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Hoang HT, Mertens M, Wessig P, Sellrie F, Schenk JA, Kumke MU. Antibody Binding at the Liposome-Water Interface: A FRET Investigation toward a Liposome-Based Assay. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18109-18116. [PMID: 31458396 PMCID: PMC6643583 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Different signal amplification strategies to improve the detection sensitivity of immunoassays have been applied which utilize enzymatic reactions, nanomaterials, or liposomes. The latter are very attractive materials for signal amplification because liposomes can be loaded with a large amount of signaling molecules, leading to a high sensitivity. In addition, liposomes can be used as a cell-like "bioscaffold" to directly test recognition schemes aiming at cell-related processes. This study demonstrates an easy and fast approach to link the novel hydrophobic optical probe based on [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]-[1,3]benzodioxole (DBD dye mm239) with tunable optical properties to hydrophilic recognition elements (e.g., antibodies) using liposomes for signal amplification and as carrier of the hydrophobic dye. The fluorescence properties of mm239 (e.g., long fluorescence lifetime, large Stokes shift, high photostability, and high quantum yield), its high hydrophobicity for efficient anchoring in liposomes, and a maleimide bioreactive group were applied in a unique combination to build a concept for the coupling of antibodies or other protein markers to liposomes (coupling to membranes can be envisaged). The concept further allowed us to avoid multiple dye labeling of the antibody. Here, anti-TAMRA-antibody (DC7-Ab) was attached to the liposomes. In proof-of-concept, steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence measurements (e.g., fluorescence depolarization) in combination with single molecule detection (fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, FCS) were used to analyze the binding interaction between DC7-Ab and liposomes as well as the binding of the antigen rhodamine 6G (R6G) to the antibody. Here, the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between mm239 and R6G was monitored. In addition to ensemble FRET data, single-molecule FRET (PIE-FRET) experiments using pulsed interleaved excitation were used to characterize in detail the binding on a single-molecule level to avoid averaging out effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T. Hoang
- Univesity of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry (Physical Chemistry), Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Humboldt University of Berlin, School of Analytical Sciences, Adlershof (SALSA), Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monique Mertens
- Univesity of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry
(Bioorganic Chemistry), Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Univesity of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry
(Bioorganic Chemistry), Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Sellrie
- Hybrotec GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Michael U. Kumke
- Univesity of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry (Physical Chemistry), Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Frost SJ, Firth GB, Chakraborty J. A Novel Colourimetric Homogeneous Liposomal Immunoassay Using Sulphorhodamine B. J Liposome Res 2008; 4:1159-1182. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109409018627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Frost
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Princess Royal Hospital, Haywards Heath, Sussex, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary B Firth
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Princess Royal Hospital, Haywards Heath, Sussex, UK
| | - Jessie Chakraborty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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4
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048509038529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Aojula HS, Offerman S, Aojula RR, Hutchinson AP, Nicklin S, Clarke DJ. Cloaking cytolytic peptides for liposome-based detection and potential drug delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1564:73-81. [PMID: 12100998 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potent cytolytic peptides with specific tethering and cloaking sites have been synthesised and used to release payload from liposomes in a quantitative manner. A functionally located cloaking site has been modified specifically by simple conjugation without adversely affecting the cytolytic properties of the peptide. The cytolytic activity of modified peptides was then efficiently (>98%) cloaked and uncloaked by ligand-protein or hapten-antibody interactions. The principle of a dual response peptide has been demonstrated using an avidin-cloaked pH-sensitive peptide. Biospecific cloaking/uncloaking provided a new sensitive (approximately 12 pmol) homogeneous diagnostic and also appears potentially suited to bioresponsively targeted release of antimicrobial, anticancer and other drugs now delivered using liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmesh S Aojula
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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6
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Ho JAA, Durst RA. Development of a flow-injection liposome immunoanalysis system for fumonisin B1. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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7
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Disposable liposome immunosensor for theophylline combining an immunochromatographic membrane and a thick-film electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Lee M, Durst RA, Wong RB. Comparison of liposome amplification and fluorophor detection in flow-injection immunoanalyses. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Various aspects of the application of liposomes as a label in immunoassays are reviewed. Methods for the preparation of liposomes, from the basic film method to the more advanced dehydration-rehydration method, are discussed. Furthermore, the markers used in liposome labels, as well as the methods to conjugate liposomes to antigens or antibodies, are summarized. Liposome immunoassays are applied as homogeneous or heterogeneous assays. Homogeneous assays often rely on the lytic activity of complement on antibody-associated liposomes. Another group of homogeneous assays utilizes the inhibitory action of antibodies on the activity of conjugates of mellitin (a bee venom protein) with a hapten. Free mellitin conjugates are able to lyse liposomes effectively. Heterogeneous liposome immunoassays, performed either competitively or non-competitively, resemble more closely standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, with the enzyme being replaced by a liposome label. Washing steps are used to separate antigen-specifically bound liposomes from unbound liposomes. All bound liposomes are lysed with a detergent, giving an instantaneous amplification. Flow-injection liposome immunoassays and liposome immunosensors are also described as examples of other possible immunoassay formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Rongen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
