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Wood MH, Humphreys EK, Welbourn RJL. Structural Changes in Adsorbed Cytochrome c upon Applied Potential Characterized by Neutron Reflectometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6055-6063. [PMID: 30966748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structural behavior of an electron-transfer protein, cytochrome c, at the 316L stainless steel electrode/aqueous interface was investigated over a range of applied potentials using neutron reflectometry supported by solution depletion isotherms, X-ray reflectometry, and quartz crystal microbalance measurements. A custom-made electrochemical cell allowed in situ observation of the adsorbed protein across a range of applied potentials; models fitted to the NR data showed a compact inner protein layer at the metal/electrolyte interface and a further thicker but highly diffuse layer that could be removed by rinsing. The overall amount adsorbed was found to be strongly dependent on the applied potential and buffer pH. Subtle but significant changes in the structure of the adsorbed protein layer were seen as the potential was swept between ±0.40 V, reflecting changing attractive/repulsive interactions between the protein's charged side groups and the surface. At greater applied potentials, irreversible changes in the stainless steel film structure were also observed and attributed to deuterium absorption into the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Wood
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Elizabeth K Humphreys
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB3 1EW , U.K
| | - Rebecca J L Welbourn
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
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López-Bernabeu S, Gamero-Quijano A, Huerta F, Morallón E, Montilla F. Enhancement of the direct electron transfer to encapsulated cytochrome c by electrochemical functionalization with a conducting polymer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Yau ST, Xu Y, Song Y, Feng Y, Wang J. Voltage-controlled enzyme-catalyzed glucose-gluconolactone conversion using a field-effect enzymatic detector. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:20134-9. [PMID: 24158463 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The field-effect enzymatic detection (FEED) technique was used to control the kinetics of the enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconolactone. The glucose-gluconolactone conversion occurring at an enzyme-immobilized electrode, a well-studied process, was confirmed using mass spectrometry. Electrochemical studies showed that the glucose oxidation current depends on the gating voltage VG and the ion concentration of the sample solution. Additionally, the depletion of glucose in the sample also showed a dependence on VG. FEED was used to detect H2O2 on the zepto-molar level in order to show the ultrasensitive detection capability of the technique. These results, while providing evidence for the proposed mechanism of FEED, indicate that VG controls the conversion process. The effect of VG on the glucose-gluconolactone conversion was demonstrated by the observed VG-dependent kinetic parameters of the conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Tung Yau
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA.
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Deva Kumar ET, Ganesh V. Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase Enzyme on Nanoporous Titanium Dioxide Electrodes and Its Structural and Electrochemical Characterizations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1043-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Mehdinia A, Ziaei E, Jabbari A. Multi-walled carbon nanotube/SnO2 nanocomposite: a novel anode material for microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Müller V, Rathousky J, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D. Covalent immobilization of redox protein within the mesopores of transparent conducting electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Baio JE, Weidner T, Ramey D, Pruzinsky L, Castner DG. Probing the orientation of electrostatically immobilized cytochrome C by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2013; 8:18. [PMID: 24706131 PMCID: PMC4000547 DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
By taking advantage of the electron pathway through the heme group in cytochrome c (CytoC) electrochemists have built sensors based upon CytoC immobilized onto metal electrodes. Previous studies have shown that the electron transfer rate through the protein is a function of the position of this heme group with respect to the electrode surface. In this study a detailed examination of CytoC orientation when electrostatically immobilized onto both amine (NH3+) and carboxyl (COO-) functionalized gold is presented. Protein coverage, on both surfaces, was monitored by the change in the atomic % N, as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Spectral features within the in situ sum frequency generation vibrational spectra, acquired for the protein interacting with positively and negatively charged surfaces, indicates that these electrostatic interactions do induce the protein into a well ordered film. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data demonstrated a clear separation between the two samples based on the intensity differences of secondary ions stemming from amino acids located asymmetrically within CytoC (cysteine: C2H6NS+; glutamic acid: C4H6NO+ and C4H8NO2+; leucine: C5H12N+). For a more quantitative examination of orientation, we developed a ratio comparing the sum of the intensities of secondary-ions stemming from the amino acid residues at either end of the protein. The 50 % increase in this ratio, observed between the protein covered NH3+ and COO- substrates, indicates opposite orientations of the CytoC on the two different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Baio
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA,
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8
