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Gopalakrishnan A, Bouby M, Schäfer AI. Membrane-organic solute interactions in asymmetric flow field flow fractionation: Interplay of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158891. [PMID: 36411600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure and size characterization of organic matter (OM) using flow field-flow fractionation (FFFF) is interesting due to the numerous interactions of OM in aquatic systems and water treatment processes. The estimation of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces involved in the fractionation of OM over different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes is vital for a better understanding of the FFFF process. This work aims to understand the membrane-OM interactive forces with respect to membrane MWCO, solute molecular weight, flow rates, solution pH and ionic strength. Polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt (PSS) of molecular weights 10, 30 and 65 kDa were used as model organic solutes for fractionation over ultrafiltration (UF) membranes of MWCO 1-30 kDa. Maximum fractionation of PSS was achieved by using a tight membrane of 1 kDa MWCO at the conditions of high permeate flow rate (1.5-2.0 mL·min-1), low concentrate flow rate (0.2-0.3 mL·min-1) and low ionic strength (10 mM). The better fractionation corresponds to high permeate drag force and low concentrate drag force. A low membrane-solute DLVO interaction is favourable for the retention of a small solute. This study illustrated that FFFF characteristics can be analyzed based on membrane-solute interactive forces controlled by selected flow, size and charge parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muriel Bouby
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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Kato H, Nakamura A, Banno H. Determination of number-based size distribution of silica particles using centrifugal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:409-418. [PMID: 31171356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the number-based size distribution of silica particles using the centrifugal field-flow fractionation (CF3) method was investigated. Since the accurate determination of the number-based size distribution of materials is essential in the fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, the establishment of a robust evaluation method is attractive. We explored optimization of the fractionation conditions for CF3 using silica particles. Using pure water media as the eluent, a band broadening effect was clearly found, and this effect became stronger with higher initial centrifugal field strengths. After addition of 0.05 wt% aqueous FL-70 as a dispersant in the eluent, size fractionation could be performed effectively at higher centrifugal field strengths, providing excellent size separation results. After optimization of the CF3 separation condition, we determined the number-based size distribution of silica particles using three methods: FE-SEM only, CF3 with multi-angle light scattering (CF3-MALS), and a combined CF3 with FE-SEM method (CF3-FE-SEM). To meaningfully compare the CF3-MALS results with the other two methods, we transformed the light scattering intensity to particle numbers using Mie theory. The determined number-based mean sizes of silica particles by the three methods agreed well; however, the evaluated standard deviation of the number-based size distribution of silica particles by the CF3-MALS method was slightly different. This was attributed to the unreliable sizing by MALS of smaller sized particles or low particle concentrations. The combined CF3-FE-SEM method provided near equal accuracy as the costly FE-SEM only and allowed for a significantly faster methodology because CF3 separation reduced the number of silica particles required for an accurate sizing down to just 50 particles per fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hidekuni Banno
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Tadjiki S, Beckett R. Experimental verification of the steric-entropic mode of retention in centrifugal field-flow fractionation using illite clay plates. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:60-66. [PMID: 29397986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The commonly used theory to describe the normal Brownian mode of field-flow fractionation (FFF) assumes the particles to be point masses and hence the shape is ignored. Beckett and Giddings extended this theory to include the effect of thin rods and discs being forced very close to the accumulation wall. By including the decrease in the entropy this causes, they derived new expressions for the retention of such nonspherical particles in FFF. The steric-entropic theory predicts that when the sample cloud thickness is less than the major dimension of the rods or discs then particles elute earlier than predicted by the Brownian mode theory. This leads to an underestimation of the buoyant mass and equivalent spherical diameter calculated from FFF data. In this paper we report for the first time experimental data for the retention of thin illite particles in centrifugal FFF that agrees well with these steric-entropic predictions. Not only do the size distributions calculated using the Brownian mode theory shift to lower size when the field is increased but the shift in the retention ratio of the peak maxima of the FFF fractograms could be predicted fairly accurately by the steric-entropic equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheyl Tadjiki
- Water Studies Centre and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Ronald Beckett
- Water Studies Centre and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Blo G, Contado C, Fagioli F, Rodriguez MHB, Dondi F. Analysis of kaolin by sedimentation field-flow fractionation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry detection. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Martin M, Beckett R. Size Selectivity in Field-Flow Fractionation: Lift Mode of Retention with Near-Wall Lift Force. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6540-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Martin
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH - UMR 7636 CNRS - ESPCI-ParisTech - Université Pierre et Marie Curie 6 - Université Paris Diderot), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ronald Beckett
- Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Williams PS, Carpino F, Zborowski M. Characterization of magnetic nanoparticles using programmed quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:4419-4437. [PMID: 20732895 PMCID: PMC2981903 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation is a relatively new technique for the separation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles are often of composite nature having a magnetic component, which may be a very finely divided material, and a polymeric or other material coating that incorporates this magnetic material and stabilizes the particles in suspension. There may be other components such as antibodies on the surface for specific binding to biological cells, or chemotherapeutic drugs for magnetic drug delivery. Magnetic field-flow fractionation (MgFFF) has the potential for determining the distribution of the magnetic material among the particles in a given sample. MgFFF differs from most other forms of field-flow fractionation in that the magnetic field that brings about particle separation induces magnetic dipole moments in the nanoparticles, and these potentially can interact with one another and perturb the separation. This aspect is examined in the present work. Samples of magnetic nanoparticles were analysed under different experimental conditions to determine the sensitivity of the method to variation of conditions. The results are shown to be consistent and insensitive to conditions, although magnetite content appeared to be somewhat higher than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Hupfeld S, Ausbacher D, Brandl M. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation of liposomes: optimization of fractionation variables. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1465-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Contado C, Bregola L, Dondi F. Sedimentation field flow fractionation of immunoglobulin A coated polystyrene beads. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1169:158-74. [PMID: 17884062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The amount of immunoglobulin A (IgA) adsorbed on the surface of two different samples of polystyrene (PS) microbeads was evaluated using differential sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) analyses. For the first time, the SdFFF separations obtained by using, as mobile phase, solutions common to many biochemical procedures and applications have been compared and discussed. Good separation results were achieved in the different carriers, and the SdFFF gave equivalent mass per particle values in all carriers provided that the pH and ionic strength conditions of the eluents were well controlled. The IgA adsorption process onto PS occurred by maintaining unaltered the capacity of the PS-IgA substrate to selectively recognize anti-IgA (aIgA), as proven by elution of the ternary complex PS-IgA-aIgA and from the monitored lack of reaction when the PS-IgA was placed in contact with aIgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Contado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Karaiskakis G, Douma M, Katsipou I, Koliadima A, Farmakis L. STUDY OF THE RECOVERY OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES IN POTENTIAL BARRIER SEDIMENTATION FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Karaiskakis
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras, 265 00, Greece
| | - M. Douma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras, 265 00, Greece
| | - I. Katsipou
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras, 265 00, Greece
| | - A. Koliadima
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras, 265 00, Greece
| | - L. Farmakis
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras, 265 00, Greece
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Farmakis L, Lioris N, Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G. Estimation of the Hamaker constants by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:231-42. [PMID: 17078961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
van der Waals forces are one of several forces that control the adhesion between two materials. These forces are important to quantify in adhesion studies because they are always present and are always attractive. The major problem in calculating the van der Waals interaction between colloidal particles is that of evaluating the Hamaker constant. Hence, an accurately determined Hamaker constant for a given material is needed when interfacial phenomena such as adhesion are discussed in terms of the total potential energy between a particle and a substrate. In this paper, a new simple and accurate methodology for the estimation of the Hamaker constant is introduced. The results are in good agreement with those values found in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Farmakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
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11
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Martin M. Onset of non-linearity in zonal elution separators: the concept of effective analyte concentration. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:129-42. [PMID: 16828109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When an analyte injected in a zonal separation method (chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis, field-flow fractionation) is not highly diluted in the carrier fluid, the retention ratio, R--or ratio of the cross-sectional average migration velocity of the analyte to that of the carrier fluid--depends on the local concentration, c, of the center of mass of the analyte zone, and the zone migration occurs in non-linear conditions. Because the zone broadens as it moves along the separator, R varies continuously from the inlet to the outlet of the separator. That concentration, c(eff), for which R(c(eff)) is equal to the length-averaged apparent retention ratio, R(app), is called effective concentration, and that distance, z(eff), from the separator inlet, for which c(z(eff)) is equal to c(eff), i.e. for which R(z(eff)) is equal to R(app), is called effective position. Assuming that near the onset the non-linear behavior, R(c), is a linear function, values of R(app), c(eff) and z(eff) have been computed in a wide range of operating conditions which are typical of situations encountered in capillary zone electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, or field-flow fractionation. Computations have been performed both in presence and in absence of the dispersion arising from the concentration dependence of the analyte migration rate (called thermodynamic dispersion in chromatography or electromigration dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis). It is found that, whatever the range of analyte concentration covered from inlet to outlet of the separator, c(eff) is always close to two times the analyte concentration, c(out), at the outlet of the separator, and z(eff) between one-fourth and one-third of the separator length. As c(out) is easily determined from the peak recorded by a concentration-sensitive detector, a simple pragmatic expression is given for the estimation of c(eff). This effective concentration is the appropriate concentration to be used for comparing predictions of theoretical models of R(c) with experimental retention data. This is of particular interest for validating such models in field-flow fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Martin
