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Liao JX, Li KH, Wang JP, Deng JR, Liu QG, Chang CQ. RNA-seq analysis provides insights into cold stress responses of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:807. [PMID: 31694530 PMCID: PMC6833247 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) is a citrus canker causing Gram-negative bacteria. Currently, little is known about the biological and molecular responses of Xcc to low temperatures. Results Results depicted that low temperature significantly reduced growth and increased biofilm formation and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) ratio in Xcc. At low temperature Xcc formed branching structured motility. Global transcriptome analysis revealed that low temperature modulates multiple signaling networks and essential cellular processes such as carbon, nitrogen and fatty acid metabolism in Xcc. Differential expression of genes associated with type IV pilus system and pathogenesis are important cellular adaptive responses of Xcc to cold stress. Conclusions Study provides clear insights into biological characteristics and genome-wide transcriptional analysis based molecular mechanism of Xcc in response to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Liao
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Huai Li
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Pei Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ru Deng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Guang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Chang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Escherichia coli survival in, and release from, white-tailed deer feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1168-76. [PMID: 25480751 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03295-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White-tailed deer are an important reservoir for pathogens that can contribute a large portion of microbial pollution in fragmented agricultural and forest landscapes. The scarcity of experimental data on survival of microorganisms in and release from deer feces makes prediction of their fate and transport less reliable and development of efficient strategies for environment protection more difficult. The goal of this study was to estimate parameters for modeling Escherichia coli survival in and release from deer (Odocoileus virginianus) feces. Our objectives were as follows: (i) to measure survival of E. coli in deer pellets at different temperatures, (ii) to measure kinetics of E. coli release from deer pellets at different rainfall intensities, and (iii) to estimate parameters of models describing survival and release of microorganisms from deer feces. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study E. coli survival in deer pellets at three temperatures and to estimate parameters of Chick's exponential model with temperature correction based on the Arrhenius equation. Kinetics of E. coli release from deer pellets were measured at two rainfall intensities and used to derive the parameters of Bradford-Schijven model of bacterial release. The results showed that parameters of the survival and release models obtained for E. coli in this study substantially differed from those obtained by using other source materials, e.g., feces of domestic animals and manures. This emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive studies of survival of naturally occurring populations of microorganisms in and release from wildlife animal feces in order to achieve better predictions of microbial fate and transport in fragmented agricultural and forest landscapes.
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3
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Asakura H, Panutdaporn N, Kawamoto K, Igimi S, Yamamoto S, Makino SI. Proteomic Characterization of EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 in the Oxidation-Induced Viable but Non-Culturable State. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:875-81. [PMID: 17895604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 strain F2, a food isolate of an outbreak, is resistant to oxidative stress, but has increased stress-sensitivity after passage through mice. The stress-sensitive variant of F2 (designated MP37) has decreased culturability, but retains membrane integrity under stress conditions, indicating that the cells enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Proteomic analyses revealed that MP37 in the VBNC state had decreased levels of some oxidation-responsive factors (AhpCF, AceF), but it markedly increased levels of outer membrane protein W (OmpW). Because F2 expressed higher levels of some ribosome-associated proteins (RaiA, S6, Bcp) than MP37, the effect of animal passage on the induction of the VBNC state in the EHEC O157 cells might be due to ribosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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How do bacteria sense and respond to low temperature? Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:85-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Smirnova JB, Selley JN, Sanchez-Cabo F, Carroll K, Eddy AA, McCarthy JEG, Hubbard SJ, Pavitt GD, Grant CM, Ashe MP. Global gene expression profiling reveals widespread yet distinctive translational responses to different eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B-targeting stress pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9340-9. [PMID: 16227585 PMCID: PMC1265828 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.21.9340-9349.