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Yang S, Amberger M, Wennmann JT, Jehle JA. Transcriptome analysis of CpGV in midguts of type II resistant codling moth larvae and identification of contaminant infections by SNP mapping of RNA-Seq data. J Virol 2024; 98:e0053724. [PMID: 38934597 PMCID: PMC11265400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00537-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Various isolates of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) are used as insect pest control agents against codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella L.), a predominant pest in apple orchards. Three different types (I-III) of dominantly inherited field resistance of CM larvae to CpGV have been recently identified. In this study, transcription of virus genes in midgut cells of type II-resistant CM larvae infected with different CpGV isolates, i.e., CpGV-M and CpGV-S (both prone to type II resistance) as well as CpGV-E2 (breaking type II resistance) was determined by strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) at an early infection stage (72 h post infection). Based on principal component analysis of read counts and the quantitative distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RNA-Seq data, a bioinformatics analysis pipeline was developed for an a posteriori identification of the infective agents. We report that (i) identification of infective agent is crucial, especially in in vivo infection experiments, when activation of covert virus infections is a possibility, (ii) no substantial difference between CpGV-M and CpGV-S transcription was found in type II-resistant CM larvae despite a different resistance mechanism, (iii) the transcription level of CpGV-M and CpGV-S was much lower than that of CpGV-E2, and (iv) orf59 (sod), orf89 (pif-6), orf92 (p18), and orf137 (lef-10) were identified as significantly downregulated genes in resistance-prone isolates CpGV-M and CpGV-S. For type II resistance of CM larvae, we conclude that CpGV-M and CpGV-S are both able to enter midgut cells, but viral transcription is significantly impaired at an early stage of infection compared to the resistance-breaking isolate CpGV-E2. IMPORTANCE CpGV is a highly virulent pathogen of codling moth, and it has been developed into one of the most successful commercial baculovirus biocontrol agents for pome fruit production worldwide. The emergence of field resistance in codling moth to commercial CpGV products is a threat toward the sustainable use of CpGV. In recent years, different types of resistance (type I-III) were identified. For type II resistance, very little is known regarding the infection process. By studying the virus gene expression patterns of different CpGV isolates in midguts of type II-resistant codling moth larvae, we found that the type II resistance mechanism is most likely based on intracellular factors rather than a receptor component. By applying SNP mapping of the RNA-Seq data, we further emphasize the importance of identifying the infective agents in in vivo experiments when activation of a covert infection cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Yang
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Amberger
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jörg T. Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Jehle
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
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Fan J, Jehle JA, Wennmann JT. Population structure of Cydia pomonella granulovirus isolates revealed by quantitative analysis of genetic variation. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veaa073. [PMID: 33505705 PMCID: PMC7816688 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of viruses is driven by genomic mutations and selection through its host, resulting in differences in virulence as well as host responses. For baculoviruses, which are naturally occurring pathogens of insects and which are frequently sprayed on hundred thousands to millions of hectares as biocontrol agents of insect pests, the phenomenon of virus-host co-evolution is of particular scientific interest and economic importance because high virulence of baculovirus products is essential and emergence of host resistance needs to be avoided as much as possible. In the present study, the population structure of twenty isolates of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV), including twelve isolates from different geographic origins and eight commercial formulations, were studied on the basis of next-generation sequencing data and by analyzing the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). An entirely consensus sequence-free quantitative SNP analysis was applied for the identification of 753 variant SNP sites being specific for single as well as groups of CpGV isolates. Based on the quantitative SNP analysis, homogenous, heterogenous as well as mixed isolates were identified and their proportions of genotypes were deciphered, revealing a high genetic diversity of CpGV isolates from around the world. Based on hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC), six distinct isolate/group clusters were identified, representing the proposed main phylogenetic lineages of CpGV but comprising full genome information from virus mixtures. The relative location of different isolates in HCPC reflected the proportion of variable compositions of different genotypes. The established methods provide novel analysis tools to decipher the molecular complexity of genotype mixtures in baculovirus isolates, thus depicting the population structure of baculovirus isolates in a more adequate form than consensus based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Fan
