achievable when working with on-line coupled liquid chromatography to gas chromatography (LC-GC). Specifically, the proposed configuration combines achiral reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and chiral gas chromatography (enantio-GC), with heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin as enantioselective stationary phase to analyse target fractions transferred (from LC to GC) via the through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. The high degree of orthogonality resulting from the combination of two chromatographic columns having very different separation mechanisms (and also requiring mobile phases in distinct physical states), as well as integration of the sample preparation step in the first dimension of the system, significantly contributed to exploit the performance of the proposed two-dimensional approach. Occasional adverse effects, which may result in severe peak distortions during LC-GC analysis and could be explained by flow instabilities due to viscous fingering, are circumvented by using the outstanding capacity of the TOTAD interface for achieving effective elimination of the eluent arriving from the LC preseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Robredo
- Laboratorio Arbitral Agroalimentario (LAA), Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Beach CA, Joseph KE, Dauenhauer PJ, Spanjers CS, Jones AJ, Mountziaris TJ. Complete carbon analysis of sulfur‐containing mixtures using postcolumn reaction and flame ionization detection. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Beach
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis MN55455
- Catalysis Center for Energy InnovationNewark DE19716
| | - Kristeen E. Joseph
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis MN55455
- Catalysis Center for Energy InnovationNewark DE19716
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis MN55455
- Catalysis Center for Energy InnovationNewark DE19716
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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Blase RC, Patrick EL, Mitchell JN, Libardoni M. Analysis of cave atmospheres by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with flame ionization detection (FID). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) methods are high-resolution volatile chemical separation techniques, and comprise classical heart-cutting MDGC and its more recent incarnation, comprehensive 2D GC. Although available for a long period, MDGC approaches are still not widely practiced in the field of bioanalysis, possibly reflecting the general preference for regular GC versus MDGC approaches. With the recent introduction of ‘-omic’ techniques that emphasize global nontargeted profiling of metabolites within living systems, it is evident that MDGC is gaining momentum as a separation tool, since it offers very high resolution. By untangling metabolites within highly complex biological matrices, and expanding the metabolic coverage, MDGC plays a frontline role in ‘-omics’ based studies. This review highlights state-of-the-art MDGC approaches, and summarizes the recent developments in bioanalytics.
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Martínez RM, Herraiz M, Santa-María G, Barba C. On-line coupled reversed phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography: a new sealing design for the TOTAD interface. Talanta 2014; 120:23-9. [PMID: 24468337 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total elimination of the eluent resulting from the pre-separation step is the critical point when coupling LC to GC. As a helium flow is applied during transfer to eliminate the solvent, the interface used for linking the two chromatographic systems must be properly sealed to prevent gas leaks and to achieve an effective evaporation of the eluent. The aim of this work was to improve the performance of the Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption (TOTAD) interface to remove the eluent coming from LC by modifying the way in which the injector sealing system is held in place. As with the original design, the new approach makes it possible to transfer high volumes at a high rate, but the proposed modification also simplifies the experimental work because the displacement risk of the sealing system is reduced. Analyses of an ester mixture by RPLC-GC were performed to confirm the applicability of the system modification. In this work, volumes of up to 5 ml, at flow rates as high as 2 ml/min, were transferred from LC to GC with almost complete solvent removal even when working in reversed phase mode in the LC step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santa-María
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Barba C, Santa-María G, Herraiz M, Martínez RM. Direct enantiomeric analysis of Mentha essential oils. Food Chem 2013; 141:542-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Ahmed TM, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R. Automated clean-up, separation and detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter extracts from urban dust and diesel standard reference materials using a 2D-LC/2D-GC system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Ghosh A, Bates CT, Seeley SK, Seeley JV. High speed Deans switch for low duty cycle comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1291:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Enantiomeric analysis of limonene and carvone by direct introduction of aromatic plants into multidimensional gas chromatography. Talanta 2013; 106:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte L. Sample pre-fractionation of environmental and food samples using LC-GC multidimensional techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Multi-dimensional gas chromatography with a planar microfluidic device for the characterization of volatile oxygenated organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Xie F, Shang J, Guo J, Ge Z, Zhang S. Determination of seven nitrobenzene compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke with heart-cutting two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:387-92. [PMID: 22402449 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A heart-cutting two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) method was developed for the determination of