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de Souza-Vilela J, Andrew NR, Ruhnke I. Insect protein in animal nutrition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
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Duvall CJ, Williams DD. Ontogenic changes in prey consumption by the stoneflyParagnetina mediain relation to temporal variation in prey nutrient content. CAN J ZOOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Duffin Creek, Ontario, nymphs of the predatory stonefly Paragnetina media (Perlidae) commonly feed on detritus and three prey types: hydropsychid larvae (Hydropsyche sparna and Hydropsyche slossonae), nymphs of the mayfly Baetis tricaudatus, and chironomid larvae belonging to subfamilies Tanypodinae and Orthocladiinae. This study examined temporal changes in the nutrient (lipid and protein) content of these prey to determine if the predator tracks food resources by selecting prey on the basis of nutrient requirements at different stages in its own development. All three common prey types exhibited temporal variation in lipid levels, with peaks occurring at different times: June for the hydropsychids, August for the chironomids, and October for B. tricaudatus. Prey protein levels were less variable. The proportions of the prey types that were eaten varied throughout the year and according to predator size. For example, while small P. media ate mostly detritus, they also consumed early-instar hydropsychids during the larval recruitment period of the latter; mid-sized nymphs included more animal matter in their diet, primarily chironomid larvae; and larger nymphs primarily ate B. tricaudatus. Paragnetina media nymphs in all size categories showed an increase in body lipid level in the autumn, suggesting a general accumulation of lipid reserves in readiness for the winter, although dietary adjustment to accomplish this was detectable only in small P. media. There was no evidence to suggest that P. media selected prey on the basis of the latter's protein content. Male P. media nymphs preyed predominantly on chironomid larvae and included mites in their diet, whereas female nymphs preferred B. tricaudatus and hydropsychids. On a per milligram body mass basis, male nymphs had the higher nutrient gain, since, for both lipid and protein, intake by males was between two and three times that by females. However, male and female bodies had similar lipid contents. We conclude that whereas there is temporal variation both in the nutritional (lipid and protein) content of the common prey of P. media and in this predator's diet, there is only weak evidence for nutrient-resource tracking.
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Barras DJ, Joiner RL, Vinson S. Neutral lipid composition of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fab.), as affected by its habitual parasite, Cardiochiles nigriceps viereck. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Madariaga M, Municio A, Ribera A. Biochemistry of the development of the insect Ceratitis capitata: Evolution of fatty acid composition of different lipid classes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Madariaga MA, Municio AM, Ribera A. Biochemistry of the development of the insect Dacus oleae: evolution of fatty acid composition of different lipid classes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 35:57-62. [PMID: 5492194 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Harlow RD, Lumb RH, Wood R. Insect lipids: carbon number distribution of triglycerides in five species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 30:761-9. [PMID: 5356621 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)92154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wimer L. A comparison of the carbohydrate composition of the hemolymph and fat body of Phormia regina during larval development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thomson JA. The interpretation of puff patterns in polytene chromosomes. CURRENTS IN MODERN BIOLOGY 1969; 2:333-8. [PMID: 5798533 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(69)90020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Barroso C, Municio AM, Ribera A. Biochemistry of the development of the insects Dacus oleae and Ceratitis capitata-evolution of total fatty acids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 28:239-44. [PMID: 5777373 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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McFarlane JE. Fatty acids, methyl esters and insect growth. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 24:377-84. [PMID: 5651277 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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