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Stallmann J, Schweiger R. Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on Primary Metabolites in Phloem Exudates of Plantago major and Poa annua and on a Generalist Aphid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313086. [PMID: 34884890 PMCID: PMC8658434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), i.e., the interaction of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), often influences plant growth, physiology, and metabolism. Effects of AM on the metabolic composition of plant phloem sap may affect aphids. We investigated the impacts of AM on primary metabolites in phloem exudates of the plant species Plantago major and Poa annua and on the aphid Myzus persicae. Plants were grown without or with a generalist AMF species, leaf phloem exudates were collected, and primary metabolites were measured. Additionally, the performance of M. persicae on control and mycorrhizal plants of both species was assessed. While the plant species differed largely in the relative proportions of primary metabolites in their phloem exudates, metabolic effects of AM were less pronounced. Slightly higher proportions of sucrose and shifts in proportions of some amino acids in mycorrhizal plants indicated changes in phloem upload and resource allocation patterns within the plants. Aphids showed a higher performance on P. annua than on P. major. AM negatively affected the survival of aphids on P. major, whereas positive effects of AM were found on P. annua in a subsequent generation. Next to other factors, the metabolic composition of the phloem exudates may partly explain these findings.
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Gallinger J, Zikeli K, Zimmermann MR, Görg LM, Mithöfer A, Reichelt M, Seemüller E, Gross J, Furch ACU. Specialized 16SrX phytoplasmas induce diverse morphological and physiological changes in their respective fruit crops. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009459. [PMID: 33765095 PMCID: PMC8023467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-pathogen combinations-Malus domestica (apple)/`Candidatus Phytoplasma mali´, Prunus persica (peach)/`Ca. P. prunorum´ and Pyrus communis (pear)/`Ca. P. pyri´ show different courses of diseases although the phytoplasma strains belong to the same 16SrX group. While infected apple trees can survive for decades, peach and pear trees die within weeks to few years. To this date, neither morphological nor physiological differences caused by phytoplasmas have been studied in these host plants. In this study, phytoplasma-induced morphological changes of the vascular system as well as physiological changes of the phloem sap and leaf phytohormones were analysed and compared with non-infected plants. Unlike peach and pear, infected apple trees showed substantial reductions in leaf and vascular area, affecting phloem mass flow. In contrast, in infected pear mass flow and physicochemical characteristics of phloem sap increased. Additionally, an increased callose deposition was detected in pear and peach leaves but not in apple trees in response to phytoplasma infection. The phytohormone levels in pear were not affected by an infection, while in apple and peach trees concentrations of defence- and stress-related phytohormones were increased. Compared with peach and pear trees, data from apple suggest that the long-lasting morphological adaptations in the vascular system, which likely cause reduced sap flow, triggers the ability of apple trees to survive phytoplasma infection. Some phytohormone-mediated defences might support the tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannicke Gallinger
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zikeli
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Matthias R. Zimmermann
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Louisa M. Görg
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erich Seemüller
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Kariyat RR, Gaffoor I, Sattar S, Dixon CW, Frock N, Moen J, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC, Thompson GA, Chopra S. Sorghum 3-Deoxyanthocyanidin Flavonoids Confer Resistance against Corn Leaf Aphid. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:502-514. [PMID: 30911880 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined the role of sorghum flavonoids in providing resistance against corn leaf aphid (CLA) Rhopalosiphum maidis. In sorghum, accumulation of these flavonoids is regulated by a MYB transcription factor, yellow seed1 (y1). Functional y1 alleles accumulate 3-deoxyflavonoids (3-DFs) and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAs) whereas null y1 alleles fail to accumulate these compounds. We found that significantly higher numbers of alate CLA adults colonized null y1 plants as compared to functional y1 plants. Controlled cage experiments and pairwise choice assays demonstrated that apterous aphids preferred to feed and reproduce on null y1 plants. These near-isogenic sorghum lines do not differ in their epicuticular wax content and were also devoid of any leaf trichomes. Significantly higher mortality of CLA was observed on artificial aphid diet supplemented with flavonoids obtained from functional y1 plants as compared to null y1 plants or the relevant controls. Our results demonstrate that the proximate mechanism underlying the deleterious effects on aphids is y1-regulated flavonoids which are important defense compounds against CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Iffa Gaffoor
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Sampurna Sattar
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Cullen W Dixon
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Nadia Frock
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Chatham University, 0 Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Juliet Moen
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- Grove City College, 100 Campus Drive, Grove City, PA, 16127, USA
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gary A Thompson
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Plant Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA.
