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Ahnood A, Chambers A, Gelmi A, Yong KT, Kavehei O. Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1491-1518. [PMID: 36734845 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, the advent of electronic technology to directly interface with neural tissue has transformed the fields of medicine and biology. Devices that restore or even replace impaired bodily functions, such as deep brain stimulators and cochlear implants, have ushered in a new treatment era for previously intractable conditions. Meanwhile, electrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity have allowed researchers to unravel the vast complexities of the human nervous system. Recent advances in semiconducting materials have allowed effective interfaces between electrodes and neuronal tissue through novel devices and structures. Often these are unattainable using conventional metallic electrodes. These have translated into advances in research and treatment. The development of semiconducting materials opens new avenues in neural interfacing. This review considers this emerging class of electrodes and how it can facilitate electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and modulation with high spatial and temporal precision. Semiconducting electrodes have advanced electrically based neural interfacing technologies owing to their unique electrochemical and photo-electrochemical attributes. Key operation modalities, namely sensing and stimulation in electrical, biochemical, and optical domains, are discussed, highlighting their contrast to metallic electrodes from the application and characterization perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andre Chambers
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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2
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Lu Y, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Feng Y, Su WR, Hsu YK, Chen YC. Highly Efficient Recovery of H 2 from Industrial Waste by Sunlight-Driven Photoelectrocatalysis over a ZnS/Bi 2S 3/ZnO Photoelectrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7756-7767. [PMID: 35107267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) fuel production from hazardous contaminants is not only of economic importance but also of significance for the environment and health. Hydrogen production is exemplified in this work by using bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) sandwiched in between zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as dual-heterojunction photoelectrode to photoelectrochemically extract H2 from sulfide- and sulfite-containing wastewater, which is emitted in enormous quantities from the petrochemical industries. The H2 evolution rate over the ZnS/Bi2S3/ZnO photoelectrode under solar illumination amounts to 112.8 μmol cm-2 h-1, of which the photocurrent density in the meantime reaches 10.7 mA cm-2, by far exceeding those reported for additional Bi2S3-based counterparts in the literature. Such superior performance is ascribed on one hand to the broadband sunlight-harvesting ability of Bi2S3 that gives rise to respectable photoexcited electron-hole pairs. These photogenerated charge carriers are subsequently rectified by the built-in electric field at the ZnS/Bi2S3 and Bi2S3/ZnO heterojunctions to flow in the opposite directions to well circumvent the recombination losses and, most importantly, in turn contribute substantially to the H2 evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3, Yinlian Road, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 7, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 7, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany
| | - Yichen Feng
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3, Yinlian Road, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ren Su
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3, Yinlian Road, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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3
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Chen YC, Dong PH, Hsu YK. Defective Indium Tin Oxide Forms an Ohmic Back Contact to an n-Type Cu 2O Photoanode to Accelerate Charge-Transfer Kinetics for Enhanced Low-Bias Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38375-38383. [PMID: 34357762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In significant contrast to the tremendous research efforts mostly geared to addressing the severe hole accumulation at the back contact of a p-type Cu2O photocathode with a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, sluggish electron transfer from an n-type Cu2O photoanode to a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrate has been largely overlooked. To tackle this issue that has been reported to largely limit the photoelectrochemical performance of n-type Cu2O photoanodes at a low bias, the present contribution puts forward a strategy to introduce oxygen vacancies into the ITO substrate via an unprecedented yet facile electrochemical approach. Such defect engineering turns out to decrease the work function of the ITO substrate, which in turn approaches the conduction band extremum of n-Cu2O to highly efficiently extract the photoexcited electrons therein. Moreover, the dendritic growth of n-Cu2O is, in the meantime, interfered by the oxygen vacancy manifested as pinholes distributed over the ITO substrate, which is thereby crystallized into several small grains with augmented surface roughness that is in favor of the injection of the photoexcited hole into the electrolyte. Such facile interfacial charge-transfer kinetics leads to a significant cathodic shift amounting to 200 mV of the onset potential to 0 VAg/AgCl, whereat the n-Cu2O photoanode deposited on the defective ITO substrate delivers the maximum photocurrent density reaching 2 mA cm-2 and, more significantly, its applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) reaches 1.1%, which is among the highest performance reported to date for a variety of state-of-the-art metal oxide-based photoanodes in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3, Yinlian Road, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin-Han Dong
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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4
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Antuch M, Millet P, Iwase A, Kudo A, Grigoriev SA, Voloshin YZ. Characterization of Rh:SrTiO3 photoelectrodes surface-modified with a cobalt clathrochelate and their application to the hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Yu F, Li F, Yao T, Du J, Liang Y, Wang Y, Han H, Sun L. Fabrication and Kinetic Study of a Ferrihydrite-Modified BiVO4 Photoanode. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxian Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bertoluzzi L, Bisquert J. Investigating the Consistency of Models for Water Splitting Systems by Light and Voltage Modulated Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:172-180. [PMID: 27958744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of solar energy conversion devices relies on their accurate and nondestructive characterization. The small voltage perturbation techniques of impedance spectroscopy (IS) have proven to be very powerful to identify the main charge storage modes and charge transfer processes that control device operation. Here we establish the general connection between IS and light modulated techniques such as intensity modulated photocurrent (IMPS) and photovoltage spectroscopies (IMVS) for a general system that converts light to energy. We subsequently show how these techniques are related to the steady-state photocurrent and photovoltage and the external quantum efficiency. Finally, we express the IMPS and IMVS transfer functions in terms of the capacitive and resistive features of a general equivalent circuit of IS for the case of a photoanode used for solar fuel production. We critically discuss how much knowledge can be extracted from the combined use of those three techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertoluzzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Klotz D, Ellis DS, Dotan H, Rothschild A. Empirical in operando analysis of the charge carrier dynamics in hematite photoanodes by PEIS, IMPS and IMVS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23438-57. [PMID: 27524381 PMCID: PMC5310524 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04683e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we introduce intensity modulated photocurrent/voltage spectroscopy (IMPS and IMVS) as powerful tools for the analysis of charge carrier dynamics in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar water splitting, taking hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes as a case study. We complete the picture by including photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) and linking the trio of PEIS, IMPS and IMVS, introduced here as photoelectrochemical immittance triplets (PIT), both mathematically and phenomenologically, demonstrating what conclusions can be extracted from these measurements. A novel way of analyzing the results by an empirical approach with minimal presumptions is introduced, using the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) function. The DRT approach is compared to conventional analysis approaches that are based on physical models and therefore come with model presumptions. This work uses a thin film hematite photoanode as a model system, but the approach can be applied to other PEC systems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Klotz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion – Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel . ;
- Institute for Applied Materials – Materials for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IAM-WET) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - David Shai Ellis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion – Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel . ;
| | - Hen Dotan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion – Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel . ;
| | - Avner Rothschild
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Technion – Israel Institute of Technology , 3200003 Haifa , Israel . ;
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8
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Zheng D, Ye M, Wen X, Zhang N, Lin C. Electrochemical methods for the characterization and interfacial study of dye-sensitized solar cell. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Liu Y, Jennings JR, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Wang Q. Heterogeneous Electron Transfer from Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 to [Co(bpy)3]3+: Insights Gained from Impedance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3939-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311743m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeru Liu
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - James R. Jennings
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Shaik M. Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces,
Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces,
Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qing Wang
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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10
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Energetics and kinetics of light-driven oxygen evolution at semiconductor electrodes: the example of hematite. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Ahmed AY, Oekermann T, Lindner P, Bahnemann D. Comparison of the photoelectrochemical oxidation of methanol on rutile TiO2 (001) and (100) single crystal faces studied by intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2774-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Peter LM, Vanmaekelbergh D. Time and Frequency Resolved Studies of Photoelectrochemical Kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527616800.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Oekermann T, Schlettwein D, Jaeger NI. Charge Transfer and Recombination Kinetics at Electrodes of Molecular Semiconductors Investigated by Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Oekermann
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie), Postfach 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Derck Schlettwein
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie), Postfach 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nils I. Jaeger
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie), Postfach 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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14
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Peter LM. Photoelectrochemical Kinetics at Semiconductor Electrodes. APPLICATIONS OF KINETIC MODELLING 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(99)80013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Natarajan A, Oskam G, Searson PC. The Potential Distribution at the Semiconductor/Solution Interface. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980921k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Natarajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Gerko Oskam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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16
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Schlichthörl G, Huang SY, Sprague J, Frank AJ. Band Edge Movement and Recombination Kinetics in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cells: A Study by Intensity Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9714126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Schlichthörl
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - S. Y. Huang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - J. Sprague
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - A. J. Frank
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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17
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Meulenkamp E, De Wit A. Suppression of hole injection from Ce4+ and Fe(CN)3−6 at p-Type semiconductors by illumination. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00275-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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A comparison of intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a study of photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution at p-InP. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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20
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Schefold J. Charge transfer at photoelectrochemical solar cells: a comparison of data from impedance and light-modulated spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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The p-Inp semiconductor / electrolyte contact under depletion conditions: Impedance, reverse currents and photopotentials. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80010-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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