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Box A, Capó X, Tejada S, Catanese G, Grau A, Deudero S, Sureda A, Valencia JM. Reduced Antioxidant Response of the Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis Related to the Presence of Haplosporidium pinnae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110932. [PMID: 33187065 PMCID: PMC7698053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endemic fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) in the Mediterranean Sea is at high risk of disappearance due to massive mortality events. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant response of P. nobilis collected in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) before and after the mass mortality event. Individuals collected before (between 2011 and 2012) and after (between 2016 and 2017) the event were analyzed by histological, molecular, and biochemical methods to compare pathogenic loads and biochemical responses. All the individuals collected during 2016–2017 presented symptoms of the disease and were positive for Haplosporidium pinnae, while acid-fast bacteria or/and Gram-negative bacteria were detected in some individuals of both sampling periods. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in the gills were significantly lower in P. nobilis affected with the parasite compared to those in the asymptomatic ones, while levels of malondialdehyde, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were higher in infected individuals. When analyzing the differential effects of H. pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. on P. nobilis, it was observed that significant effects on biomarkers were only observed in the presence of H. pinnae. Co-infection of P. nobilis by H. pinnae with other pathogens such as Mycobacterium sp. constitutes a serious problem due to its high mortality rate in the Balearic Island waters. This concerning situation for P. nobilis is favored by a reduction in antioxidant defenses related to H. pinnae infection that induces oxidative stress and cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Box
- Department of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d’Eivissa, 07800 Balearic Islands, Spain;
| | - Xavier Capó
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; (X.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdisBa), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaetano Catanese
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Amalia Grau
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; (X.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Antoni Sureda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdisBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-172820
| | - José María Valencia
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, 07157 Port d’Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain; (G.C.); (A.G.); (J.M.V.)
- INAGEA (INIA-CAIB-UIB), Edifici Guillem Colom Casasnoves, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Hine PM. Haplosporidian host:parasite interactions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:190-199. [PMID: 32437861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The host:parasite interactions of the 3 serious haplosporidian pathogens of oysters, on which most information exists, are reviewed. They are Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea spp. and Crassostrea gigas; Bonamia exitiosa in Ostrea spp.; and Haplosporidium nelsoni in Crassostrea spp. Understanding the haemocytic response to pathogens is constrained by lack of information on haematopoiesis, haemocyte identity and development. Basal haplospridians in spot prawns are probably facultative parasites. H. nelsoni and a species infecting Haliotis iris in New Zealand (NZAP), which have large extracellular plasmodia that eject haplosporosomes or their contents, lyse surrounding cells and are essentially extracellular parasites. Bonamia spp. have small plasmodia that are phagocytosed, haplosporosomes are not ejected and they are intracellular obligate parasites. Phagocytosis by haemocytes is followed by formation of a parasitophorous vacuole, blocking of haemocyte lysosomal enzymes and the endolysosomal pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are blocked by antioxidants, and host cell apoptosis may occur. Unlike susceptible O. edulis, the destruction of B. ostreae by C. gigas may be due to higher haemolymph proteins, higher rates of granulocyte binding and phagocytosis, production of ROS, the presence of plasma β-glucosidase, antimicrobial peptides and higher levels of haemolymph and haemocyte enzymes. In B.exitiosa infection of Ostrea chilensis, cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LBs) containing lysosomal enzymes accumulate in host granulocytes and in B. exitiosa following phagocytosis. Their genesis and role in innate immunity and inflammation appears to be the same as in vertebrate granulocytes and macrophages, and other invertebrates. If so, they are probably the site of eicosanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid, and elevated numbers of LBs are probably indicative of haemocyte activation. It is probable that the molecular interaction, and role of LBs in the synthesis and storage of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, is conserved in innate immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, it seems likely that haplosporidians are more diverse than realized, and that there are many variations in host parasite interactions and life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hine
- 73, rue de la Fée au Bois, 17450, Fouras, France.
