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Brändle F, Frühbauer B, Jagannathan M. Principles and functions of pericentromeric satellite DNA clustering into chromocenters. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 128:26-39. [PMID: 35144860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple non-coding tandem repeats known as satellite DNA are observed widely across eukaryotes. These repeats occupy vast regions at the centromere and pericentromere of chromosomes but their contribution to cellular function has remained incompletely understood. Here, we review the literature on pericentromeric satellite DNA and discuss its organization and functions across eukaryotic species. We specifically focus on chromocenters, DNA-dense nuclear foci that contain clustered pericentromeric satellite DNA repeats from multiple chromosomes. We first discuss chromocenter formation and the roles that epigenetic modifications, satellite DNA transcripts and sequence-specific satellite DNA-binding play in this process. We then review the newly emerging functions of chromocenters in genome encapsulation, the maintenance of cell fate and speciation. We specifically highlight how the rapid divergence of satellite DNA repeats impacts reproductive isolation between closely related species. Together, we underline the importance of this so-called 'junk DNA' in fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Brändle
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Frühbauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Madhav Jagannathan
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the present status of preparative zonal centrifugation and to indicate where the remaining problems, in the reviewer's opinion, may lie. The field is sufficiently new for interest in practical separartions to be uppermost. However, a number of theoretical problems relating to gradient capacity, zonal rotor configuration and particle—particle interactions remain to be fully explored.
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3
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Tomilin NV, Aprelikova ON. Uracil-DNA glycosylases and DNA uracil repair. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1989; 114:125-79. [PMID: 2500405 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N V Tomilin
- Laboratory of Chromosome Stability, Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Leningrad
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe resolution of antibiotic-CsCl gradients enabled an examination of the satellite DNAs in the nuclear DNA of Drosophila simulans. Of the eight distinct satellite DNAs which were detected, four band at almost the same buoyant density in CsCl but can be resolved in netropsin sulphate-CsCl gradients. Each consists of a repeated sequence which, in five of the satellites, is shown to be arranged in tandem for long regions of the chromosomal DNA. One satellite (1·697 g/ml in CsCl) contains repeated sequences interspersed with other sequences. The satellite DNAs were compared with the satellite DNAs known to be present in the sibling species, D. melanogaster. The two species have different overall complements of satellite DNAs, but one satellite (1·672 g/ml) may be identical.
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Abstract
DNA sequence analysis of the human beta globin locus has identified an array of simple tandem repeated sequences upstream from the beta globin structural gene. Comparison of several cloned human beta globin alleles demonstrated a high frequency of sequence heteromorphism at this site apparently due to duplication or deletion of single units of the repeat array. At least two such duplication/deletion events are necessary to account for the observed variation. No other sequence variation was observed, suggesting that duplication/deletion events within the tandem repeat array may be at least 13 to 14 times more frequent than nucleotide substitutions in the surrounding DNA.
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6
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Shmookler Reis R, Timmis JN, Ingle J. Divergence, differential methylation and interspersion of melon satellite DNA sequences. Biochem J 1981; 195:723-34. [PMID: 6172117 PMCID: PMC1162945 DOI: 10.1042/bj1950723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo) satellite DNA consists of two components, Q and S, each with a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.707 g/ml, but differing by 9 degrees C in "melting" temperature. These physical properties appear to be in contradiction, since both depend on G + C content. In order to resolve this anomaly, base compositions were directly determined for isolated fractions. the low-"melting" component S contains 41.8% G + C, with 6% of C present as 5-methylcytosine, whereas Q DNA contains 54% G + C, with 41% of C methylated. Analyses of restriction site loss agreed well with the direct determinations of methylation and divergence, and indicated some clustering of methylated sites in Q DNA. Analysis of restricted main-band DNA by hydridization with RNA complementary to Q satellite DNA ("Southern transfer") showed satellite Q tandem arrays interspersed in DNA of main-band density. Sequence divergence and extent of methylation did not appear to depend on whether a repeat array was present as satellite or interspersed in main-band DNA. Hydridization in situ indicated considerable heterogeneity in the genomic proportion of the Q-DNA sequences in melon fruit nuclei, implying over- and under-representation consistent with extensive unequal recombination in satellite Q tandem arrays. The cucumber, Cucumis sativus, contains less than 8% as much Q-homologous DNA per genome as the melon, suggesting rapid evolutionary gain or loss of these tandem repeat sequences.