nitrobenzene compounds (NBCs) in mainstream cigarette smoke. For the method, the particulate matter of cigarette smoke was extracted with cyclohexane, purified with a silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and analyzed by heart-cutting two-dimensional GC equipped with two electron capture detectors. The heart-cutting two-dimensional GC was achieved by a single-column GC oven equipped with a microfluidic pressure balanced device (Deans switch). Two-dimensional GC was compared to single-dimensional GC and found to be clearly better for the separation of seven NBCs from a complex smoke matrix. The limits of detection ranged from 1.28 to 9.83 ng/mL, spiked recoveries were between 88.3 and 106.8% and relative standard deviation ranged from 2.79 to 12.78%. The NBCs yields of six kinds of Chinese and international cigarettes brands, which were all smoked according to two smoking protocols (International Organization for Standardization and Health Canada Intense smoking regimens), were determined and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Xie
- Chemistry Department of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
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16
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Barba C, Martínez RM, Calvo MM, Santa-María G, Herraiz M. Chiral analysis by online coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chirality 2012; 24:420-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Rosa M. Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta M. Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Guillermo Santa-María
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
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18
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Barba C, Santa-María G, Herraiz M, Calvo M. Rapid detection of radiation-induced hydrocarbons in cooked ham. Meat Sci 2012; 90:697-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Tranchida PQ, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L. Heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography: A review of recent evolution, applications, and future prospects. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 716:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Seeley JV. Recent advances in flow-controlled multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:24-37. [PMID: 22305357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The continued development of flow-controlled two-dimensional gas chromatography (2-D GC) is reviewed, with a special emphasis on results published from 2001 through 2011. Heart-cutting 2-D GC continues to be used for isolating selected components in complex mixtures. The programmable and highly precise flows and temperatures produced by modern gas chromatographs have made it easier to selectively transfer analytes to the secondary column and to backflush unwanted components from the primary column. Several new Deans switch interfaces for performing heart-cutting 2-D GC have been introduced, with most attention given to devices that integrate the flow connections into a single unit. Heart-cutting 2-D GC has been used to isolate analytes in a wide variety of complex mixtures including fuels, industrial feedstocks, fragrances, and environmental extracts. Valve-based comprehensive 2-D GC (GC×GC) was also actively developed in the past decade. Valve-based modulation is a simple way to generate GC×GC separations without using cryogenic fluids. More than ten new valve-based modulators were introduced. Diaphragm valves fitted with sample loops are the most common low duty cycle modulators, whereas fluidic modulators that employ differential flow conditions are the most common high duty cycle modulators. Applications of valve-based GC×GC include analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, essential oils, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Seeley
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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21
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Arsene C, Vione D, Grinberg N, Olariu RI. GC × GC-MS HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica , Università di Torino , Torino, Italy
- c Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- d Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
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22
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Stereodifferentiation of some chiral aroma compounds in wine using solid phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Evaluation of tea tree oil quality and ascaridole: A deep study by means of chiral and multi heart-cuts multidimensional gas chromatography system coupled to mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6422-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Guthery B, Bassindale T, Bassindale A, Pillinger CT, Morgan GH. Qualitative drug analysis of hair extracts by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4402-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Combination of chemical and electron-impact ionisation with GC×GC–qMS for characterization of fatty alcohol alkoxylate polymers in the low-molecular-weight range up to 700 Da. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2273-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Wulf V, Wienand N, Wirtz M, Kling HW, Gäb S, Schmitz OJ. Analysis of special surfactants by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Optimization of a heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography-based method for the assessment of enantiomeric fractions of o,p′-DDT in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Multiple component isolation in preparative multidimensional gas chromatography with characterisation by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5740-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Gras R, Luong J, Carter V, Sieben L, Cortes H. Practical method for the measurement of Alkyl mercaptans in natural gas by multi-dimensional gas chromatography, capillary flow technology, and flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2776-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Ramos L, Brinkman UA. Chapter 1 Multidimensionality in Gas Chromatography: General Concepts. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Klee MS. Optimizing capillary column backflush to improve cycle time and reduce column contamination. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:88-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Luong J, Gras R, Yang G, Cortes H, Mustacich R. Multidimensional gas chromatography with capillary flow technology and LTM-GC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3385-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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GC×GC-ECD: a promising method for the determination of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1815-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Mastovska K. Chapter 6 Recent Developments in Chromatographic Techniques. FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Apps P. Low cost, robust, in-house hardware for heart cutting two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2338-49. [PMID: 17120818 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Natural materials are so complex that no single column can separate all of the components. Heart cutting 2-D GC (GC-GC) using a Deans switch provides maximum separation, but the requisite gas flow configurations have earned a reputation for being fiddly and time consuming to set up and tune, unless electronic gas controls and costly software are employed. A design for a vented Deans switch is presented that can be assembled in-house from standard commercial components. A vent to atmosphere replaces the balancing resistor, which solves the problem of balancing the pressures and flows, and requires no compensation for changes in gas viscosity and back-pressure during temperature programming. First and second dimension columns can both be run at optimum flow rates, even if they are of different diameters. Analyte detectability is preserved by cutting only the target fraction from the first column and transferring the whole of it to the second column. Cryotrapping the selected fraction allows cuts of any width, and transfer of analytes to the second column as sharp bands. I have applied the vented Deans switch-cold trap to the identification of flavour and fragrance compounds from South African plants and foods; cuts are very repeatable, and the detectability of trace components is enhanced. Its capabilities are demonstrated by examples from analyses of essential oils and flavour extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Apps
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.
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36
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Dunn MS, Vulic N, Shellie RA, Whitehead S, Morrison P, Marriott PJ. Targeted multidimensional gas chromatography for the quantitative analysis of suspected allergens in fragrance products. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:122-9. [PMID: 16934274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two approaches are described and compared for the analysis of suspected allergens (SAs) in fragrance products, which are defined by the Scientific Committee of Cosmetics and Non-Food Products (SCCNFP). The first consists of a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) experiment using both a "conventional" non-polar/polar column combination and an "inverse" polar/non-polar column set. The second approach uses a targeted multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) system employing a Deans type pneumatic switch and a longitudinally modulated cryogenic system (LMCS). It was found that the conventional and inverse column sets complement each other well, providing identification of SAs present. Compounds well retained on the second dimension of one column set were the first to be eluted from the other. In some instances SAs co-eluting with matrix components on the second dimension for a given column set were clearly resolved on the other, although this has the disadvantage of requiring two analytical runs. Targeted MDGC with a non-polar/polar column set, successfully separated all SAs identified within a fragrance product. The instrument is set up in a similar fashion to a GC x GC system though with longer second dimension ((2)D) column, a cryogenic trap at the beginning of the second column, and a pneumatic switch coupling both columns. The data are easier to process than for a GC x GC experiment. The targeted MDGC method has the capacity to deliver far greater efficiency to targeted regions of a primary separation than a GC x GC experiment, whilst still maintaining overall run times similar to those of a conventional one-dimensional (1D) GC experiment. Cryogenic focussing at the beginning of the (2)D column delivers enhanced sensitivity, accurate (2)D retention times and narrow peak widths; these are responsible for an increased resolution obtained from the fast, relatively short (approximately 5 m) (2)D column. The two column set GC x GC analysis provided a quick and effective means to qualitatively determine the presence of six SAs in a commercially available air freshener, however all were not adequately resolved from matrix components. In contrast, quantitation was straightforward using the targeted MDGC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Dunn
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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37
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Flores G, Ruiz del Castillo ML, Blanch GP, Herraiz M. Detection of the adulteration of olive oils by solid phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography. Food Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Adahchour M, Beens J, Vreuls R, Brinkman U. Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Mondello L, Casilli A, Tranchida PQ, Furukawa M, Komori K, Miseki K, Dugo P, Dugo G. Fast enantiomeric analysis of a complex essential oil with an innovative multidimensional gas chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:11-6. [PMID: 16439250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present research is focussed on the evaluation of a recently developed high performance multidimensional gas chromatographic (MDGC) system employed in the fast analysis of a series of chiral compounds contained in rosemary essential oil. The heart of the MDGC system consists in a simple transfer device for the rapid sequential re-injection of analyte "heart-cuts" from the first to the second dimension. The transfer system has no temperature restrictions, presents very low dead volumes and achieves multidimensional analysis through a pressure-balance mechanism. The MDGC set-up is characterized by two GC ovens (enabling independent temperature programming) and the possibility of mass spectrometric (MS) and/or flame ionization detection (FID). Multiple-cut conventional and fast MDGC-FID methods were developed and the results obtained compared, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the system. In this respect, the rapid method provided the same analytical result in a greatly reduced time (approximately five times less). Furthermore, quali/quantitative data reproducibilty was very good. Fast MDGC was achieved by using micro-bore (0.1mm I.D.) columns in both dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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40
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Jover E, Adahchour M, Bayona JM, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. Characterization of lipids in complex samples using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1086:2-11. [PMID: 16130651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most lipids are a complex mixture of classes of compounds such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, diols, sterols and hydroxy acids. In this study, the suitability of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-light mass spectrometer is studied for lipid characterization in complex samples. With lanolin, a refined wool wax, as test sample, it is demonstrated that combined methylation plus silylation is the preferred derivatization procedure to achieve (i) high-quality GC x GC separation and (ii) easily recognizable ordered structures in lipid analysis. Optimization of the GC x GC column combination, the influence of the temperature programme on the quality of the separation, and the potential and limitations of automated TOF-MS-based identification are discussed. The combined power of a 2D separation, ordered structures and MS detection is illustrated by the identification of several minor sample constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jover
- Department of Environmental Chemistry IIQAB-CS, C, c/Jordi Girona No. 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Begnaud F, Chaintreau A. Multidimensional gas chromatography using a double cool-strand interface. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1071:13-20. [PMID: 15865168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Commercial interfaces for multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) are based either on a valve or a pneumatic switching between columns. Both exhibit significant drawbacks and only few suppliers exist. An extremely simple interface has been set up to overcome these limitations without requiring any pneumatic control or valves switching. This new MDGC design is based on the cryo-control of the analyte transfer from the first to the second column through two cool strands of a capillary. This technique is simple to implement and does not require any special column connections. Applications involve non-polar/polar phase combinations, as well as chiral analysis, hyphenation to a conventional mass spectrometer, and olfactometric detection. In contrast to conventional MDGC configuration, the present configuration allows the use of a single oven to operate both columns at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Begnaud
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D Division, P.O. Box 239, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland
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42
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HORII Y, PETRICK G, OKADA M, AMANO K, KATASE T, GAMO T, YAMASHITA N. Congener-Specific Carbon Isotopic Analysis of 18 PCB Products Using Two Dimensional GC/IRMS. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi HORII
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Department of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University
| | - Gert PETRICK
- Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR)
| | - Makoto OKADA
- Department of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University
| | - Kazuo AMANO
- Department of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University
| | - Takao KATASE
- Chemistry for Bioresource & Environment Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | - Nobuyoshi YAMASHITA
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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43
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Hua R, Wang J, Kong H, Liu J, Lu X, Xu G. Analysis of sulfur-containing compounds in crude oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:691-8. [PMID: 15387464 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an analytical method for separating, identifying, and quantifying sulfur-containing compounds in crude oil fraction (IBP-360 degrees C) samples based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. Various sulfur-containing compounds and their groups were analyzed with one direct injection. 3620 peaks were detected including 1722 thiols/thioethers/ disulfides/1-ring thiophenes, 953 benzothiophenes, 704 dibenzothiophenes, and 241 benzonaphthothiophenes. The target sulfur compounds and their groups were identified based on the group separation feature and structured retention of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography as well as standard substances. The quantitative analysis of major sulfur-containing compounds and total sulfur was based on the linear response of the sulfur chemiluminescence detector using the internal standard method. The sulfur contents of target sulfur compounds and their groups in 4 crude oil fractions were also determined. The recoveries for standard sulfur-containing compounds were in the range of 90-102%. The quantitative result of total sulfur in the Oman crude oil fraction sample was compared with those from ASTM D 4294 standard method (total S by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), the relative deviation (RD%) was 4.2% and the precision of the method satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Hua