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Winters AD, Faisal M. Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of Haplosporidium diporeiae n. sp., a parasite of Diporeia sp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) in the Laurentian Great Lakes (USA). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:343. [PMID: 25060227 PMCID: PMC4141087 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylum Haplosporidia contains coelozoic and histozoic, spore-forming, obligate protozoan endoparasites that infect a number of freshwater and marine invertebrates including bivalves, crustaceans, and polychaetes. In amphipods, haplosporidians cause systemic infection resulting in a range of pathologies. While amphipods belonging to the genus Diporeia (Gammarideae) have been shown to host haplosporidians, the taxonomic relationship of the Diporeia haplosporidian(s) is largely unknown due to the lack of phylogenetic and detailed ultrastructural studies. Methods The infection characteristics and taxonomic identity of a haplosporidian infecting Diporeia spp. (Diporeia) were based on microscopical investigation, electron microscopy, and Bayesian phylogenetic inference using haplosporidian 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results In stained sections, the haplosporidian was observed to cause systemic infections in Diporeia that were often accompanied with host tissue degeneration. The haplosporidian appeared as binucleate plasmodia and sporocysts containing different spore maturation stages in the coelom, connective tissue, digestive tissue, and muscle. All of the observed systemic infections progressed to sporogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that fixed mature spores were slightly ellipsoidal and had a mean spore length X width of 5.34 ± 0.17 × 4.09 ± 0.15 μm. A hinged opercular lid with a length of 3.1 ± 0.17 μm was observed for a number of developing spores. The average thickness of the cell wall was 90.0 ± 8.33 nm. Thin filaments (70 nm) composed of spore wall material were observed projecting from an abopercular thickening of the spore wall. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the haplosporidian is novel bearing some similarities with the oyster pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni, yet distinctly different. Conclusions Based on its morphology, genetic sequence, and host, it became evident that the Diporeia haplosporidian is taxonomically novel and we propose its nomenclature as Haplosporidium diporeiae. This is the first report of a haplosporidian infecting Diporeia in Lake Superior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Gestal C, Roch P, Renault T, Pallavicini A, Paillard C, Novoa B, Oubella R, Venier P, Figueras A. Study of Diseases and the Immune System of Bivalves Using Molecular Biology and Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802325518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ford SE, Paillard C. Repeated sampling of individual bivalve mollusks I: intraindividual variability and consequences for haemolymph constituents of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:280-91. [PMID: 17175171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Components of the haemolymph are understood to constitute the internal defense system of bivalve mollusks and their levels are often considered to be indicators of "health"; however, relatively little proof exists of the role that these elements play in the success or failure of defense against a pathogen. A change associated with infection may be the consequence of disease rather than a measure of the capacity to respond effectively to a pathogen. One way to assess whether haemocyte or serum-component concentrations are related to resistance to microbial infection is to sample individuals over time, both before and after they are experimentally or naturally infected. But sampling itself may alter the parameter being assessed. In addition, interindividual variation is large and the degree of intraindividual variation over time is largely unknown. To evaluate intra- vs interindividual variability measured over time and to assess the effects of repeated sampling, we subjected Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, to multiple haemolymph samplings during both field and laboratory experiments, and measured four parameters: haemocyte density, protein concentration, and the activities of leucine amino peptidase and DOPA-oxidase. A repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that individuals with high or low levels at one sampling, tended to have high or low levels, respectively, at the other sampling times. Furthermore, the index of individuality, which is the ratio of intra- to interindividual variability, for these four parameters was comparable to that for human serum components. Repeated sampling had no measured effect on field-deployed clams, which were sampled at intervals of 1-3 months, but significantly depressed values in laboratory-held clams sampled at 1-month intervals. Results demonstrated relative intraindividual constancy in the measured variables and suggested that minimizing sample frequency and volume, and maintaining animals in a comparatively natural environment should all facilitate repeated sampling with minimum injury to experimental mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Ford
- Rutgers University, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA.