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global inhibition of protein synthesis is a hallmark of many cellular stress conditions. Even though specific mRNAs defy this (e.g., yeast GCN4 and mammalian ATF4), the extent and variation of such resistance remain uncertain. In this study, we have identified yeast mRNAs that are translationally maintained following either amino acid depletion or fusel alcohol addition. Both stresses inhibit eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, but via different mechanisms. Using microarray analysis of polysome and monosome mRNA pools, we demonstrate that these stress conditions elicit widespread yet distinct translational reprogramming, identifying a fundamental role for translational control in the adaptation to environmental stress. These studies also highlight the complex interplay that exists between different stages in the gene expression pathway to allow specific preordained programs of proteome remodeling. For example, many ribosome biogenesis genes are coregulated at the transcriptional and translational levels following amino acid starvation. The transcriptional regulation of these genes has recently been connected to the regulation of cellular proliferation, and on the basis of our results, the translational control of these mRNAs should be factored into this equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Smirnova
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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6
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Agafonov DE, Spirin AS. The ribosome-associated inhibitor A reduces translation errors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:354-8. [PMID: 15219834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have reported about a novel stress response protein (pY or RaiA) associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes that inhibits translation at the aminoacyl-tRNA binding stage. Here we show that leucine misincorporation during in vitro poly(U) translation is inhibited by this protein much stronger than the incorporation of phenylalanine. The miscoding counteraction by RaiA is especially strong at the concentrations of magnesium ions close to those observed in vivo and diminishes at higher magnesium concentrations. The results obtained suggest that the anti-miscoding activity of RaiA could be the main function of the protein, rather than the inhibition of translation. The role of the protein in adaptation of cells to environmental stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry E Agafonov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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7
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Agafonov DE, Kolb VA, Spirin AS. A novel stress-response protein that binds at the ribosomal subunit interface and arrests translation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 66:509-14. [PMID: 12762053 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2001.66.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Agafonov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 142290
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8
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Abstract
As a measure for molecular motion, temperature is one of the most important environmental factors for life as it directly influences structural and hence functional properties of cellular components. After a sudden increase in ambient temperature, which is termed heat shock, bacteria respond by expressing a specific set of genes whose protein products are designed to mainly cope with heat-induced alterations of protein conformation. This heat shock response comprises the expression of protein chaperones and proteases, and is under central control of an alternative sigma factor (sigma 32) which acts as a master regulator that specifically directs RNA polymerase to transcribe from the heat shock promotors. In a similar manner, bacteria express a well-defined set of proteins after a rapid decrease in temperature, which is termed cold shock. This protein set, however, is different from that expressed under heat shock conditions and predominantly comprises proteins such as helicases, nucleases, and ribosome-associated components that directly or indirectly interact with the biological information molecules DNA and RNA. Interestingly, in contrast to the heat shock response, to date no cold-specific sigma factor has been identified. Rather, it appears that the cold shock response is organized as a complex stimulon in which post-transcriptional events play an important role. In this review, we present a summary of research results that have been acquired in recent years by examinations of bacterial cold shock responses. Important processes such as cold signal perception, membrane adaptation, and the modification of the translation apparatus are discussed together with many other cold-relevant aspects of bacterial physiology and first attempts are made to dissect the cold shock stimulon into less complex regulatory subunits. Special emphasis is placed on findings concerning the nucleic acid-binding cold shock proteins which play a fundamental role not only during cold shock adaptation but also under optimal growth conditions.
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9
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Sardesai N, Babu CR. Cold stress induced high molecular weight membrane polypeptides are responsible for cold tolerance in Rhizobium DDSS69. Microbiol Res 2002; 156:279-84. [PMID: 11716216 DOI: 10.1078/0944-5013-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress induces a lag phase in the growth cycle of Rhizobium DDSS69. Two cold sensitive mutants of DDSS69 were generated through Tn5 tagged mutagenesis. These mutants do not grow below 15 degrees C but show a growth curve comparable with the wild type grown at 5 degrees C. There is a rapid induction of two high molecular weight membrane polypeptides of 135 and 119 kDa within 15 min of exposure to 5 degrees C in DDSS69. PAGE membrane protein profiles of stressed and non-stressed cells reveal differential regulation of genes. At 15 degrees C both mutants lack the high molecular weight polypeptides, suggesting a role in alleviation of cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sardesai
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, India.
