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Lightowlers RN, Rozanska A, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZM. Mitochondrial protein synthesis: figuring the fundamentals, complexities and complications, of mammalian mitochondrial translation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2496-503. [PMID: 24911204 PMCID: PMC4099522 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein synthesis is essential for all mammals, being responsible for providing key components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Although only thirteen different polypeptides are made, the molecular details of this deceptively simple process remain incomplete. Central to this process is a non-canonical ribosome, the mitoribosome, which has evolved to address its unique mandate. In this review, we integrate the current understanding of the molecular aspects of mitochondrial translation with recent advances in structural biology. We identify numerous key questions that we will need to answer if we are to increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Lightowlers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Agata Rozanska
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Zofia M Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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2
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Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZMA, Pajak A, Lightowlers RN. Termination of protein synthesis in mammalian mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34479-85. [PMID: 21873426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.290585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All mechanisms of protein synthesis can be considered in four stages: initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how these processes are mediated in the cytosol of many species; however, details of organellar protein synthesis remain sketchy. This is an important omission, as defects in human mitochondrial translation are known to cause disease and may contribute to the aging process itself. In this minireview, we focus on the recent advances that have been made in understanding how one of these processes, translation termination, occurs in the human mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia M A Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Nagata T. Macromolecular synthesis in the livers of aging mice as revealed by electron microscopic radioautography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 45:1-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Nagata T, Ma H. Electron microscopic radioautographic study of RNA synthesis in hepatocyte mitochondria of aging mouse. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 67:55-64. [PMID: 16037977 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the aging changes of intramitochondrial RNA synthesis in mouse hepatocytes, 10 groups of aging mice, each consisting of three individuals (total 30) from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 24 were injected with 3H-uridine, an RNA precursor, sacrificed 1 hour later, and the liver tissues processed for electron microscopic radioautography. On EM radioautograms obtained from each animal the number of mitochondria, the number of labeled mitochondria, and the mitochondrial labeling index labeled with 3H-uridine showing RNA synthesis in each hepatocytes, both mononucleate and binucleate cells, were counted and the averages in respective aging groups were compared. From the results it was demonstrated that the numbers of mitochondria, the numbers of labeled mitochondria, and the labeling indices of intramitochondrial RNA syntheses in both mononucleate and binucleate hepatocytes of mice at various ages increased and decreased according to the age of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Nagata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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5
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Schnare MN, Greenwood SJ, Gray MW. Primary sequence and post-transcriptional modification pattern of an unusual mitochondrial tRNA(Met) from Tetrahymena pyriformis. FEBS Lett 1995; 362:24-8. [PMID: 7535250 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00179-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In a previous investigation of the rDNA region in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA, we identified a putative tRNA(Met) gene [Heinonen et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 2879-2887]. On the basis of Northern hybridization analyses, we suggested that this gene is expressed, even though the resulting tRNA would be unusually small and have an atypical dihydrouridine stem-loop domain. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence and post-transcriptional modification pattern of this tRNA(Met), confirming its predicted primary structure and supporting the view that this structurally aberrant species functions in translation in T. pyriformis mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Schnare
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kitakawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan
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Labriola J, Weiss I, Zapatero J, Suyama Y. Unexpectedly long 14S ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena mitochondria. Curr Genet 1987; 11:529-36. [PMID: 2453300 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of RNA from Tetrahymena mitochondrial ribosomes yields several RNA species, including a "large" 21S molecule, a "small" 14S molecule, a 7S molecule, and other smaller RNAs. The molecular weight of the 14S rRNA indicates that it is about 1,300 bases in length. We have sequenced the 14S rRNA gene and, by aligning our sequence with that of the corresponding small rRNA from E. coli, find that the 14S rDNA is at least 1,635 bases in length. We propose, based on the results of hybridization studies, that this unexpected length is due to the presence of 7S RNA sequence within the 14S gene sequence. The 7S region is apparently lost from the 14S rRNA, yet is still a component of the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Labriola