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Abstract
A simple and sensitive liposome immunoassay for gentamicin was developed using the cytolytic agent, phospholipase C, instead of complement. Liposomes entrapping a fluorescent marker, calcein, were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation method from a mixture of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (molar ratio of 3:1). Gentamicin, a model analyte, was covalently coupled to phospholipase C by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Liposomes were lysed by gentamicin-phospholipase C conjugate and an entrapped fluorescent marker was released. The lytic activity of gentamicin-phospholipase C conjugate was inhibited in the presence of gentamicin antiserum. The standard calibration curve was constructed by plotting percentage of liposome lysis versus log concentration of free gentamicin. The standard calibration curve was linear over 2.5 pg/ml approximately 2.5 ng/ml of gentamicin concentrations. This newly developed immunoassay is simple, relatively rapid and potentially applicable to the determination of concentration of antigens, drugs and endogenous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
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Frost SJ, Firth GB, Chakraborty J. Antibody-coated liposomes as a particulate solid phase for immunoassays. Measurement of urinary 'micro-albumin'. J Immunol Methods 1990; 134:207-13. [PMID: 2254667 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel use of liposomes as a solid phase material achieving separation in immunoassays is described. Antibody-coated liposomes were prepared and used as a particulate solid phase in a radioimmunoassay procedure for urinary albumin. The assay was compared to a liquid phase albumin radioimmunoassay. The potential benefits of liposomes over other particulate solid phases are discussed. The use of liposomes in this manner need not be restricted to radioimmunoassay but should also be applicable to other immunoassays using alternative non-isotopic labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Frost
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hurstwood Park Neurological Centre, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, U.K
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Schreier H, Valentino K, Heath BP, Kung VT. Prevention of nonspecific lysis in liposomal and erythrocyte immunoassay systems by small lipid vesicles and erythrocyte ghosts. Life Sci 1989; 45:1919-30. [PMID: 2601559 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Large unilamellar liposomes prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation method (REVs) were made immunoreactive by incorporating dinitrophenylaminocaproyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-Cap-PE) or 8-(3-carboxypropyl)-theophylline-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (Th-DPPE) into the phospholipid bilayer. Specific lysis in the presence of anti-DNP-BSA and goat anti-theophylline serum respectively, was induced by adding guinea pig serum as source for complement to these liposomes. However, specific lysis was found to be compromised by high levels of nonspecific lysis as monitored by the release of the fluorescent aqueous-space marker 6-carboxyfluorescein. Nonspecific lysis could be prevented without affecting specific lysis by pretreatment of complement or incubation of the reaction mixture with small unilamellar liposomes (SUVs). SUVs of various lipid compositions produced the desired effect; however, when the fraction of negative charge in the SUVs was increased to 30 mol%, specific lysis was inhibited as well. In a similar assay system consisting of hemolysin-sensitized sheep red blood cells it was also found that nonspecific lysis could be inhibited by addition of erythrocyte ghosts to the incubation medium, although specific lysis was somewhat depressed. However, SUVs or REVs of a composition similar to sheep erythrocytes were ineffective indicating a more selective nature of complement-mediated immunoreaction with erythrocyte membranes than with synthetic bilayer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schreier
- Cooper-Lipotech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Waite BA, Chang EL. Antibody multivalency effects in the direct binding model for vesicle immunolysis assays. J Immunol Methods 1988; 115:227-38. [PMID: 3058807 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(88)90292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An extension of a previous model of liposome-based immunoassays is presented which incorporates the effects of antibody multivalency in the binding process. Equations based on the distribution of vesicles having both mono- and divalently bound species show the quantitative relationships of the experimental parameters, including vesicle concentration, antigen density on vesicle surfaces, antibody concentration, and antibody affinity (both for the initial binding step and for the subsequent cross-linking step). It is found that in the case of low antibody concentration, the multivalent model can be cast in the form of the previously described monovalent model, replacing the association equilibrium constant with an effective equilibrium constant which is found to depend linearly on the lateral antigen density and on the valency of the binding antibody. Comparisons to certain experiments are made using this more realistic model of complement-mediated vesicle immunoassay. For the case of IgM binding, it is estimated that as few as 1000 antibody molecules can be detected in a typical lytic assay, representing a significant increase in sensitivity over previous predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Waite
- Department of Chemistry, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402
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Abstract
Assays based on lysis of lipid vesicles have shown high sensitivity. However, little as yet is known about the quantitative relationships among the various assay parameters, due in part to the lack of a predictive theoretical model. This paper presents the derivation of the equations that describe a simple model assay system in terms of the total fraction of vesicles with bound antibodies and the distribution of vesicles with one, two, or more antibodies bound. The equations show how the binding of antibodies to vesicles is affected by such variables as: vesicle concentration, antigen density on vesicle surfaces, antibody concentration, and antibody affinity. With the distribution functions, experiments can be designed to determine the minimum number of antibodies needed to lyse a vesicle. In addition, it is shown how estimations of the ultimate sensitivity of lipid vesicle lytic assays can be made. The model can be used to optimize vesicle lysis assay systems.
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Kung VT, Maxim PE, Veltri RW, Martin FJ. Antibody-bearing liposomes improve agglutination of latex particles used in clinical diagnostic assays. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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