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10
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Agafonov DE, Kolb VA, Spirin AS. Ribosome-associated protein that inhibits translation at the aminoacyl-tRNA binding stage. EMBO Rep 2001; 2:399-402. [PMID: 11375931 PMCID: PMC1083885 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kve091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently isolated and characterized a novel protein associated with Escherichia coli ribosomes and named protein Y (pY). Here we show that the ribosomes from bacterial cells growing at a normal physiological temperature contain no pY, whereas a temperature downshift results in the appearance of the protein in ribosomes. The protein also appears in the ribosomes of those cells that reached the stationary phase of growth at a physiological temperature. Our experiments with cell-free translation systems demonstrate that the protein inhibits translation at the elongation stage by blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site. The function of the protein in adaptation of cells to environmental stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Agafonov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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11
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Perrot F, Hebraud M, Charlionet R, Junter GA, Jouenne T. Cell immobilization induces changes in the protein response of Escherichia coli K-12 to a cold shock. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2110-9. [PMID: 11465513 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<2110::aid-elps2110>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the protein expression of gel-entrapped Escherichia coli cells submitted to a cold shock at 4 degrees C with those of exponential- and stationary-phase free-floating counterparts. Autoradiograms of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins radiolabeled with L-[35S]methionine were compared using computing scanning densitometry. The levels of 203 proteins synthesized during the temperature shift were significantly and reproducibly higher than those corresponding to synthesis at 37 degrees C. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the synthesis levels of these 203 proteins in the different incubation conditions tested. This study showed that the protein response of immobilized cells after the cold shock was significantly different from those of exponential- and stationary-phase free-floating organisms. For instance, protein SSB was specifically overexpressed by shocked immobilized organisms. Such induction of specific molecular mechanisms in immobilized bacteria might explain the high resistance of sessile-like organisms to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perrot
- UMR 6522 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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12
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Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis technology was used to investigate protein synthesis by the mesophilic bacterium Escherichia coli at low temperature. It was confirmed that protein synthesis in E. coli decreased strongly after a temperature downshift from 37 to 4 degrees C. After incubation for 150 min at 4 degrees C, however, the number of synthesized proteins represented 60% of the overall polypeptide number observed at 37 degrees C. Furthermore, the analysis of autoradiograms revealed the overexpression of 69 proteins by shocked bacteria, showing that the number of cold-induced proteins has been significantly underestimated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perrot
- Faculté des Sciences de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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13
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Adaptation to low temperature and regulation of gene expression in antarctic psychrotrophic bacteria. J Biosci 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02936136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Kannan K, Janiyani KL, Shivaji S, Ray MK. Histidine utilisation operon (hut) is upregulated at low temperature in the antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 161:7-14. [PMID: 9561727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae was mutagenised using a transposon Tn5-OT182 which facilitates identification of promoter fusions expressing the reporter gene (lacZ) for beta-galactosidase. Most mutants expressed beta-galactosidase both at optimal growth temperature (20-22 degrees C) and at low temperature (4 degrees C). But a small percentage of the mutants (approximately 5%) were unique in that they expressed beta-galactosidase activity predominantly at low temperature. One such mutant was found to have an insertion in the gene for urocanase (hutU) of the histidine utilisation (hut) operon. Direct assay of urocanase and histidase activity in wild-type cells of various antarctic psychrotrophic strains including P. syringae, P. fluorescens and P. putida also suggested that the hut operon is expressed at an elevated level at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kannan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Cloutier J, Prévost D, Nadeau P, Antoun H. Heat and cold shock protein synthesis in arctic and temperate strains of rhizobia. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2846-53. [PMID: 1444396 PMCID: PMC183017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.9.2846-2853.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared heat shock proteins (HSPs) and cold shock proteins (CSPs) produced by different species of Rhizobium having different growth temperature ranges. Several HSPs and CSPs were induced when cells of three arctic (psychrotrophic) and three temperate (mesophilic) strains of rhizobia were shifted from their optimal growth temperatures (arctic, 25 degrees C; temperate, 30 degrees C) to shock temperatures outside their growth temperature ranges. At heat shock temperatures, three major HSPs of high molecular weight (106,900, 83,100, and 59,500) were present in all strains for all shock treatments (29, 32, 36.4, 38.4, 40.7, 41.4, and 46.4 degrees C), with the exception of temperate strains exposed to 46.4 degrees C, in which no protein synthesis was detected. Cell survival of arctic and temperate strains decreased markedly with the increase of shock temperature and was only 1% at 46.4 degrees C. Under cold shock conditions, five proteins (52.0, 38.0, 23.4, 22.7, and 11.1 kDa) were always present for all treatments (-2, -5, and -10 degrees C) in arctic strains. Among temperate strains, five CSPs (56.1, 37.1, 34.4, 17.3, and 11.1 kDa) were present at temperatures down to 0 degrees C. The 34.4- and the 11.1-kDa components were present in all temperate strains at -5 degrees C and in one strain at -10 degrees C. Survival of all strains decreased with cold shock temperatures but was always higher than 50%. These results show that rhizobia can synthesize proteins at temperatures not permissive for growth. In all shock treatments, no correspondence between the number of HSPs or CSPs produced and rhizobial survival was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cloutier
- Département des Sols, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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VanBogelen RA, Neidhardt FC. Ribosomes as sensors of heat and cold shock in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:5589-93. [PMID: 2198567 PMCID: PMC54372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all cells respond to an increase in temperature by inducing a set of proteins, called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Because a large number of other stress conditions induce the HSPs (or at least the most abundant ones), this response is often termed the universal stress response. However, a careful study of conditions that truly mimic a temperature shift suggested that these proteins are induced in response to a change in the translational capacity of the cell. To test this directly, Escherichia coli cells were treated with antibiotics that target the prokaryotic ribosome. Two-dimensional gels were used to evaluate the ability of these drugs to alter the rate of synthesis of the HSPs. One group of antibiotics induced the HSPs, whereas a second group repressed the HSPs and induced another set of proteins normally induced in response to a cold shock. Depending on the concentration used, the induction of the heat or cold shock proteins mimicked a mild or severe temperature shift. In addition, antibiotics of the cold shock-inducing group were found to block high temperature induction of the HSPs. The results implicate the ribosome as a prokaryotic sensor for the heat and cold shock response networks, a role it may serve in eukaryotes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A VanBogelen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0620
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17
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Kawamoto S, Yasokawa D, Kaidou A, Tokuyama S, Aoyama K, Sasabuchi M, Yashima S. Characterization of a cold-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(89)90091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Miller DL, Yamane T, Hopfield JJ. Effect of transfer ribonucleic acid dimer formation on polyphenylalanine biosynthesis. Biochemistry 1981; 20:5457-61. [PMID: 7028105 DOI: 10.1021/bi00522a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli tRNAPhe (anticodon GAA) as well as yeast tRNAPhe (anticodon GmAA) forms a strong complex with E. coli tRNAGlu (anticodon s2UUC) through an interaction between their complementary anticodons. This interaction inhibits aminocylation of tRNAPhe but not the formation of a complex with elongation factor Tu. Moreover, at 0 degrees C, tRNAGlu strongly inhibits the binding of Phe-tRNA to poly(U)-programmed ribosomes via either the enzymic (EF-Tu-promoted) or nonenzymic pathway. At 15 degrees C, tRNAGlu effectively inhibits polyphenylanine synthesis in the E. coli system. The inhibition is reversed at 37 degrees C, where the Phe-tRNA.tRNAGlu dimer is dissociated. Calculations based upon the E. coli intracellular concentrations of tRNAs and the published rates of association and dissociation of the tRNA dimers suggest that this interaction may inhibit protein synthesis in vivo at temperatures below 15 degrees C.