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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9
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Rearranged coding segments, separated by a transfer RNA gene, specify the two parts of a discontinuous large subunit ribosomal RNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Suyama Y, Jenney F, Okawa N. Two transfer RNA sequences abut the large ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA: tRNA(leu) (anticodon UAA) and tRNA(met) (anticodon CAU). Curr Genet 1987; 11:327-30. [PMID: 3129201 DOI: 10.1007/bf00355408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of a 1,427 base pair restriction fragment, HaeIII fragment 6, of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA, is presented. The first 780 nucleotide sequence aligns well with the terminal segment of the large rDNA sequence of Paramecium mitochondria. Immediately abutting this rDNA termination sequence, a tRNA sequence was found with anticodon UAA for leucine. The derived tRNA sequence is 81 bases long without the 3' CCA end, has a high G + C content of 48.1%, and can be folded into a normal cloverleaf structure with mostly conserved bases and normal stems and loops. The tRNA sequence found at an analogous position of the Paramecium mitochondrial DNA is tRNA(tyr). Following a highly A + T rich sequence of 300 base pairs, another tRNA-like sequence is present; this putative tRNA has only 67 bases with anticodon CAT (Met) and forms standard aminoacyl, anticodon and T psi C stems with a conventional T psi C loop. However, the DHU loop and stem are unusually short and irregular; the base at position 8 is G instead of T; and the base following the anticodon, which is normally a purine, is T. The significance of these tRNA structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suyama
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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11
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Abstract
Comparative analysis of the components of the mitochondrial translational apparatus reveals a remarkable variability. For example the mitochondrial ribosomal rRNAs, display a three-fold difference in size in different organisms as a result of insertions or deletions, which affect specific areas of the rRNA molecule. This suggests that such areas are either not essential for mitoribosome function or that they can be replaced by proteins. Also mitochondrial tRNAs and mitoribosomal proteins are much less conserved than their cytoplasmic counterparts. Not only do the mitochondrial translational molecules vary in properties, also the location of the genes from which they are derived is not the same in all cases: mitochondrial tRNA genes which usually are found in the mtDNA, may have a nuclear location in protozoa and, conversely, only in fungi one finds a mitoribosomal protein gene in the organellar genome. The high rate of change of the components of the mitochondrial protein synthesizing machinery is accompanied by a number of unique features of the translation process: (i) the mitochondrial genetic code differs substantially from the standard code in a species-specific manner; (ii) special codon-anticodon recognition rules are followed; (iii) unusual mechanisms of translational initiation may exist. These observations suggest that the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the present day mitochondrial translational apparatus have been different in different organisms and also distinct from those acting on the cytoplasmic machinery. In spite of the interspecies variability, however, many features of the mitochondrial and bacterial protein synthetic apparatus show a clear resemblance, providing support for the hypothesis of a prokaryotic endosymbiont ancestry of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Suyama Y. Two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of Tetrahymena mitochondrial tRNA. Curr Genet 1986; 10:411-20. [PMID: 3127061 DOI: 10.1007/bf00418415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional (2D) urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of tRNA isolated from Tetrahymena mitochondria separated at least 36 spots, while more than 45 major and minor spots were resolved with cytosolic tRNA. Co-electrophoresis of mitochondrial and cytosolic tRNAs revealed that many spots co-migrate. When radioactive mitochondrial tRNA was hybridized to mtDNA under various conditions and tRNA melted from the hybrid was analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis, only 10 tRNA spots were found. Identified as mtDNA-encoded were 2 spots for tRNA(leu), 2 for tRNA(met), and 1 each for tRNA(phe), tRNA(trp) and tRNA(tyr). The remaining three were unidentified. Mitochondrial tRNA spots that correspond to the tRNAs for arg, gly, ile, lys, ser, and val do not hybridize with mtDNA, and in gel positions they correspond to the cytoplasmic tRNA spots for the same respective amino acids. These mitochondrial tRNAs isolated from the gel can be acylated either by the mitochondrial or cytosolic enzymes. Mitochondrial tRNA isolated from a Tetrahymena cell homogenate which was pretreated with RNase A and Micrococcus nuclease exhibited the same 2D gel pattern as a non-treated control. Mitochondrial tRNAs from old and young cells showed generally similar tRNA spots in 2D gels, though more variable spots were seen with old cells. 3H-labeled whole-cell tRNA added to the cell homogenate prior to the mitochondrial isolation procedure did not remain associated with the final mitochondrial tRNA preparation. The present studies also showed mitochondrial tRNAs bound to the mitochondrial 80S monosome and polysome fractions. Radioactive tRNA added to the mitochondrial lysate does not adhere to the ribosomes, suggesting that the ribosome-bound tRNAs are not contaminating cytoplasmic tRNAs. These results are generally in good agreement with our previous data showing that only a small number of tRNAs are coded for by the mitochondrial DNA, while the others are a selected set of imported cytoplasmic tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suyama
