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Porat Z. Electrochemical Characterization of Diffusion in Polymeric vs. Monomeric Solvents. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4472. [PMID: 38674055 PMCID: PMC11050219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte was used as a medium for testing the performance of microband electrodes under conditions of linear diffusion. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) experiments were performed in a highly viscous medium, where diffusion rates are much slower than in fluid solutions. The log i vs. log v (CV) or log i vs. log t (CA) relationships with the current equation confirmed the existence of such conditions, yielding slope values that were lower than the expected 0.5. This could indicate an impure linear diffusion profile, i.e., some contribution from radial diffusion (edge effects). However, the desired value of 0.5 was obtained when performing these tests in monomeric solvents of similar viscosities, such as glycerol or propylene glycol. These results led to the conclusion that the current equations, which are based on Fick's laws, may not be applicable for polymer electrolytes, where various obstructions to free diffusion result in a more complicated process than for monomeric solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze’ev Porat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Shava 8410501, Israel;
- Department of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, P.O. Box 9001, Be’er-Sheva 8419000, Israel
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Gautam RK, Wang X, Lashgari A, Sinha S, McGrath J, Siwakoti R, Jiang JJ. Development of high-voltage and high-energy membrane-free nonaqueous lithium-based organic redox flow batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4753. [PMID: 37553368 PMCID: PMC10409715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-based nonaqueous redox flow batteries (LRFBs) are alternative systems to conventional aqueous redox flow batteries because of their higher operating voltage and theoretical energy density. However, the use of ion-selective membranes limits the large-scale applicability of LRFBs. Here, we report high-voltage membrane-free LRFBs based on an all-organic biphasic system that uses Li metal anode and 2,4,6-tri-(1-cyclohexyloxy-4-imino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine)-1,3,5-triazine (Tri-TEMPO), N-propyl phenothiazine (C3-PTZ), and tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium (CP) cathodes. Under static conditions, the Li||Tri-TEMPO, Li||C3-PTZ, and Li||CP batteries with 0.5 M redox-active material deliver capacity retentions of 98%, 98%, and 92%, respectively, for 100 cycles over ~55 days at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 and a temperature of 27 °C. Moreover, the Li||Tri-TEMPO (0.5 M) flow battery delivers an initial average cell discharge voltage of 3.45 V and an energy density of ~33 Wh/L. This flow battery also demonstrates 81% of capacity for 100 cycles over ~45 days with average Coulombic efficiency of 96% and energy efficiency of 82% at the current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 and at a temperature of 27 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jack McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Rabin Siwakoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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Sharma KP, Risbridger T, Bradley K, Perriman AW, Fermin DJ, Mann S. High-Temperature Electrochemistry of a Solvent-Free Myoglobin Melt. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang W, Lee D, Leone AM, Murray RW. Counterion diffusivity measurements support ion atmosphere relaxation control of electron transfer rates in a semi-solid ruthenium complex molten salt. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Anion effect on the electrochemistry of TTF in polymer solvent. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Williams
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Porat Z, Crooker JC, Zhang Y, Le Mest Y, Murray RW. iRUNC Advantages and Real Geometrical Dimensions of Microband Electrodes. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970803d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze'ev Porat
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Joseph C. Crooker
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Yining Zhang
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Y. Le Mest
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Long JW, Terrill RH, Williams ME, Murray RW. An Electron Time-of-Flight Method Applied to Charge Transport Dynamics in a Cobalt Bipyridine Redox Polyether Hybrid. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970701n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Long
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Roger H. Terrill
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Mary Elizabeth Williams
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Long JW, Kim IK, Murray RW. Hybrid Redox Polyethers: Molecular Melts of Metalloporphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Long
- Contribution from the Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, and Wonkwang University, Iksan City, South Korea, 570-749
| | - Il Kwang Kim
- Contribution from the Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, and Wonkwang University, Iksan City, South Korea, 570-749
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Contribution from the Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, and Wonkwang University, Iksan City, South Korea, 570-749
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Masui
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Voltammetric characterisation of an insoluble tetrathiafulvalene derivative by means of modified carbon paste electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hatazawa T, Terrill RH, Murray RW. Microelectrode Voltammetry and Electron Transport in an Undiluted Room Temperature Melt of an Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Tailed Viologen. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac950340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyonobu Hatazawa
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Roger H. Terrill
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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