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Valentini F, Cristofanelli L, Carbone M, Palleschi G. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with hemin-carbon nanomaterial films for amperometric H2O2 and NO2− detection. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Choi Y, Yau ST. Ultrasensitive biosensing on the zepto-molar level. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3386-90. [PMID: 21295965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Detection of analytes on the zepto-molar (10(-21) M) level has been achieved using a field-effect bio-detector. By applying a gating voltage to enzymes immobilized on the working electrode of the detector, amplification of the biocatalytic current was observed. The amplification is attributed to the modification of the tunnel barrier between the enzyme and the electrode by the gating voltage-induced electric field which exists at the solution-electrode interface. The detection was demonstrated with the glucose oxidase (GOx)-glucose and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-ethanol biocatalytic systems. Glucose at zepto-molar level was detected with zepto-molar detection resolution. Equivalently, 30 glucose molecules present in the sample were detected and the detection system responded distinctively to the incremental change in the number of glucose molecules in unit of 30 molecules. The enzyme's biospecificity was also preserved in the presence of the applied field. We present possible processes that could give rise to the electrical charges required to produce the observed current level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongki Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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10
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Ayato Y, Itahashi T, Matsuda N. Direct Electron Transfer of Hemoglobin Molecules on Bare ITO Electrodes. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Xu J, Bowden EF. Determination of the Orientation of Adsorbed Cytochrome c on Carboxyalkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers by In Situ Differential Modification. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6813-22. [PMID: 16719461 DOI: 10.1021/ja054219v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contact domain utilized by horse cytochrome c when adsorptively bound to a C(10)COOH self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was delineated using a chemical method based on differential modification of surface amino acids. Horse cytochrome c was adsorbed at low ionic strength (pH 7.0, 4.4 mM potassium phosphate) onto 10 microm diameter gold particles coated with HS(CH(2))(10)COOH SAMs. After in situ modification of lysyl groups by reductive Schiff-base methylation, the protein was desorbed, digested using trypsin, and the peptide mapped using LC/MS. Relative lysyl reactivities were ascertained by comparing the resulting peptide frequencies to control samples of solution cytochrome c modified to the same average extent. The least reactive lysines in adsorbed cytochrome c were found to be 13, 72, 73, 79, and 86-88, consistent with a contact region located up and to the left (Met-80 side) of the solvent-exposed heme edge (conventional front face view). The most reactive lysines were 39, 53, 55, and 60, located on the lower backside. The proposed orientation features a heme tilt angle of approximately 35-40 degrees with respect to the substrate surface normal. Factors that can complicate or distort data interpretation are discussed, and the generality of differential modification relative to existing in situ methods for protein orientation determination is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Xu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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13
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Runge AF, Mendes SB, Saavedra SS. Order Parameters and Orientation Distributions of Solution Adsorbed and Microcontact Printed Cytochrome c Protein Films on Glass and ITO. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:6732-9. [PMID: 16570979 DOI: 10.1021/jp056049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of solution adsorbed and microcontact printed (muCP) cytochrome c (cyt c) films on glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) was investigated using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopies to determine the orientation of the heme groups in the films. The second and fourth order parameters of the heme as well as information on the angle between the absorption and emission dipoles of the heme, gamma, were experimentally determined. The order parameters of the heme are related to the order parameters of the protein molecule using the known angle between the heme plane and the electrostatic dipole moment of the cyt c protein. The effect of the surface roughness of the substrates (glass and ITO) was also taken into account quantitatively using AFM data. Physically possible order parameters were obtained for the heme group in both solution adsorbed and muCP films, but not for the electrostatic dipole moment of the protein. In addition, the experimental values of {cos2 gamma} for immobilized zinc-substituted cyt c are greater than the values of {cos2 gamma} determined in viscous solutions, which could be an indication that the environment of the heme groups changes upon adsorption. The electron transfer behavior of solution adsorbed and muCP films on ITO, determined using electrochemical methods, is compared to their orientation distribution and surface coverage as determined by spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F Runge
- Department of Chemistry and College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Strauss E, Thomas B, Yau ST. Enhancing electron transfer at a cytochrome c-immobilized microelectrode and macroelectrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:8768-8772. [PMID: 15379504 DOI: 10.1021/la049942y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The redox reaction of cytochrome c immobilized on the bare surfaces of microelectrodes and macroscopic electrodes (macroelectrodes) composed of different planes of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The protein-immobilized microelectrodes were fabricated using a simple masking method. For both macroelectrodes and microelectrodes, the redox reaction of immobilized cytochrome c needs to be activated by increasing the electrochemical potential maximum of cyclic voltammetry to a high positive value. The redox currents of this protein-electrode system can be enhanced using two approaches. The oxidation and reduction currents of cytochrome c adsorbed on microelectrodes that are composed of the edge plane show an anomalous enhancement compared to those for macroelectrodes composed of the basal plane. The difference in the surface chemical properties of the two kinds of electrodes results in the current anomaly. The oxidation current of the macroelectrode can be selectively enhanced by decreasing the potential minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Strauss