- National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China
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44
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Abstract
The introduction of novel, powerful and rapid multidimensional separation and characterization methods has produced revolutionary global changes at the genome, proteome and metabolome level, bringing about a radical transition in our views of living systems, at the molecular level. The age of proteomics and metabolomics demands high-resolution multidimensional separation techniques. Multidimensional gas and liquid chromatography techniques, in addition to capillary and microchip electrophoresis methods, offer increased resolution and sensitivity, while also affording adequate throughput and reproducibility to meet the demands of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Coupled with MS, these techniques provide not only separation but also reliable identification of the sample components. The resolving power of these methods has proved to be superior over individual one-dimensional approaches, enabling the comprehensive separation of complex biological mixtures, with excellent resolution and reproducibility. High capacity computer systems that are capable of rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis of the separation profiles allow the establishment and mining of large databases. Examples of various modern multidimensional separation techniques, and their integration with MS, are reviewed, here, with respect to pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Guttman
- Diversa Corp, 4955 Directors Pl, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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45
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Hua R, Li Y, Liu W, Zheng J, Wei H, Wang J, Lu X, Kong H, Xu G. Determination of sulfur-containing compounds in diesel oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1019:101-9. [PMID: 14650608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reports an analytical method for separating, identifying and quantitating sulfur-containing compounds and their groups in diesel oils (170-400 degrees C) using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector. The identification of target compounds and their groups was based on standard substances, the group separation feature and tile-effect of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. The quantitative analysis on major sulfur compounds and total sulfur was carried out based on the linear response of sulfur chemiluminescence detector and the internal standards method. The results of total sulfur determination in the samples were compared with those from ASTM D 4294 standard method, the R.S.D. percentage were <6.02%, correctness of this method can meet the industrial requirement. To the end, the method developed was used to investigate the sulfur-containing compounds in different diesel oils, the result shows that the distribution of sulfur-containing compounds in diesel oils from different process units are apparently different. The sulfur compounds in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), residuum fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) diesel oils mainly exist in the form of alkyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes that add up to about 40-50% of the total sulfur, while this number is only 6-8 and 20-28% in visbreaking (VB) and delayed-coking (DC) diesel oils, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Hua
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, China
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46
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Dallüge J, Beens J, Brinkman UAT. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: a powerful and versatile analytical tool. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:69-108. [PMID: 12877167 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) is a novel technique which is rapidly gaining importance for the analysis of complex samples. In the present review, attention is devoted to the principle and advantages, and main characteristics such as modulation, column combinations, detector requirements and data processing, of the technique. Specifically, GC x GC of a variety of real-life samples is discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the technique, with emphasis on the usefulness of the ordered-structure principle and on the analyte-identification power provided by a combination with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dallüge
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Marriott PJ, Haglund P, Ong RCY. A review of environmental toxicant analysis by using multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive GC. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 328:1-19. [PMID: 12559594 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the developments in coupled-column gas chromatography methods for qualitative analysis of selected environmental toxicants such as dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc. In particular, the new technique of GC x GC will be introduced, and its role, and the promise it offers to this field is discussed. The benefits of enhanced separation to quantitative analysis will be considered. In order to perform an accurate risk assessment, both the dose and biological effects of environmental toxicants have to be determined with a high degree of certainty. This is most often achieved by using chromatographic methods. Given the complexity of most environmental sample extracts, single-column gas chromatography is unable to fully resolve all the components of interest frequently leading to a positive bias in the reported concentrations. Advanced separation tools, such as multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), were investigated quite early and demonstrated improvements in separation. However, limitations in the number of target analytes that could be analyzed in a single run as well as insufficient robustness lead to a continued interest in alternative solutions. The parallel development of mass spectrometric identification and quantification strategies proved useful in many cases, although it frequently failed to provide positive identification of chromatographically unresolved isomeric compounds. More recently, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) may offer a solution to that problem, especially because it offers enhanced resolution for complex mixtures containing trace level environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Marriott