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Guha C, Mookerjee A. RNA synthesis and degradation during preferential inhibition of protein synthesis by cobalt chloride in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Biol Rep 1981; 7:217-20. [PMID: 6169983 DOI: 10.1007/bf00805755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that growth of Escherichia coli cells are inhibited when treated with cobalt chloride (300 microM). It has also been shown that CoCl2 preferentially inhibits translation without inhibiting the process of transcription (1, 2, 8). We report here, that during treatment of E. coli cells with CoCl2, both messenger RNA and stable RNA synthesis is slowed down about 2.5 folds. The rate of degradation of mRNA also decreases and both chemical and functional half-life of mRNA increases about 2.5 folds in Co-treated cells. This clearly shows that the process of transcription is also affected while translation is preferentially inhibited during CoCl2 treatment.
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20
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Alberghina L, Sturani E. Control of growth and of the nuclear division cycle in Neurospora crassa. Microbiol Rev 1981; 45:99-122. [PMID: 6452573 PMCID: PMC281500 DOI: 10.1128/mr.45.1.99-122.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Guha C, Das HK. Non-coordinate regulation of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli exposed to 0 degrees C. Mol Biol Rep 1980; 6:51-5. [PMID: 6156403 DOI: 10.1007/bf00775755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A non-coordinate mode of regulation of RNA synthesis is observed in Escherichia coli cells during exposure to 0 degrees C. The stable RNA synthesis is preferentially inhibited with simultaneous accumulation of messenger RNA. The species of RNA synthesized at 0 degrees C was determined by several criteria such as sedimentation value in sucrose gradients, DNA-RNA hybridization, half life measurements, protein synthesizing capacity and its functional rate of decay. The mode of regulation of RNA synthesis at 0 degrees C is unique and is distinct from the non-coordinate regulation observed during amino acid starvation under stringent control.
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22
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Sharrock WJ, Rabinowitz JC. Protein synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. I. Hydrodynamics and in vitro functional properties of ribosomes from B. subtilis W168. J Mol Biol 1979; 135:611-26. [PMID: 119873 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Herendeen SL, VanBogelen RA, Neidhardt FC. Levels of major proteins of Escherichia coli during growth at different temperatures. J Bacteriol 1979; 139:185-94. [PMID: 156716 PMCID: PMC216844 DOI: 10.1128/jb.139.1.185-194.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of Escherichia coli B/r to temperature was studied by measuring the levels of 133 proteins (comprising 70% of the cell's protein mass) during balanced growth in rich medium at seven temperatures from 13.5 to 46 degrees C. The growth rate of this strain in either rich or minimal medium varies as a simple function of temperature with an Arrhenius constant of approximately 13,500 cal (ca. 56,500 J) per mol from 23 to 37 degrees C, the so-called normal range; above and below this range the growth rate decreases sharply. Analysis of the detailed results indicates that (i) metabolic coordination within the normal (Arrhenius) range is largely achieved by modulation of enzyme activity rather than amount; (ii) the restricted growth that occurs outside this range is accompanied by marked changes in the levels of most of these proteins; (iii) a few proteins are thermometer-like in varying simply with temperature over the whole temperature range irrespective of the influence of temperature on cell growth; and (iv) the temperature response of half of the proteins can be predicted from current information on their metabolic role or from their variation in level in different media at 37 degrees C.