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR CNRS 7636, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Markx GH, Rousselet J, Pethig R. DEP-FFF: Field-Flow Fractionation Using Non-Uniform Electric Fields. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708005597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard H. Markx
- b Department of Chemical Engineering UMIST , P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette Rousselet
- a Institute of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics University of Wales, Bangor Dean Street , Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Pethig
- a Institute of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics University of Wales, Bangor Dean Street , Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
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13
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Reschiglian P, Martin M, Contado C, Dondi F. Evaluation of a Standardless Method of Determination of Molecular Weight and Polydispersity of a Polystyrene Sample by Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708005589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reschiglian
- a Department of Chemistry , “G. Ciamician” University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 , 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michel Martin
- b École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles , Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes 10 rue Vauquelin , 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Catia Contado
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Ferrara Via Borsari 46 , 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Ferrara Via Borsari 46 , 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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Regazzetti A, Hoyos M, Martin M. Influence of Operating Parameters On the Retention of Chromatographic Particles By Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2004; 76:5787-98. [PMID: 15456299 DOI: 10.1021/ac040012t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the retention behavior of chromatographic particles in thermal field-flow fractionation (FFF). Retention time is found to increase with increasing temperature drop across the channel thickness, as expected for species exhibiting a thermophoretic mobility. Experiments have been performed with a vertically oriented channel rather than by using the classical horizontal configuration as this leads to much more reproducible retention data. In acetonitrile, silica-based particles are more retained than octadecyl-bonded silica particles, which confirms our previous finding, by means of a different method, that the thermophoretic mobility of the latter is smaller than that of the former. Whatever the type of particles and the nature of the carrier liquid, the relative retention time is observed to decrease with increasing carrier flow rate. This indicates that a hydrodynamic lift force acts on particles to move them away from the accumulation wall, as is usually observed in all FFF experiments with micrometer-sized particles. However, upward and downward flow directions in the vertical channel lead to similar retention data, indicating that inertial lift forces have a minor influence on retention. In addition, the relative retention time steadily decreases with increasing sample concentration, suggesting that the hydrodynamic lift force increases significantly with sample concentration. Accordingly, we speculate that a new transport phenomenon, called shear-induced hydrodynamic diffusion, not previously accounted for in the modeling of retention in FFF, is controlling the migration of the particles in the FFF channel. Implications of the influence of this phenomenon in other FFF experiments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Regazzetti
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (UMR CNRS 7636), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Arfvidsson C, Wahlund KG, Eliasson AC. Direct molecular weight determination in the evaluation of dissolution methods for unreduced glutenin. J Cereal Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(03)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Arfvidsson C, Wahlund KG. Mass overloading in the flow field-flow fractionation channel studied by the behaviour of the ultra-large wheat protein glutenin. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1011:99-109. [PMID: 14518767 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flow field-flow fractionation (FFF) has previously been used in successful fractionation and characterisation of the ultra-large wheat protein glutenin. The many parameters, which may influence the retention behaviour, especially when analysing extremely high-molecular-mass samples such as glutenin, are here reported. Size determination from the sample retention time, using FFF theory, will as a result have a very low accuracy. The need for direct molecular mass determination, such as by light scattering, in combination with FFF, in order to do accurate size measurements of glutenin is pointed out as well as the importance to minimise the overloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arfvidsson
- Department of Technical Analytical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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17