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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48
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Jagerdeo E, Dugar S, Foster GD, Schenck H. Analysis of ethyl carbamate in wines using solid-phase extraction and multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5797-5802. [PMID: 12358441 DOI: 10.1021/jf025559s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The method describes a rapid and accurate procedure for the analysis of ethyl carbamate in wines. The separation of the ethyl carbamate (EC), the target analyte, from alcohol and the sample matrix is a challenge to many analytical chemists. After alcohol removal from the sample, EC was extracted and concentrated by solid-phase extraction. For analysis of EC, large-volume injection on a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet was used followed by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS) using electron-impact ionization (EI). For quantitation, the ratio of ions produced during EI at m/z 62 (EC) and 64 (isotopically labeled EC) was monitored. The use of solid-phase extraction and MDGC/MS removes the majority of the matrix interference encountered in other methods. A linear dynamic range was established from 0.387 to 1160 ng/mL, with a limit of detection at 0.1 ng/mL and limit of quantitation at 1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar Jagerdeo
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 1401 Research Boulevard, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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49
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Samuel C, Davis JM. Statistical-overlap theory of column switching in gas chromatography: applications to flavor and fragrance compounds. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2293-305. [PMID: 12038754 DOI: 10.1021/ac011235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
First-column gas chromatograms (GCs) of hundreds of flavor and fragrance compounds, and second-column GCs of specific regions of these GCs, are predicted using thermodynamic databases in commercial software. A statistical-overlap theory of column switching with cryogenic focusing then is developed by mimicking the predicted GCs by two kinds of Monte Carlo simulations. In the first kind, a probability distribution is calculated for the number of compounds in a region of the first-column GC, based on the number of observed peaks in the region, the number of observed peaks in the second-column GC, and the retention-time distributions and breadths of single-component peaks in both GCs. In the second kind, criteria are established for the theory's application. The theory is applied to 12 regions of first-column GCs. The theory predicts the number of compounds in all of them and shows that separation rarely is complete in second-column GCs, when 10 or more compounds are transferred between columns. The theory also rationalizes the tedious search required to find good separation conditions by showing that column-switching gas chromatography with cryogenic focusing is inherently statistical. The number of peaks in the second-column GC can be greater than, less than, or equal to the number of peaks in the relevant region of the first-column GC, and the good conditions sought by researchers to substantially improve separation correspond to favorable "rolls of the dice" found only by trial and error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Samuel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 62901-4409, USA
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50
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Marriot PJ, Shellie R, Cornwell C. Gas chromatographic technologies for the analysis of essential oils. J Chromatogr A 2001; 936:1-22. [PMID: 11760992 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Essential oil analysis has basically had one technical goal: to achieve the best possible separation performance by using the most effective, available technology of the day. The result achieved from this may then be used to answer the research or industrial analysis questions which necessitated the analysis. This may be for comparative purposes, where one oil is contrasted with other(s) for quality control or investigation of adulteration, to discover new components, or to characterise the chemical classes of compounds present. Clearly, today the analyst turns to chromatography as the provider of separation and then may supplement that with mass spectrometry to aid identification. The power of GC-MS means that advances in both the separation technique, and improvements in mass spectrometry detection - along with improved data handling tools - will immediately be relevant to the essential oil area. This present review outlines the developmental nature of instrumental approaches to essential oil analysis using gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry will be included to the extent that it represents the hyphenation of choice for most analysts when analysing essential oils. Thus single-column and multi-dimensional analysis will be covered, as will sample handling or introduction techniques prior to the analysis step, where these techniques provide some measure of separation. The recent demonstration of comprehensive gas chromatography will be discussed as the potentially most powerful separation method for essential oils. This brief review is not intended to be a comprehensive dissertation on the field of essential oil analysis since that would require sufficient space to occupy a book in its own right. Rather, it will outline selected considerations and developments, to help explain where new technology has been applied to advantage in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Marriot
- Chromatography and Molecular Separations Group, Department of Applied Chemistry, GPO Box 2476V Melbourne 3001, RMIT University, Australia.
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