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Kanvil S, Pham J, Lopez-Cobollo R, Selby M, Bennett M, Beckingham C, Powell G, Turnbull C. Cucurbit extrafascicular phloem has strong negative impacts on aphids and is not a preferred feeding site. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2780-2789. [PMID: 28779505 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbits have long been known to possess two types of phloem: fascicular (FP) within vascular bundles and extrafascicular phloem (EFP) surrounding vascular bundles and scattered through the cortex. Recently, their divergent composition was revealed, with FP having high sugar content consistent with conventional phloem, but EFP having much lower sugar levels and a very different proteome. However, the evolutionary advantages of possessing both FP and EFP have remained unclear. Here, we present four lines of quantitative evidence that together support the hypothesis that FP represents a typical phloem and is an attractive diet for aphids, whereas aphids avoid feeding on EFP. First, aphid stylet track endings were more abundant near the abaxial FP element of minor veins, suggesting a feeding preference for FP over EFP. Second, sugar profiles from stylet exudates were wholly consistent with FP origins, further supporting preference for FP and avoidance of EFP. Third, supplementation of EFP exudate into artificial diets confirmed an aversion to EFP in choice experiments. Finally, EFP exudate had negative effects on aphid performance. On the basis of aphids' inability to thrive on EFP, we conclude that EFP is atypical and perhaps should not be classed as a phloem system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Kanvil
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jasmine Pham
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rosa Lopez-Cobollo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Selby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Glen Powell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Pompon J, Quiring D, Giordanengo P, Pelletier Y. Role of xylem consumption on osmoregulation in Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:610-5. [PMID: 20036244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem feeders that occasionally ingest xylem sap. The duration of xylem consumption by Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was positively correlated with the level of dehydration of alate aphids of different ages after a period of starvation, supporting the hypothesis that aphids ingest xylem sap to replenish their water balance. However, the duration of xylem sap ingestion but not phloem sap consumption varied in unstarved alate adults of different ages. Furthermore, both alate and apterous aphids ingested xylem sap at the end of their life, when aphids were not dehydrated but when fecundity started to decrease. Fecundity was negatively correlated with the proportion of time spent ingesting xylem sap, and that over the entire reproductive life of alate and apterous aphids. The lower proportion of xylem ingested by apterous than by alate aphids during the first few days of adult life may be related to a higher symbiont density in apterous morphs. As previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between sucrose assimilation, which is directly influenced by fecundity and symbiont density, and osmoregulation, we suggest that xylem consumption may play a role in the osmoregulation of haemolymph of aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pompon
- Population Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6C2 Canada.
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El-Shazly NZ. Der Einflußäußerer Faktoren auf die hämocytäre Abwehrreaktion von Neomyzus circumflexus (Buck.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1972.tb02208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beck AK, Büchi R. Esterasetest zum Nachweis der Insektizidresistenz bei der Hopfenblattlaus, Phorodon humuli Schrk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1980.tb03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gould GG, Jones CG, Rifleman P, Perez A, Coleman JS. Variation in Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) phloem sap content caused by leaf development may affect feeding site selection behavior of the aphid, Chaitophorous populicola Thomas (Homoptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 36:1212-1225. [PMID: 18284747 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[1212:viecpd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apterous populations of Chaitophorous populicola Thomas (Homoptera: Aphididae) appear to track Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) leaf development. Few aphids occur on mature leaves. Marked individual aphids on leaves of different developmental stages were observed through a period of new leaf initiation. Nymph and adult C. populicola frequently track leaf development by moving up to younger leaves. A comparison of phloem sap constituents and leaf toughness among leaf developmental stages revealed some differences that could be used by C. populicola to determine leaf age. Phloem sap exudates, collected from P. deltoides leaves of different developmental stages, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for free amino acids and the phenolic glycoside salicin. Sucrose concentration in exudates, indicative of phloem sap exudation rate, was uniform among leaf stages. Of 20 amino acids examined, only aspartic acid and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) concentrations differed significantly between leaf stages. Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that seven of the amino acids analyzed are useful for classifying leaf maturity groupings. Aphid-infested cottonwoods had lower cystine concentrations in phloem sap than aphid-free plants. Salicin concentration was significantly higher in new leaves. Leaf toughness was assessed by lignin density and distance measurements in petiole cross-sections. Rapidly expanding leaves had significantly less lignification and new leaves had shorter distances to the vascular bundles than senescent leaves. These physiological and phytochemical differences among P. deltoides leaf developmental stages may contribute to the leaf stage selection patterns exhibited by the aphid, C. populicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgianna G Gould
- Department of Biology, Biological Research Labs, Syracuse University, 130 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244-1220, USA.
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Parry WH. The effects of nitrogen levels in sitka spruce needles on Elatobium abietinum (Walker) populations in North-Eastern Scotland. Oecologia 1974; 15:305-320. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00345428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/1974] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Phillips DA, Cleland CF. Cytokinin activity from the phloem sap of Xanthium strumarium L. PLANTA 1971; 102:173-178. [PMID: 24482135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1971] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Excretory products from aphids feeding on flowering and vegetative Xanthium plants contained a cytokinin active in the soybean-callus assay. No cytokinin activity was found in honeydew collected from aphids feeding on a chemically defined diet. Soybean-callus assays indicated that honeydew from aphids feeding on flowering plants contained more cytokinin than honeydew from vegetative plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Phillips
- Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Isolated wingless cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), produced only wingless young. Aphids isolated from birth all became wingless, whereas over 50 percent of grouped controls developed wings. Isolation caused hyperactivity of the corpus allatum; this hyperactivity may have caused the wingless form.
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Kircher HW, Lieberman FV. Toxicity of tobacco smoke to the spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Nature 1967; 215:97-8. [PMID: 6053423 DOI: 10.1038/215097a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Dadd RH. Improvement of synthetic diet for the aphid Myzus persicae using plant juices, nucleic acids, or trace metals. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1967; 13:763-78. [PMID: 6046968 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(67)90125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Ehrhardt P. Entwicklung und symbionten gefl�gelter und ungefl�gelter virgines von Aphis fabae scop. Unter dem einfluss k�tnstlicher ernahrung. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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