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Martin M, Feuillebois F. Onset of sample concentration effects on retention in field-flow fractionation. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Shiundu PM, Munguti SM, Ratanathanawongs Williams SK. Practical implications of ionic strength effects on particle retention in thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 984:67-79. [PMID: 12564677 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Modification of ionic strength of an aqueous or non-aqueous carrier solution can have profound effects on the particle retention behavior in thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF). These effects can be considered as either advantageous or not depending on the performance criteria under consideration. Aside from the general increase in retention time of particulate material (latexes and silica particles), our experiments indicate improvement in resolution with increases in electrolyte concentration. Absence of an electrolyte in the carrier solution causes deviations from the theoretically expected linear behavior between the retention parameter lambda (a measure of the extent of interaction between the applied field and the particle) and the reciprocal temperature drop across the channel walls. A negative interaction parameter delta(w), of about -0.170 was determined for 0.105- and 0.220-microm polystyrene (PS) latex particles suspended in either a 0.25 or a 1.0 mM TBAP-containing acetonitrile carrier and for 0.220 microm PS in 0.50 and 1.0 mM NaCl-containing aqueous medium. This work also demonstrates that optimum electrolyte concentrations can be chosen to achieve reasonable experimental run-times, good resolution separations, and shifts in the steric inversion points at lower field strengths, and that too high electrolyte concentrations can have deleterious effects such as band broadening and sample loss through adsorption to the channel accumulation surface. The advantages of using ionic strength rather than field strength to effect desired changes are lowered power consumption and possible application of ThFFF to high temperature-labile samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Shiundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Qing D, Schimpf ME. Correction for particle-wall interactions in the separation of colloids by flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2478-85. [PMID: 12069226 DOI: 10.1021/ac0200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the characterization of materials by field-flow fractionation (FFF), the experienced analyst understands the importance of incorporating additives in the carrier liquid that minimize or eliminate interactions between the analyte and accumulation wall, particularly in aqueous systems. However, as FFF is applied to more difficult samples, such as those with high surface energies, it is increasingly difficult to find additives that completely eliminate particle-wall interactions. Furthermore, the analyst may wish to use specific conditions that preserve the high surface energy of particles, to study their interaction with other materials through their behavior in the FFF channel. With this in mind, Williams and co-workers developed a model that quantifies the effect of particle-wall interactions in FFF using an empirically determined interaction parameter. In this work, the model is evaluated for the application of flow FFF in carrier liquids of low ionic strength, where particle-wall interactions are magnified. The retention of particles ranging in size from 64 to 1000 nm is measured using a wide range of field strengths and retention levels. The model is found to be generally valid over the entire range, except for minor discrepancies at lower levels of retention. Although retention levels are dramatically affected by particle-wall interactions, the point of steric inversion (500 nm), where the size-based elution order reverses, is not affected. When particle-wall interactions are not accounted for, they lead to a bias in particle sizes calculated from standard retention theory of up to 70%. The model can also be used to refine the measurement of channel thickness, which is important for the accurate conversion of retention parameters to particle sizes. In this work, for example, errors in channel thickness led to systematic errors on the order of 10% in particle diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Qing
- Department of Chemistry, Boise State University, Idaho 83725, USA
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20
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Effects of ionic strength and electrolyte composition on the aggregation of fractionated humic substances studied by flow field-flow fractionation. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020501)25:7<405::aid-jssc405>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Benincasa MA, Caldwell KD. Flow field-flow fractionation of poly(ethylene oxide): effect of carrier ionic strength and composition. J Chromatogr A 2001; 925:159-69. [PMID: 11519802 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carrier ionic strength and electrolyte composition on the retention of poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous flow field-flow fractionation have been investigated in this work. The study shows retention to be particularly sensitive to the presence of salts, as well as to the nature of the cation. Specifically, retention effects due to sample load are found to be very different in solutions containing potassium salts compared to those observed in solutions of the corresponding sodium salts. In a potassium-containing medium, the dependence of retention on sample mass is similar to that found previously for polyelectrolytes. This effect, which is particularly prominent for samples of low molecular mass, can be attributed to specific interactions between cation and polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Benincasa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
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22
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Bruijnsvoort MV, Tijssen R, Kok WT. Assessment of the diffusional behavior of polystyrene sulfonates in the dilute regime by hollow-fiber flow field flow fractionation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Electrical field-flow fractionation (ElFFF) results for a series of polystyrene latex beads are presented. To first approximation, retention behavior can be related to conventional FFF theory, modified to account for a particle-wall repulsion effect. Size selectivity and column efficiency were exceptionally high, again approaching the upper limit predicted by theory. For the channel described in the present study, application of small voltages (typically less than 2 V) across the thin (131 microm) separation space defined by a Teflon spacer generates nominal field strengths of 10(4) V m(-1). However, electrode polarization reduces the effective field across the bulk of the channel to approximately 3% of the nominal value in the system studied. The magnitude of the applied field was calibrated by using standard latex beads of known size and mobility. Perturbations to retention behavior, such as overloading, were investigated. It was found that ideal separations occur at very dilute concentrations of the sample plug and that working in systems of very low ionic strength, the double-layer thickness adds significantly to the effective size of a particle. Steric inversion was observed at a particle size of approximately 0.4 microm under the conditions employed.