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24
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Tang CC, Jackson H. Minimal medium recovery of chilled Salmonella heidelberg. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1979; 46:143-6. [PMID: 438104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb02591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Broeze RJ, Solomon CJ, Pope DH. Effects of low temperature on in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Bacteriol 1978; 134:861-74. [PMID: 96102 PMCID: PMC222333 DOI: 10.1128/jb.134.3.861-874.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of temperature on protein synthesis by Escherichia coli, a mesophile, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, a psychotroph, were investigated by using whole-cell and cell extract preparations. After shifts to 5 degrees C, protein was synthesized at a slowly decreasing rate for 1 h by both organisms, after which P. fluorescens synthesized protein at a new rate corresponding to its 5 degrees growth rate, in contrast to E. coli which did not synthesize protein at a measurable rate. In vitro protein-synthesizing systems using MS-2 RNA, endogenous mRNA, and purified polysomes were utilized to investigate initiation of translation at 5 degrees C. In these systems, P. fluorescens cell extracts synthesized protein at linear rates for up to 2 h at 5 degrees C, whereas E. coli cell extracts synthesized protein for only 25 min at 5 degrees C. The rates of polypeptide elongation, as tested by the incorporation of phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine by cell extract protein-synthesizing systems from both organisms, were identical over the range of 25 to 0 degrees C. The polysome profiles of E. coli whole cells shifted from 37 to 5 degrees C showed accumulation of 70S ribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits at the expense of polysomes. Similar experiements done with P. fluorescens resulted in polysome reformation at 5 degrees C. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the 70S ribosomal particles, which accumulated in E. coli at 5 degrees C, were capable of synthesizing protein in vitro in the absence of added mRNA. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that incubation of E. coli at subminimal temperatures results in a block in initiation of translation causing polysomal runoff and the accumulation of 70S particles, some of which are 70S monosomes.
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Mathews RW, Haschemeyer AE. Temperature dependency of protein synthesis in toadfish liver in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goodrich TD, Morita RY. Low temperature inhibition on binding, transport, and incorporation of leucine, arginine, methionine, and histidine inEscherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630170202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Subrahmanyam CS, Das HK. Amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli K-12: characteristics of the translation process. J Bacteriol 1976; 126:1042-51. [PMID: 780337 PMCID: PMC233124 DOI: 10.1128/jb.126.3.1042-1051.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some characteristics of the translation process during amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli have been examined. Once starvation has been established, premature termination of polypeptides is negligible and complete proteins are formed. There is some preference for the synthesis of shorter proteins. The number of ribosomes involved in protein synthesis appears to decline to about half during amino acid-starvation. The assembly time of proteins during amino acid starvation is increased to only about fourfold, though protein synthesis maintained by turnover is reduced to 10%. To explain these observations, a model has been proposed for the course of events that possibly take place from the onset of starvation.
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Abstract
The defect in protein synthesis that is observed in Escherichia coli after transfer to low temperature was studied. For the enzyme beta-galactosidase, the elongation reactions of transcription and translation can take place slowly but normally at 5 C. The time necessary to complete the coupled synthesis of the beta-galactosidase messenger ribonucleic acid and polypeptide chain was found to be about 80 min at 5 C. From this result and from the known length of the beta-galactosidase monomer, it is possible to calculate that at 5 C one amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain every 4 s. The initiation of transcription of the beta-galactosidase messenger is inhibited after transfer to 5 C. This fact alone, however, cannot account for all of the phenomena observed at 5 C, because a given amount of messenger yields less enzyme at 5 C than it does at 37 C. Furthermore, in cells induced for short periods at 37 C, the capacity to synthesize beta-galactosidase after transfer to 5 C was found to accumulate linearily with the square of the time of induction. Two alternative models could account for these data. If all ribosomes that initiate translation at 37 C yield complete beta-galactosidase polypeptide chains at 5 C, then an inhibition of translation initiation after transfer to 5 C must be invoked to explain the results. If, on the other hand, a substantial portion of the ribosomes that initiate translation at 37 C do not yield complete beta-galactosidase polypeptides at 5 C, then intracistronic polarity could account for the data, and there is no need to invoke an inhibition of translation initiation at 5 C.