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Fan J, Wennmann JT, Wang D, Jehle JA. Novel Diversity and Virulence Patterns Found in New Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus from China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02000-19. [PMID: 31676472 PMCID: PMC6952229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02000-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is successfully used worldwide as a biocontrol agent of the codling moth (CM) (Cydia pomonella). The occurrence of CM populations with different modes of resistance against commercial CpGV preparations in Europe, as well as the invasiveness of CM in China, threatening major apple production areas there, requires the development of new control options. Utilizing the naturally occurring genetic diversity of CpGV can improve such control strategies. Here, we report the identification of seven new CpGV isolates that were collected from infected CM larvae in northwest China. Resistance testing using a discriminating CpGV concentration and the determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50) were performed to characterize their levels of virulence against susceptible and resistant CM larvae. The isolates were further screened for the presence of the 2 × 12-bp-repeat insertion in CpGV gene pe38 (open reading frame 24 [ORF24]), which was shown to be the target of type I resistance. It was found that three isolates, CpGV-JQ, -KS1, and -ZY2, could break type I resistance, although delayed mortality was observed in the infection process. All isolates followed the pe38 model of breaking type I resistance, except for CpGV-WW, which harbored the genetic factor but failed to overcome type I resistance. However, CpGV-WW was able to overcome type II and type III resistance. The bioassay results and sequencing data of pe38 support previous findings that pe38 is the major target for type I resistance. The new isolates show some distinct virulence characteristics when infection of different CM strains is considered.IMPORTANCE CpGV is a highly virulent pathogen of the codling moth (CM). It is registered and widely applied as a biocontrol agent in nearly all apple-growing countries worldwide. The emergence of CpGV resistance and the increasing lack of chemical control options require improvements to current control strategies. Natural CpGV isolates, as well as resistance-breaking isolates selected in resistant CM strains, have provided resources for improved resistance-breaking CpGV products. Here, we report novel CpGV isolates collected in China, which have new resistance-breaking capacities and may be an important asset for future application in the biological control of codling moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Fan
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt, Germany
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Alletti GG, Sauer AJ, Weihrauch B, Fritsch E, Undorf-Spahn K, Wennmann JT, Jehle JA. Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify and Quantify the Genetic Composition of Resistance-Breaking Commercial Isolates of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus. Viruses 2017; 9:E250. [PMID: 28869567 PMCID: PMC5618016 DOI: 10.3390/v9090250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) isolates as biological control agents of codling moth (CM) larvae is important in organic and integrated pome fruit production worldwide. The commercially available isolates CpGV-0006, CpGV-R5, and CpGV-V15 have been selected for the control of CpGV resistant CM populations in Europe. In infection experiments, CpGV-0006 and CpGV-R5 were able to break type I resistance and to a lower extent also type III resistance, whereas CpGV-V15 overcame type I and the rarely occurring type II and type III resistance. The genetic background of the three isolates was investigated with next generation sequencing (NGS) tools by comparing their nucleotide compositions to whole genome alignments of five CpGV isolates representing the known genetic diversity of the CpGV genome groups A to E. Based on the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Illumina sequencing reads, we found that the two isolates CpGV-0006 and CpGV-R5 have highly similar genome group compositions, consisting of about two thirds of the CpGV genome group E and one third of genome group A. In contrast, CpGV-V15 is composed of equal parts of CpGV genome group B and E. According to the identified genetic composition of these isolates, their efficacy towards different resistance types can be explained and predictions on the success of resistance management strategies in resistant CM populations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Gueli Alletti
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Annette J Sauer
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Birgit Weihrauch
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Eva Fritsch
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Karin Undorf-Spahn
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jörg T Wennmann
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Gueli Alletti G, Eigenbrod M, Carstens EB, Kleespies RG, Jehle JA. The genome sequence of Agrotis segetum granulovirus, isolate AgseGV-DA, reveals a new Betabaculovirus species of a slow killing granulovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 146:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Histopathology and effect on development of the PhopGV on larvae of the potato tubermoth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 108:52-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Keller S. Mikrobiologische Bekämpfung des Apfelwicklers (Laspeyresia pomonella [L.]) (=Carpocapsa pomonella) mit spezifischem Granulosisvirus1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1973.tb02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Cossentine JE, Jensen LBM, Eastwell KC. Incidence and transmission of a granulovirus in a large codling moth [Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] rearing facility. J Invertebr Pathol 2005; 90:187-92. [PMID: 16303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Incidences of potential per os Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) transmission within a large codling moth colony were identified. CpGV was detected in the water which is used to wash egg sheets. When pre-neonates were extracted from eggs prior to emergence and tested for the presence of CpGV, 40% were found to carry amounts of CpGV detectable by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, suggesting possible transovarial transmission of the virus. Although symptoms typical of virus infection and larval death were found infrequently within communal rearing trays, the frequency with which CpGV DNA was detected by PCR assays increased from a mean of 31% of 10-day-old larvae to 94% of 25-day-old larvae. CpGV in codling moth cadavers remained virulent after being held at 60 degrees C for 3 days under conditions similar to the treatment of spent diet at the rearing facility before its disposal. PCR tests of surface samples taken from air filters and rearing rooms of the rearing facility were found to contain CpGV. Bioassays of surface samples from the diet trash bin and a filter through which outside air is passed before entering the rearing chambers resulted in significant codling moth neonate mortality. The virulence of CpGV in dust from the spent diet and the original inadvertent positioning of the diet trash bin directly below one of the air intake ducts are suggested as a possible additional source of CpGV contamination within the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cossentine
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0.
