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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Guillén E, Ferrer-Roselló M, Agrisuelas J, García-Jareño JJ, Vicente F. Digital video-electrochemistry (DVEC) to assess electrochromic materials in the frequency domain: RGB colorimetry impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rojas-González EA, Niklasson GA. Setup for simultaneous electrochemical and color impedance measurements of electrochromic films: Theory, assessment, and test measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:085103. [PMID: 31472623 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined frequency-resolved techniques are suitable to study electrochromic (EC) materials. We present an experimental setup for simultaneous electrochemical and color impedance studies of EC systems in transmission mode and estimate its frequency-dependent uncertainty by measuring the background noise. We define the frequency-dependent variables that are relevant to the combined measurement scheme, and a special emphasis is given to the complex optical capacitance and the complex differential coloration efficiency, which provide the relation between the electrical and optical responses. Results of a test measurement on amorphous WO3 with LED light sources of peak wavelengths of 470, 530, and 810 nm are shown and discussed. In this case, the amplitude of the complex differential coloration efficiency presented a monotonous increase down to about 0.3 Hz and was close to a constant value for lower frequencies. We study the effect of the excitation voltage amplitude on the linearity of the electrical and optical responses for the case of amorphous WO3 at 2.6 V vs Li/Li+, where a trade-off should be made between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optical signal and the linearity of the system. For the studied case, it was possible to increase the upper accessible frequency of the combined techniques (defined in this work as the upper threshold of the frequency region for which the SNR of the optical signal is greater than 5) from 11.2 Hz to 125.9 Hz while remaining in the linear regime with a tolerance of less than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Rojas-González
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar A Niklasson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Han X, Mendes SB. Electron-Transfer Rate in Potential-Modulated Redox Reactions with Electro-Active Optical Waveguides. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:435-441. [PMID: 28392516 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology has been developed to determine electron-transfer rate in electrically driven redox reactions. Based on a widely adopted electrical circuit describing faradaic processes in an electrochemical cell, the approach uses a combination of impedance data from optical and electrical measurements that are simultaneously acquired in a spectroelectrochemical experiment. Once the consistency of our methodology was experimentally corroborated, it was put to practice for investigating electron-transfer rate of cytochrome c adsorbates at very low concentrations on an indium tin oxide electrode by using a highly sensitive, single-mode, electro-active, integrated optical waveguide platform. Different surface densities of redox species on the electrode interface and different ionic strengths in the electrolyte solution were studied. Higher surface densities and higher ionic strengths are shown to slow down the electron-transfer process between the redox molecules and the working electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville
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Manka D, Ivers-Tiffée E. Electro-optical measurements of lithium intercalation/de-intercalation at graphite anode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Han X, Mendes SB. Optical impedance spectroscopy with single-mode electro-active-integrated optical waveguides. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1468-77. [PMID: 24417718 PMCID: PMC3983008 DOI: 10.1021/ac4030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An optical impedance spectroscopy (OIS) technique based on a single-mode electro-active-integrated optical waveguide (EA-IOW) was developed to investigate electron-transfer processes of redox adsorbates. A highly sensitive single-mode EA-IOW device was used to optically follow the time-dependent faradaic current originated from a submonolayer of cytochrome c undergoing redox exchanges driven by a harmonic modulation of the electric potential at several dc bias potentials and at several frequencies. To properly retrieve the faradaic current density from the ac-modulated optical signal, we introduce here a mathematical formalism that (i) accounts for intrinsic changes that invariably occur in the optical baseline of the EA-IOW device during potential modulation and (ii) provides accurate results for the electro-chemical parameters. We are able to optically reconstruct the faradaic current density profile against the dc bias potential in the working electrode, identify the formal potential, and determine the energy-width of the electron-transfer process. In addition, by combining the optically reconstructed faradaic signal with simple electrical measurements of impedance across the whole electrochemical cell and the capacitance of the electric double-layer, we are able to determine the time-constant connected to the redox reaction of the adsorbed protein assembly. For cytochrome c directly immobilized onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) surface, we measured a reaction rate constant of 26.5 s(-1). Finally, we calculate the charge-transfer resistance and pseudocapacitance associated with the electron-transfer process and show that the frequency dependence of the redox reaction of the protein submonolayer follows as expected the electrical equivalent of an RC-series admittance diagram. Above all, we show here that OIS with single-mode EA-IOW's provide strong analytical signals that can be readily monitored even for small surface-densities of species involved in the redox process (e.g., fmol/cm(2), 0.1% of a full protein monolayer). This experimental approach, when combined with the analytical formalism described here, brings additional sensitivity, accuracy, and simplicity to electro-chemical analysis and is expected to become a useful tool in investigations of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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NESSARK B, MAOUCHE N. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Measurements of Sexithiophene-Effect of the Electrode Nature and the Dopant (CuCl2) Content. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Araci ZO, Runge AF, Doherty WJ, Saavedra SS. Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO. Isr J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc_46_3_249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ozkan Z, Runge A, Doherty W, Saavedra S. Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO. Isr J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/j311-g807-47t3-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Doherty WJ, Wysocki RJ, Armstrong NR, Saavedra SS. Potential-Modulated, Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene Methanol) Copolymer Films on Indium−Tin Oxide. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:4900-7. [PMID: 16526729 DOI: 10.1021/jp056230n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first application of a potential-modulated spectroelectrochemical ATR (PM-ATR) instrument utilizing multiple internal reflections at an optically transparent electrode to study the charge-transfer kinetics and electrochromic response of adsorbed films. A sinusoidally modulated potential waveform was applied to an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode while simultaneously monitoring the optical reflectivity of thin (2-6 equivalent monolayers) copolymer films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene methanol) (PEDTM), previously characterized in our laboratory. At high modulation frequencies the measured response of the polymer film is selective toward the fastest electrochromic processes in the film, presumably those occurring within the first adsorbed monolayer. Quantitative determination of the electrochromic switching rate, derived from the frequency response of the attenuated reflectivity, shows a linear decrease in the rate, from 11 x 10(3) s(-1) to 3 x 10(3) s(-1), with increasing proportions of PEDTM in the copolymer, suggesting that interactions between the methanol substituent on EDTM and the ITO surface slow the switching process by limiting the rate of conformational change in the polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Yang H, Kwak J. Mass Transport Investigated with the Electrochemical and Electrogravimetric Impedance Techniques. 3. Complex Charge Transport in PPy/PSS Films. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972820c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Potential-step response of absorption at conducting-to-insulating conversion of polyaniline films for demonstrating the slow relaxation. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)89695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim J, Tryk D, Amemiya T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A. Color impedance and electrochemical impedance studies of WO3 thin films: H+ and Li+ transport. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Color impedance and electrochemical impedance studies of WO3 thin films: Behavior of thinner films in non-aqueous electrolyte. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Charge transport processes in electrochemically deposited poly(pyrrole) and poly( N-methylpyrrole) thin films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bockris JO, Fletcher S, Gale RJ, Khan SUM, Kolb DM, Mazur DJ, Uosaki K, Weinberg NL. Chapter 3. Electrochemistry (1992–1995). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/pc9959200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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