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da Silva PM, Magalhães ARM, Barracco MA. Effects of Bucephalus sp. (Trematoda: Bucephalidae) on Perna perna mussels from a culture station in Ratones Grande Island, Brazil. J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 79:154-62. [PMID: 12133704 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of Bucephalus sp. in Perna perna populations from a culture station of southern Brazil and its effect on the mussel reproductive tissue and immune system. The prevalence of Bucephalus sp. in P. perna (n = 1871) was considered low (3.1%) and did not seasonally vary. Histological sections of the mantle of infected mussels revealed a marked (80%) reduction of the reproductive tissue that was severe even in mussels exhibiting a moderate infection degree. The total (THC) and differential (DHC) hemocyte counts were lower in infected mussels (3.9 x 10(6) hem/ml; granular hemocytes = 33%) as compared with non-infected animals (5.5 x 10(6) hem/ml; granular hemocytes = 40%). The plasma protein concentration did not vary upon infection. Hemocyte infiltration was significantly higher only in mussels with a very heavy infection degree. The parasite sporocysts were never seen encapsulated by the host hemocytes. Our results indicate that Bucephalus sp. promotes a severe castration in its host and apparently evades the mussel immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M da Silva
- Departmento de Biologia Celular, Embriologio e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88.040-900, Brazil
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Allam B, Paillard C, Auffret M. Alterations in hemolymph and extrapallial fluid parameters in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, challenged with the pathogen Vibrio tapetis. J Invertebr Pathol 2000; 76:63-9. [PMID: 10963405 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.2000.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, we demonstrated the presence of defense factors, competent hemocytes and high enzymatic activities (peptidases, hydrolases, lytic, etc.), in the extrapallial fluid, located between the mantle and the shell, of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. In Europe, this species is affected by brown ring disease, an epizootic disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio tapetis. The present work focused on the effect of the development of the disease on cellular and humoral defense parameters in the hemolymph and the extrapallial fluid of experimentally infected clams. Results indicate significant changes in total and dead hemocyte counts, as well as modifications in lysozyme activity and protein content, in the hemolymph and extrapallial fluid of challenged animals. Hemocyte counts and lysozyme activity increased significantly in the hemolymph, but particularly in the extrapallial fluid, where the highest values were observed. A healing (recalcification) process was observed 7 weeks following challenge, suggesting defense system efficiency at neutralizing the pathogen. These results are discussed with emphasis on the role of extrapallial fluids in the defense process against invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allam
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
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Faisal M, MacIntyre E, Adham K, Tall B, Kothary M, La Peyre J. Evidence for the presence of protease inhibitors in eastern (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) oysters. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kanaley SA, Ford SE. Lectin binding characteristics of haemocytes and parasites in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, infected with Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX). Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:633-46. [PMID: 1964721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-binding surface receptors on haemocytes from host oysters were compared with those on plasmodial stages of the ascetosporan parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX). Haemocytes were agglutinated, in descending order of strength, by WGA, HPA, LPA, ConA, and CFA. GMA, PHA, and RMA lectins failed to agglutinate at 100 micrograms/ml, the highest concentration tested. These results indicate that haemocytes contain surface receptors resembling N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and alpha-methylmannopyranoside. Fluorescent (FITC) labelled ConA and WGA also bound to H. nelsoni plasmodia, but parasites were commonly excluded from clumps of agglutinated haemocytes, except for those that were apparently trapped passively in large aggregates. Although seasonal variations existed, agglutination titres for all reacting lectins were 2- to 8-fold higher for cells from systemically infected oysters compared to control oysters not manifesting systemic infections. Preincubation of lectins in serum from control animals reduced agglutination titres 6- to 9-fold, whereas incubation in serum from systemically infected oysters reduced titres only 4- to 6-fold. The loss of lectin-like molecules from the serum of systemically infected animals, and the concurrent increase of lectin receptors in the haemocytes population, is probably related to known changes in haemocytes composition and the loss of serum glycoproteins in diseased animals. Antigenic similarities were detected between surface receptors on oyster haemocytes and those on H. nelsoni plasmodia, which may help explain the failure of oyster haemocytes to phagocytose this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kanaley
- Rutgers University, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Shellfish Research Laboratory, Port Norris 08349
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Effect of environmental factors and parasitism on hemolymph lysozyme and protein of American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Invertebr Pathol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(89)90032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Metabolic changes induced in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by the parasitism of Boonea impressa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)91117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barber BJ, Ford SE, Haskin HH. Effects of the parasite MSX (Haplosporidium nelsoni) on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) energy metabolism—II. Tissue biochemical composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)90641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ford SE. Effect of repeated hemolymph sampling on growth, mortality, hemolymph protein and parasitism of oysters, Crassostrea virginica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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