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Romanov GA, Vanyushin BF. Methylation of reiterated sequences in mammalian DNAs. Effects of the tissue type, age, malignancy and hormonal induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 653:204-18. [PMID: 7225396 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(81)90156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The content of 5-methylcytosine in sequences of various repetition degree obtained from some mammalian (rat, mouse, cow) DNAs has been studied. The minimal 5-methylcytosine content - about 0.8 mol% - is characteristic of unique DNA sequences of all DNAs studied; the maximal 5-methylcytosine content, usually exceeding 2 mol%, is found in most highly repeated sequences. The 5-methylcytosine content in low repetitive (10--1000-fold) sequences, which are known to contain genes for rRNA, tRNA and histones, is markedly higher than in unique sequences. In total DNAs of vertebrates, as well as in mammalian DNA fractions, 5-methylcytosine occurs at almost the same frequency as does dinucleotide (5')-CG-(3'). This suggests that a greater part (if not all) of 5-methylcytosine in mammalian DNAs is a product of DNA methylases which recognize the (5')-CG-(3') DNA sequence. In cows the 5-methylcytosine content in reiterated DNA sequences decreases in thymus and heart with age and in lymphocytes on chronic lympholeukosis. The methylation degree of reiterated sequences increases in rat liver DNA after administration of hydrocortisone. On the contrary, in all cases the extent of methylation of unique sequences hardly ever changes, which seems to result from nearly complete methylation of cytosine residues in sequence (5')-CG-(3'). Specific changes observed in tissue on methylation of reiterated DNA sequences on aging, leukosis and hormone treatment support the idea that DNA methylation is associated with cellular differentiation or transformation and may be one of the possible mechanisms for regulation of transcription and replication in eukaryotes.
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8
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of uncloned mouse satellite DNA has been determined by analyzing Sau96I restriction fragments that correspond to the repeat unit of the satellite DNA. An unambiguous sequence of 234 bp has been obtained. The sequence of the first 250 bases from dimeric satellite fragments present in Sau96I limit digests corresponds almost exactly to two tandemly arranged monomer sequences including a complete Sau96I site in the center. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that a low level of divergence which cannot be detected in sequence analyses of uncloned DNA is responsible for the appearance of dimeric fragments. Most of the sequence of the 5% fraction of Sau96 monomers that are susceptible to TaqI has also been determined and has been found to agree completely with the prototype sequence. The monomer sequence is internally repetitious being composed of eight diverged subrepeats. The divergence pattern has interesting implications for theories on the evolution of mouse satellite DNA.
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Madreiter H, Osieka R, Wittekind C, Kaden P, Mittermayer C. Bleomycin: effect on satellite DNA in mouse fibroblasts. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KREBSFORSCHUNG UND KLINISCHE ONKOLOGIE. CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1978; 92:309-13. [PMID: 83055 DOI: 10.1007/bf00461654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Bleomycin on the semiconservative replication of mouse nuclear DNA has been studied. When asynchronously dividing mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (25 mg/l medium) for 18 h, three hybrid DNA bands with densities of 1.722, 1.752, and 1.761 kg/l appeared after caesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of nuclear DNA. In cells exposed to Bleomycin (100 mg/l) however, replication of satellite DNA is more strongly inhibited than is the replication of the main band DNA; preferentially the thymidinerich hybrid duplex at 1.761 kg/l could no longer be detected.
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Rae PM, Steele RE. Modified bases in the DNAs of unicellular eukaryotes: an examination of distributions and possible roles, with emphasis on hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates. Biosystems 1978; 10:37-53. [PMID: 566131 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(78)90027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of small amounts of one or more of several modified bases in the DNA of an organism is widespread in nature. Prominent among these bases are 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. All can be found in varying amounts in DNA of viral, prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. In some organisms, modified nucleotides comprise a large fraction of DNA nucleotides and in others there is complete replacement of one of the common four nucleotides by a modified one. This article discusses the distributions and possible roles of the several modified bases found in prokaryote and eukaryote DNAs. Emphasis is given (1) methylcytosine in a broad variety of eukaryotes, (2) methyladenine in certain protozoa and protophyta and (3) hydroxymethyluracil in dinoflagellates. Attention is focused on the phenomenology and the possible consequences of the presence of hydroxymethyluracil in DNA.