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Suyama Y, Fukuhara H, Sor F. A fine restriction map of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis: genome size, map locations of rRNA and tRNA genes, terminal inversion repeat, and restriction site polymorphism. Curr Genet 1985; 9:479-93. [PMID: 2897250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A fine restriction map of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST is presented. 1. Based on agarose gel electrophoresis data together with limited nucleotide sequences available on some restriction fragments, we estimate the actual size of this genome to be about 55,000 base pairs. 2. Seven tRNA gene locations have been assigned, which are scattered along the genome length. Six of these locations encode the genes for tRNA(phe), tRNA(his), tRNA(trp), and tRNA(glu), and the duplicate tRNA(tyr) genes which are located at the inverted terminal repeat segments. The tRNA gene(s) encoded in one location has not been identified. We have not yet found the tRNA(leu) and tRNA(met) genes, which were previously shown to be encoded in the genome (Chiu et al. 1974; Suyama 1982). 3. We have mapped the 14S rRNA gene by sequencing the 170 bp segment of EcoRI fragment 8 and by aligning its sequence with E. coli 16S rRNA. From our recent complete sequence data the gene size was found to be about 1,650 bp, which is unexpectedly large for the 14S rRNA which has an estimated size of 1,300 bp. The 14S rRNA is probably a cleavage product of the larger primary transcript of which 200-300 bases of the 5' end are missing. 4. The duplicate copies of the 21S rRNA gene at the terminal duplication inversion segments were analyzed. ClaI fragment 7 (1,500 bp) corresponds in sequence from base position 850 to 2,390 of the 20S rRNA gene of Paramecium mitochondrial DNA (Seilhamer et al. 1984b). The 21S gene is approximately 2,500 bp long. The presence of some restriction site polymorphism is apparent in this segment. 5. Each of the 21S gene copies precedes the tRNA(tyr) gene, but the space flanking one tRNA(tyr) gene differs in size and restriction sites from the space flanking another tRNA(tyr) gene. Thus, this space corresponds to the segment of an imperfect match in the terminal duplication inversion of Goldbach et al. (1978a). 6. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial probes including Cob, ATPase VI and IX, and cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences, 21S and 15S rRNAs, and mouse mitochondrial DNA showed no significant hybridization with any restriction fragments of Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA. The results are in accordance with an extensive sequence divergence previously found in the Tetrahymena mitochondrial genome (Goldbach et al. 1977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suyama
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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15
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Suyama Y. Nucleotide sequences of three tRNA genes encoded in Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:3273-84. [PMID: 2987880 PMCID: PMC341234 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.9.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of three cloned restriction fragments of Tetrahymena mtDNA which showed hybridization with mitochondrial tRNA have been determined. EcoRI fragment 5 (4.1 kbp) contains the tRNAphe gene sequence with anticodon GAA; Hind III fragment 6 (2.0 kbp) the tRNAhis with anticodon GTG; and EcoRI fragment 7 (1.9 kbp) the tRNAtrp with anticodon TCA. The CCA end is not encoded. All three tRNAs show usual features with common invariant and semi-invariant bases and can be folded into a cloverleaf structure with standard loops and regular base pairs in the stems. However, some minor irregular features are present including several GT pairs and an unmatched TT in the stems, and TCC instead of T psi C. All exhibit high G+C contents (about 50%); in contrast, the flanking regions are extremely A+T rich (about 80%). Several short coding frames can be deduced in these sequences, but their significance is not known.
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Structural differences between ribosomes of various eukaryotes: stability, density, mass, size and structure in solution of cytoplasmic ribosomes from Tetrahumena, Artemia and Euglena. Int J Biol Macromol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(83)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Klemperer HG, Pilley DJ. The breakdown of Tetrahymena ribosomes in vivo. The effects of inhibitors. Biochem J 1982; 208:831-7. [PMID: 6187338 PMCID: PMC1154038 DOI: 10.1042/bj2080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. When Tetrahymena were deprived of nutrients 50% of the polysomes disaggregated within 20 min and 20% of the total RNA broke down in 2 h. Ribosomal RNA accounted for 75% of the RNA breakdown. 2. RNA labelled by a long incubation with [14C]uridine was stable in growing cells and in the presence of actinomycin D, but broke down at the same rate as bulk RNA in starved cells. 3. The following substances inhibited the loss of RNA during starvation: cycloheximide (which inhibited both polysome disaggregation and protein synthesis), inhibitors of energy metabolism and puromycin (all of which caused polysome disaggregation and inhibited protein synthesis), and chloroquine and 7-amino-1-chloro-3-L-tosylamidoheptan-2-one ('TLCK') (neither of which affected polysomes or protein synthesis). 4. Starvation appears to activate a ribosome degradation mechanism that may involve lysosomal and non-lysosomal enzymes.