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9
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Bideshi DK, Anwar AT, Federici BA. A baculovirus anti-apoptosis gene homolog of the Trichoplusia ni granulovirus. Virus Genes 1999; 19:95-101. [PMID: 10541013 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008148922330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) gene homolog (Tn-iap) of the Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV) was cloned, sequenced and mapped on the genome of TnGV. Tn-iap encoded a protein (Tn-IAP) of 301 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 35 kDa. The Tn-IAP contained the two sequence motifs, BIRs and RING finger, characteristic of IAP proteins, and shared identities of 21-27% and similarities of 28-53% with IAP proteins of Cydia pomonella GV (Cp-IAP), Orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV) (Op-IAP1, 3), Autographa californica MNPV (Ac-IAP1), Bombyx mori NPV (Bm-IAP1), Lymantria dispar MNPV (Ld-IAP3) and Buzura suppressaria single nucleocapsid NPV (Bs-IAP1). However, Tn-IAP shared no significant homology with baculovirus IAP2 proteins. Using an antisense Tn-iap probe, two major transcripts of approximately 800 nt and 1600 nt were detected by Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from the fat body of T. ni larvae infected with the TnGV. Unlike Cp-IAP and Op-IAP3, however, Tn-IAP did not rescue virion occlusion in SF21 cells infected with a p35-deficient AcMNPV mutant. Tn-IAP's synthesis in vivo but failure to rescue p35-deficient AcMNPV in SF21 cells suggests it is a functional IAP that is only effective in certain cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bideshi
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside Riverside, California 92521, USA
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10
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Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Tsunemitsu H, Saif LJ, Glass RI. Sequence analysis of the gene encoding VP4 of a bovine group C rotavirus: molecular evidence for a new P genotype. Virus Genes 1999; 19:85-8. [PMID: 10499454 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008196824879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence of the bovine group C rotavirus Shintoku strain gene 3 was determined. Segment 3 is 2253 nucleotides (nt) in length and contains a long open reading frame (ORF) beginning at nt 22 and terminating at nt 2223. This ORF encodes a polypeptide of 733 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 83 kDa. The deduced gene 3 amino acid sequence shares 79% and 73% identities with VP4 of the porcine Cowden and human Bristol strains, respectively. Lack of high amino acid sequence homology in VP4 of bovine, porcine, and human group C rotaviruses indicates that the Shintoku strain represents a new P genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Ultrastructure of host tissues exposed to the calyx fluid of the parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(89)90035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Temporal events in the invasion of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, by a granulosis virus: An electron microscope study. J Invertebr Pathol 1987. [PMCID: PMC7130536 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(87)90108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The replication cycle of the granulosis virus of Cydia pomonella, the codling moth, was studied at the cellular and tissue level. Membranelike complexes were observed forming within the remnants of the nucleolus in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Differences in cell polarity relative to the sites of virus entry assembly and budding as well as differences in the temporal aspects of replication were observed between midgut, fat body, and epidermal cells. The progressive spread of virus throughout larval tissues was studied at 24, 32, 48, 56, and 72 hr postinfection. The basal lamina seemed to be an effective barrier for the release of budded progeny virus into the hemocoel and large numbers of budded virus were produced.
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Pinnock DE, Hess RT. Morphological variations in the cytopathology associated with granulosis virus in the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospila. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1978; 63:252-60. [PMID: 682226 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(78)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Diseases of the Insect Integument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-153401-1.50007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Wäger R, Benz G. Histochemical studies on Nucleic acid metabolism in granulosis-infected Carpocapsa pomonella. J Invertebr Pathol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(71)90132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Barefield KP, Stairs GR. Infectious components of granulosis virus of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella. J Invertebr Pathol 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(70)90184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Arnott HJ, Smith KM. Ultrastructural observations on the branched rods associated with some insect granuloses. J Invertebr Pathol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(69)90185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sluss RR, Leutenegger R. The fine structure of the tropic cells of Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1968; 25:441-51. [PMID: 5714585 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(68)80097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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