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Hörz W, Zachau HG. Characterization of distinct segments in mouse satellite DNA by restriction nucleases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 73:383-92. [PMID: 321221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The long-range periodicity of mouse satellite DNA has been analyzed by digestion with five restriction nucleases. With all nucleases tested, a major repeat unit approximately 245 nucleotide pairs became apparent. Minor registers of shorter length were also detected. The total number of cleavage sites per haploid genome for each restriction enzyme as well as their positions relative to each other were determined. While endo R-EcoRII was known to cleave all of the satellite DNA, the other four restriction enzymes were found to generate only weak degradation patterns. The results taken together with quantitative analyses of codigestion experiments indicate that the recognition sequences for each of these four nucleases are clustered on separate parts of the satellite DNA. It is concluded that the satellite DNA, which appears homogeneous by digestion with endo R-EcRII, contains distinct segments each susceptible to degradation with one of the other nucleases. These results have certain implications for theories on the evolution of mouse satellite DNA. A simple mechanism of multiplication and divergence by mutation is not sufficient to explain the data. Additional and alternative processes which are relevant to the evolutionary considerations are discussed.
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12
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Wiebers JL. Detection and identification of minor nucleotides in intact deoxyribonucleic acids by mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res 1976; 3:2959-70. [PMID: 1005110 PMCID: PMC343144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/3.11.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass spectral method is described for the detection and identification of unusual nucleotide residues present in DNAs. Analysis by this method of intact, underivatized DNA from salmon sperm, calf thymus, mouse L-cells, wheat germ, M. lysodeikticus, E. Coli, and the bacteriophages 0X-174, fd, and lamda, yields diagnostic ions for the four common components of DNA as well as characteristic ions for 5-methyldeoxycytidine residues. The spectrum from T2 DNA contains ions indicative of 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine and 5-methyldoxycytidine components but no ions corresponding to deoxycytidine residues. The DNAs of phages fd and 0X-174 also display ion products indicative of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine residues. Additional series of ions in the spectra of all four bacteriophage DNAs suggest the presence of 5-substituted deoxyuridine residues. The detection method exhibits considerable sensitivity in that amounts of DNA as low as 0.01 A260nm units can be used in the analysis, and thus, the procedure should prove of some value in the detection and location of modified components in specific regions of the various genomes by analysis of the appropriate endonuclease restriction fragments.
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13
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Abstract
Two distinct satellite DNAs, amounting to 25% of the total DNA, were isolated from the nuclei of the red-necked wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus. The physical properties of native, single-stranded and reassociated molecules were studied in buoyant-density gradient centrifugation. The homogeneity of each satellite fraction was examined using melting characteristics of native and reassociated DNA, and renaturation kinetics. These data suggest that sequence heterogeneity exists in both fractions. Each satellite fraction was found by in situ hybridization to be localized in heterochromatin of interphase nuclei and in the centromeric regions of metaphase chromosomes. The chromosomal distributions of the two satellite DNAs differentiate the sex chromosomes, which have sequences of only one satellite, from the autosomes which have sequences of both satellites in the centromeric heterochromatin. Giemsa C-banding techniques also showed a differentiation of the centromeric regions of sex chromosomes from those of the autosomes.