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City Universty of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
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15
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Topoglidis E, Discher BM, Moser CC, Dutton PL, Durrant JR. Functionalizing Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Electrodes With Robust Synthetic Redox Proteins. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1332-9. [PMID: 14661276 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
De novo designed synthetic redox proteins (maquettes) are structurally simpler, working counterparts of natural redox proteins. The robustness and adaptability of the maquette protein scaffold are ideal for functionalizing electrodes. A positive amino acid patch has been designed into a maquette surface for strong electrostatic anchoring to the negatively charged surfaces of nanocrystalline, mesoporous TiO(2) and SnO(2) films. Such mesoporous metal oxide electrodes offer a major advantage over conventional planar gold electrodes by facilitating formation of high optical density, spectroelectrochemically active thin films with protein loading orders of magnitude greater (up to 8 nmol cm(-2)) than that achieved with gold electrodes. The films are stable for weeks, essentially all immobilized-protein display rapid, reversible electrochemistry. Furthermore, carbon monoxide ligand binding to the reduced heme group of the protein is maintained, can be sensed optically and reversed electrochemically. Pulsed UV excitation of the metal oxide results in microsecond or faster photoreduction of an immobilized cytochrome and millisecond reoxidation. Upon substitution of the heme-group Fe by Zn, the light-activated maquette injects electrons from the singlet excited state of the Zn protoporphyrin IX into the metal oxide conduction band. The kinetics of cytochrome/metal oxide interfacial electron transfer obtained from the electrochemical and photochemical data obtained are discussed in terms of the free energies of the observed reactions and the electronic coupling between the protein heme group and the metal oxide surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Topoglidis
- Center of Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Turner KL, Doherty MK, Heering HA, Armstrong FA, Reid GA, Chapman SK. Redox properties of flavocytochrome c3 from Shewanella frigidimarina NCIMB400. Biochemistry 1999; 38:3302-9. [PMID: 10079073 DOI: 10.1021/bi9826308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and catalytic properties of flavocytochrome c3 from Shewanella frigidimarina have been studied using a combination of protein film voltammetry and solution methods. As measured by solution kinetics, maximum catalytic efficiencies for fumarate reduction (kcat/Km = 2.1 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 at pH 7.2) and succinate oxidation (kcat/Km = 933 M-1 s-1 at pH 8.5) confirm that flavocytochrome c3 is a unidirectional fumarate reductase. Very similar catalytic properties are observed for the enzyme adsorbed to monolayer coverage at a pyrolytic graphite "edge" electrode, thus confirming the validity of the electrochemical method for providing complementary information. In the absence of fumarate, the adsorbed enzyme displays a complex envelope of reversible redox signals which can be deconvoluted to yield the contributions from each active site. Importantly, the envelope is dominated by the two-electron signal due to FAD [E degrees ' = -152 mV vs the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at pH 7.0 and 24 degrees C] which enables quantitative examination of this center, the visible spectrum of which is otherwise masked by the intense absorption bands due to the hemes. The FAD behaves as a cooperative two-electron center with a pH-dependent reduction potential that is modulated (pKox at 6.5) by ionization of a nearby residue. In conjunction with the kinetic pKa values determined for the forward and reverse reactions (7.4 and 8.6, respectively), a mechanism for fumarate reduction, incorporating His365 and an anionic form of reduced FAD, is proposed. The reduction potentials of the four heme groups, estimated by analysis of the underlying envelope, are -102, -146, -196, and -238 mV versus the SHE at pH 7.0 and 24 degrees C and are comparable to those determined by redox potentiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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The effect of magnesium ion on the electrochemistry of cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 at a gold electrode modified with cysteine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Zhang Z, Rusling JF. Electron transfer between myoglobin and electrodes in thin films of phosphatidylcholines and dihexadecylphosphate. Biophys Chem 1997; 63:133-46. [PMID: 9108688 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(96)02216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) in thin films of phosphatidyl cholines (PC) or dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) gave direct, reversible electron transfer between pyrolytic graphite electrodes and the heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple of the protein. PC films incorporated much more Mb than DHP films. A model assuming several classes of electroactive sites in the films on the electrode with a dispersion of standard potentials successfully fit square-wave voltammetric data at pulse heights > 50 mV. Electron transfer rate constants in PC and DHP films were significantly larger than for Mb in thin films of an insoluble cationic surfactant. The pH dependence of the formal potential of Mb in the PC films suggested that protonation, possibly inducing conformational change, accompanies electron transfer to MbFe(III) between pH 5 and 11. Mb in PC films was used for catalysis of the reduction of trichloroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268-4060, USA
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21