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Cölfen H, Antonietti M. Field-Flow Fractionation Techniques for Polymer and Colloid Analysis. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN POLYMER ANALYTICS I 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48764-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Characterization of hematite and its interaction with humic material using flow field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moon MH, Park I, Kim Y. Size characterization of liposomes by flow field-flow fractionation and photon correlation spectroscopy. Effect of ionic strength and pH of carrier solutions. J Chromatogr A 1998; 813:91-100. [PMID: 9697317 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ionic strength and pH of carrier solutions on the separation of liposomes by flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) has been studied for the determination of accurate vesicle size distribution of liposomes. Retention behaviors of liposomes (PC/PG/cholesterol) are observed in typical buffer solutions (PBS and Tris-HCl) of various ionic strengths as carrier liquids in flow FFF. The average diameters of collected fractions at each flow FFF run are measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) for the comparison with FFF calculations at corresponding time interval of collected fractions. A reasonable separation of liposomes is observed at I = 0.016 M for both buffer solutions. Retention of liposomes is found to be elongated at ionic strengths higher than an optimum condition found experimentally, but it is shortened at a lower ionic strength due to the electrostatic interaction between the channel wall and the liposomes. Finally, size distributions of liposomes are provided comparing the liposome preparations by flow FFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Kangnung National University, South Korea.
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Jeon SJ, Schimpf ME, Nyborg A. Compositional Effects in the Retention of Colloids by Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 1997; 69:3442-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9613040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun J. Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725
| | | | - Andrew Nyborg
- Department of Chemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725
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29
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Palkar SA, Schure MR. Mechanistic Study of Electrical Field Flow Fractionation. 2. Effect of Sample Conductivity on Retention. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970014w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh A. Palkar
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark R. Schure
- Theoretical Separation Science Laboratory, Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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Reschiglian P, Martin M, Contado C, Dondi F. Assessment of Linearity Conditions in Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation by Peak Shape Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10236669708032758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Benincasa MA, Giddings JC. Separation and characterization of cationic, anionic, and nonionic water-soluble polymers by flow FFF: Sample recovery, overloading, and ionic strength effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1997)9:6<479::aid-mcs5>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Reschiglian P, Melucci D, Torsi G. Experimental study on the retention of silica particles in gravitational field-flow fractionation effects of the mobile phase composition. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Blo G, Contado C, Fagioli F, Bollain Rodriguez MH, Dondi F. Analysis of kaolin by sedimentation field-flow fractionation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry detection. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Experimental study on the separation of silica gel supports by gravitational field-flow fractionation II. Sample preparation, stop-flow procedure and overloading effect. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00598-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Mori Y. Retention behavior of colloidal dispersions in sedimentation field-flow fractionation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-8686(94)00220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koliadima A, Karaiskakis G. Concentration and characterization of dilute colloidal samples by potential-barrier field-flow fractionation. Chromatographia 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02320462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Carlshaf A, Jönsson JÅ. Perturbations of the Retention Parameter Due to Sample Overloading in Hollow-Fiber Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. SEP SCI TECHNOL 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/01496399308018029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Langwost B, Caldwell KD. Solid phase immune reactions as monitored by sedimentation field-flow fractionation. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02268362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Carlshaf A, Jönsson JÅ. Effects of ionic strength of eluent on retention behavior and on the peak broadening process in hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Litzén A, Wahlund KG. Effects of temperature, carrier composition and sample load in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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