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14
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Szala S, Beiniek B, Michalska J, Choraźy M. Interspersion and transcription of repeated sequences of rat DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 432:129-44. [PMID: 1268250 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive rat DNA reassociated to Cot=0.1 and deprived of "foldback" sequences showed close interspersion with unique sequences. As measured by electron microscopy, the average length of repetitive segments was about 600 +/- 400, and of unique segments 1800-3600 base pairs. Pyrimidine tracts over 80 nucleotides in length were found mainly in foldback and repetitive fractions. Oligo(dT) tracts, 20-30 bases in length prevailed in the DNA fraction reassociated to Cot=0.1. Repetitive and unique DNA fractions were annealed to Millipore filters and hybridized with hnRNA. Up to 1.6% of repetitive DNA reassociated to Cot=0.05 showed base complementarity with hnRNA, whereas the comparative figures for DNA reassociated to Cot=10 and for the unique fraction were 0.8% and 0.3% respectively. When hybridization of hnRNA was carried out in solution in vast DNA excess, no hybrid formation with repetitive sequences reassociated to Cot=0.1 was observed, although hybridization with DNA reassociated to Cot=10 was noticeable.
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15
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16
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Prashad N, Cutler RG. Percent satellite DNA as a function of tissue and age of mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 418:1-23. [PMID: 1244847 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A selective loss of satellite DNA was found to occur to different extents as a function of tissue and age of mice using several common DNA extraction and purification procedures. This result emphasizes a serious problem that may be encountered in comparative studies of DNA structure and composition if selective loss of specific DNA sequences occurs. We have developed a DNA extraction and purification procedure that is simple and reliable and gives a high percent DNA yield, which substantially reduces the selective loss of heterochromatin DNA sequences. The method features a centrifugation step of a proteolytic digest of chromatin in 2.4 M CsCl. Percent DNA yield of 82-98% are routinely obtained with no apparent loss of satellite DNA sequences from different tissues or ages of mice. Utilizing this method, percent satellite DNA was found to remain essentially constant at 11 +/- 1% for spleen, kidney, and brain tissues obtained from mice of 10-780 days of age. However, for liver, percent satellite DNA remained at about 7-8% from 10 to 300 days of age and then increased to about 12-13% from 300 to 600 days of age. During this latter time interval (300-600 days), an increase of DNA per nucleus of about 3-fold occurred, due to the formation of tetra- and octaploid cell types. A steady loss in the total number of nuclei per gram of liver as a function of age was also found. These two opposing effects resulted in a nearly constant amount of DNA per gram and per organ for liver throughout the lifespan of the mouse.
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17
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Moar MH, Purdom IF, Jones KW. Influence of temperature on the detectibility and chromosomal distribution of specific DNA sequences by in situ hybridisation. Chromosoma 1975; 53:345-59. [PMID: 1212901 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hybridising certain AT-rich satellite complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to their homologous chromosomal DNA sequences at different temperatures of incubation results in a different dispersion of autoradiographic label throughout the karyotypes. The temperature at which most label, or cRNA-DNA hybrid formation, exists corresponds to the optimal rate temperature for the hybridisation of these same satellite cRNA-DNA hybrids as determined by RNA excess filter hybridisation. It is likely that the in situ hybridisation results can therefore be explained by the fact that there is a similar temperature-dependence on the rate of hybrid formation for both in situ and RNA excess hybridisation. This should have important implications for the designing of in situ hybridisation experiments in general.
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18
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Harbers K, Harbers B, Spencer JH. Nucleotide clusters in deoxyribonucleic acids. XII. The distribution of 5-methylcytosine in pyrimidine oligonucleotides of mouse L-cell satellite DNA and main band DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 66:738-46. [PMID: 1237302 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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20
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Curtain CC. Decreased synthesis of hepatic satellite DNA in pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis of the sheep. Chem Biol Interact 1975; 10:133-9. [PMID: 1126001 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(75)90107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
the proportion of heavy satellite in the DNA isolated from the livers of sheep suffering from experimental pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis is significantly lower (3.5%) than that found in the DNA from lovers of normal sheep (12%). Dehydroheliotridine, the major unbound, relatively stable metabolite of lasiocarpine and heliotrine, the alkaloids used in the study, was found to inhibit selectively the semiconservative replication of the satellite DNA in cultures of ovine kidney cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of the synthesis of satellite DNA may be related to an attack by the metabolite on the pericentromeric region where the majority of the satellite sequences are located.