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Li J, Yan J, Deng Q, Cheng G, Dong S. Viologen-thiol self-assembled monolayers for immobilized horseradish peroxidase at gold electrode surface. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Chou J, Zhou H, Lu T, Wu Y, Cotton TM. The effect of oxygen on the electrochemical behavior of myoglobin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(96)05119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hawkridge FM, Taniguchi I. The Direct Electron Transfer Reactions of Cytochromecat Electrode Surfaces. COMMENT INORG CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/02603599508032705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Daido T, Akaike T. Electrochemistry of cytochrome c: influence of coulombic attraction with indium tin oxide electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80048-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Scott DL, Paddock RM, Bowden EF. The electrocatalytic enzyme function of adsorbed cytochrome c peroxidase on pyrolytic graphite. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80490-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bond AM. Robert Boyle anniversary lecture. New aspects of the electrochemistry of redox active metalloproteins and enzymes based on a microscopic model of electron transfer at the electrode–solution interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/ap9922900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Burrows AL, Guo LH, Hill HA, McLendon G, Sherman F. Direct electrochemistry of proteins. Investigations of yeast cytochrome c mutants and their complexes with cytochrome b5. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:543-9. [PMID: 1662133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct electrochemistry of site-specific mutants of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (cyt c) and their complexes with bovine cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) has been investigated at edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPG) and bis(4-pyridyl)-disulphide-modified gold electrodes. Structure/function relationships have been investigated with the particular aim of clarifying the factors controlling the interactions of proteins at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and the determinants for direct electrochemistry in ternary protein/protein/electrode adducts, e.g. cyt c/cyt b5/EPG. Investigations of the cyt c mutants alone revealed a variety of electrochemical responses: all the mutants show similar voltammetric reversibility at modified gold electrodes, whereas at EPG electrodes the reversibility follows the order: Asn52Ile-Cys102Thr greater than Cys102Thr greater than Asn52Ala-Cys102Thr. Mid-point potentials follow the order: Arg13Ile (+60 +/- 5 mV vs. standard calomel electrode) greater than Cys102Thr (+40 +/- 5 mV) greater than Lys27Gln (+30 +/- 5 mV) approximately Lys72Asp (+30 +/- 5 mV) greater than Asn52Ala-Cys102Thr (+15 +/- 5 mV) greater than Asn52Ile-Cys102Thr (-10 +/- 5 mV). The structural basis for these differences is briefly discussed. When these mutants are bound to cyt b5, the differences in electrochemical response are greatly enhanced in the ternary cyt c/cyt b5/EPG adducts. A minimal analysis of these differences supports a model of multiple overlapping binding and recognition domains on cyt c which may be finely tuned to allow ternary complex formation so that a single-site variation could modify or abolish direct electrochemistry in the ternary adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Burrows
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, England
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Interfacial electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a lipid bilayer modified electrode: effect of incorporation of negative charges into the bilayer on cyclic voltammetric parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85605-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Salamon Z, Tollin G. Interfacial electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a lipid bilayer modified electrode: Effect of incorporation of negative charges into the bilayer on cyclic voltammetric parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(91)80033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Interpretation of the electrochemistry of cytochrome c at macro and micro sized carbon electrodes using a microscopic model based on a partially blocke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85437-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Mclachlan KL, Crumbliss AL. The effect of an applied potential on the activity of carbonic anhydrase immobilized on graphite rods. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:491-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260370511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Pishko MV, Katakis I, Lindquist SE, Heller A, Degani Y. Electrical Communication Between Graphite Electrodes and Glucose Oxidase/Redox Polymer Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/00268949008047847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Direkter Elektronenaustausch zwischen Graphitelektroden und einem adsorbierten Komplex aus Glucose-Oxidase und einem Os-haltigen Redoxpolymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19901020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide via direct electron transfer from pyrolytic graphite electrodes to irreversibly adsorbed cytochrome c peroxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)87165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Senaratne V, Bowden EF. The electrode reaction of Euglena gracilis cytochrome c-552 at edge-oriented pyrolytic graphite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157:1021-6. [PMID: 2849927 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The direct electron transfer reaction of Euglena gracilis cytochrome c-552 at edge-oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be quasi-reversible, stable and reproducible. The presence of a persistent layer of irreversibly adsorbed cytochrome c-552 on the electrode surface was detected in these experiments. Heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants for both the diffusing and adsorbed forms of the protein are reported, and mechanistic aspects are addressed. The applicability of cytochrome c-552 as a complementarily charged analog of eucaryotic cytochrome c in interfacial bioelectrochemical studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Senaratne
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8204
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