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Bernstam VA, Arndt S. Effects of supraoptimal temperatures on the myxomycetePhysarum polycephalum. Arch Microbiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02451777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bernstam VA. Effects of supraoptimal temperatures on the myxomycetePhysarum polycephalum. Arch Microbiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02451776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Jackson H. Loss of viability and metabolic injury of Staphylococcus aureus resulting from storage at 5 degrees C. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1974; 37:59-64. [PMID: 4846739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1974.tb00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pouchelet M. [Autoradiographic study of L929 cells on the incorporation of labeled precursors of DNA, RNA, and proteins during thermic shock and return to 37 degrees C]. Exp Cell Res 1974; 83:207-19. [PMID: 4855879 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Noll M, Hapke B, Schreier MH, Noll H. Structural dynamics of bacterial ribosomes. I. Characterization of vacant couples and their relation to complexed ribosomes. J Mol Biol 1973; 75:281-94. [PMID: 4580677 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chliamovitch YP, Anderson WA. Run off ribosomes of Escherichia coli: their accumulation in response to cold treatment and their dissociation during centrifugation. FEBS Lett 1972; 23:83-6. [PMID: 4563717 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Morimoto T, Blobel G, Sabatini DD. Ribosome crystallization in chicken embryos. II. Conditions for the formation of ribosome tetramers in vitro. J Cell Biol 1972; 52:355-66. [PMID: 5061950 PMCID: PMC2108623 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.52.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow cooling of fertilized chicken eggs permits the elongation and termination of nascen(t) polypeptides in the polysomes but prevents the initiation of new protein chains. This leads to polysome disaggregation during the first 30 min of cooling, and to the formation, of a pool of inactive ribosomes prone to crystallization. After 2 hr these ribosomes began to form tetramers, which do not contain any labeled proteins synthesized during cooling. If protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, added to eggs before cooling, tetramer formation in the embryos is prevented. Puromycin, on the other hand, leads to polysome disassembly and does not prevent tetramer formation. Rapid cooling of explanted embryos after short incubation at 37 degrees C, with or without cycloheximide, largely prevents polysome disaggregation and the formation of tetramers. On the other hand, the addition of puromycin to explanted embryos promotes tetramer formation after rapid cooling. When cooled eggs are rewarmed, tetramers are disassembled into monomers, even if protein synthesis is inhibited. When those embryos were rapidly recooled tetramers reformed spontaneously from tetramer-derived monomers, even in the presence of cycloheximide. We conclude that the formation of tetramers at low temperature is an inherent property of the normal ribosomes.
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van Venrooij WJ, Henshaw EC, Hirsch CA. Effects of deprival of glucose or individual amino acids on polyribosome distribution and rate of protein synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 259:127-37. [PMID: 5062412 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cajone F, Ragnotti G, Bernelli-Zazzera A, Bassi M. State and function of liver polysomes during recovery from ischemia. Exp Mol Pathol 1971; 14:392-403. [PMID: 5145930 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(71)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nutritional Effects on the Polyribosome Distribution and Rate of Protein Synthesis in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells in Culture. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Rouvière J, Lederberg S, Granboulan P, Gros F. Structural sites of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1969; 46:413-30. [PMID: 4983576 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Friedman H, Lu P, Rich A. Ribosomal subunits produced by cold sensitive initiation of protein synthesis. Nature 1969; 223:909-13. [PMID: 4896043 DOI: 10.1038/223909a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Tai PC, Kessler DP, Ingraham J. Cold-sensitive mutations in Salmonella typhimurium which affect ribosome synthesis. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:1298-304. [PMID: 4887510 PMCID: PMC249847 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.3.1298-1304.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of mutations (45) expressed as cold-sensitive conditional lethal pheno-types were screened by transduction for their linkage to the streptomycin-resistance locus; 7 showed such linkage. Of these, two were studied in greater detail. The sedimentation profiles of ribosomes from cultures grown at low temperature differed from wild type and from one another. Both mutants lost ribonucleic acid control at low temperature. It is suggested that a high proportion of mutants expressing a cold-sensitive phenotype harbor mutations in genes affecting ribosome synthesis or regulation.
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