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21
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Hörz W, Hess I, Zachau HG. Highly regular arrangement of a restriction-nuclease-sensitive site in rodent satellite DNAs. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 45:501-12. [PMID: 4604531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Meuth M, Green H. Induction of a deoxycytidineless state in cultured mammalian cells by bromodeoxyuridine. Cell 1974; 2:109-12. [PMID: 4477047 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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24
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Ranjekar PK, Lafontaine JG, Pallotta D. Characterization of repetitive DNA in rye (Secale cereale). Chromosoma 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00290997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Cech TR, Rosenfeld A, Hearst JE. Characterization of the most rapidly renaturing sequences in mouse main-band DNA. J Mol Biol 1973; 81:299-325. [PMID: 4767458 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Lieberman MW. Fractionation of mouse DNA in preparative Ag+ -Cs2SO4 gradients. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 324:309-19. [PMID: 4796961 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Franke WW, Deumling B, Zentgraf H, Falk H, Rae PM. Nuclear membranes from mammalian liver. IV. Characterization of membrane-attached DNA. Exp Cell Res 1973; 81:365-92. [PMID: 4758906 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Sumner AT, Evans HJ. Mechanisms involved in the banding of chromosomes with guinacrine and Giems. II. The interaction of the dyes with the chromosomal components. Exp Cell Res 1973; 81:223-6. [PMID: 4127952 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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30
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Harbers E, Sandritter W. [Structure and function of chromatin (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1973; 51:631-43. [PMID: 4584186 DOI: 10.1007/bf01468167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Abstract
High-molecular-weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Saccharomyces carls bergensis has been fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The main DNA fraction has an average molecular weight of about 500 x 10(6). A major fraction of the DNA molecules containing sequences homologous to ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) sediments as material of this molecular weight. The remainder sediments as material of a molecular weight of about 250 x 10(6). The latter fraction contains relatively more ribosomal RNA cistrons than the former. Studies on the buoyant density of high-molecular-weight DNA homologous to ribosomal RNA have led to the conclusion that the ribosomal RNA cistrons occur in groups attached to a relatively large amount of nonribosomal RNA and suggest that ribosomal RNA cistrons are distributed over a number of yeast chromosomes.
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32
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33
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Hennig W. Highly repetitive DNA sequences in the genome of Drosophila hydei. I. Preferential localization in the X chromosomal heterochromatin. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:407-17. [PMID: 4635991 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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35
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36
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Curtain CC. Selective inhibition of the synthesis of mouse satellite DNA by dehydroheliotridine. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 4:421-5. [PMID: 5063978 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Kidwell WR. Fidelity of DNA replication in isolated L-cell nuclei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 269:51-61. [PMID: 4112696 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Kram R, Botchan M, Hearst JE. Arrangement of the highly reiterated DNA sequences in the centric heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Evidence for interspersed spacer DNA. J Mol Biol 1972; 64:103-17. [PMID: 4622629 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Kurnit DM, Schildkraut CL, Maio JJ. Single-strand interactions of mouse satellite DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 259:297-312. [PMID: 4259030 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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41
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42
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Rowley JD, Bodmer WF. Relationship of centromeric heterochromatin to fluorescent banding patterns of metaphase chromosomes in the mouse. Nature 1971; 231:503-6. [PMID: 4103792 DOI: 10.1038/231503a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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43
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44
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Mattoccia E, Comings DE. Buoyant density and satellite composition of DNA of mouse heterochromatin. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 229:175-6. [PMID: 5280105 DOI: 10.1038/newbio229175a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Bostock CJ, Prescott DM. Buoyant density of DNA synthesized at different stages of the S phase of mouse L cells. Exp Cell Res 1971; 64:267-74. [PMID: 5542633 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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47
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Corneo G, Zardi L, Polli E. Elution of mammalian nuclearsatellite DNA's on methylated albumin kieselguhr and hydroxyapatite chromatographic columns. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 217:249-58. [PMID: 4319662 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The renaturation kinetics of labeled DNA derived from synchronized Chinese hamster cells indicate that the three classes of repetitious DNA replicate uniformly throughout the S period, and that a piece of repetitious DNA may occur at or near the beginning of each replicon. Studies with mouse-cell DNA suggest that mouse satellite DNA replicates when euchromatin replicates.
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