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Secondary structure features of ribosomal RNA species of extremely thermoacidophilic archaebacteria (Caldariella acidophila), moderate thermoacidophilic and mesophilic eubacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(82)90165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Curgy JJ, Perasso R, Boissonneau E, Iftode F, Stelly N, Andre J. The mitoribosomes of a chloramphenicol-resistant cytoplasmic mutant of Tetrahymnea pyriformis differ from those of the wild strain. Curr Genet 1981; 4:121-30. [PMID: 24185957 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous CAP-resistant mutant, STR1, has been isolated from the sensitive St-strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis (Curgy et al., Biologie Cellulaire 37, 51-60, 1980; Perasso et al., Biologie Cellulaire 37, 45-50, 1980). The goal of the present work is to disclose if the resistance character is due to a modification in the mitoribosomes and if the CAP-treatment induces changes in their abundance and in their physico-chemical properties.The results show that the resistance character of the mutant is due to a reduced affinity of its mitoribosomes for CAP. This difference can be explained by modifications of at least one protein which is probably coded for by the mitochondrial genome.The mitoribosomes from CAP-treated sensitive cells tend to dissociate into their subunits and the electrophoretic pattern of their proteins suggests that at least two mitoribosomal proteins are necessary to bound the two subunits together. These proteins are probably translated in mitochondria.Finally, the CAP-treatment induces a decrease of the abundance of mitoribosomes in the sensitive cells whereas it induced an increase in the resistant cells. The latter change can be regarded as a regulatory mechanism owing to which a loss of efficiency of the mitoribosomes is compensated by their enlarged abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Curgy
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire 4, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 444, 91405, Orsay-Cedex, France
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Beale G, Tait A. Mitochondrial Genetics of Paramecium aurelia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cummings DJ, Maki RA, Conlon PJ, Laping J. Anatomy of mitochondrial DNA from Paramecium aurelia. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1980; 178:499-510. [PMID: 6248732 DOI: 10.1007/bf00337854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The linear genome of mitochondrial DNA from four species of Paramecium aurelia was investigated with respect to restriction endonuclease fragments, location and number of ribosomal RNA genes, and interspecies EcoRI and HindIII fragment homologies. One copy of each of the rRNA genes was found in all four species and the 14s and 20s rRNA genes were separated by at least 3,000 bp. R-Loop analysis of the 20s rRNA gene did not reveal the presence of an intervening sequence. Interspecies homology studies showed species 1, 5, and 7 to have a high degree of homology but species 4 was less than 50% homologous to species 1 mt DNA. For all four species, rRNA genes showed good homology indicating that these DNA sequences are highly conserved, even between species having many non-homologous regions. A major region of DNA which displayed little homology between species 1 and 4 was that fragment containing sequences essential for initiation of DNA replication.
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Suganuma Y, Yamamoto H. Occurrence, composition, and structure of mitochondrial crystals in a hypotrichous ciliate. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1980; 70:21-36. [PMID: 6766191 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(80)90019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Garvin RT, Hill RC, Weber MM. The atypical RNA components of cytoplasmic ribosomes from Crithidia fasciculata. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:774-81. [PMID: 742900 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Goldbach RW, Bollen-de Boer JE, van Bruggen EF, Borst P. Conservation of the sequence and position of the ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 521:187-97. [PMID: 102354 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. We have done cross-hybridizations between the mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and DNAs from strains ST and PP of Tetrahymena pyriformis. DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrid formation can be completely prevented by an excess of the heterologous ribosomal RNA and the heterologous hybrids melt 6 degrees C below the homologous hybrids. This shows that the ribosomal RNA cistrons can account for the 5% cross-hybridization previously observed between the mtDNAs of strains PP and ST (Goldbach et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 37--50). 2. By electron microscopy of DNA . ribosomal RNA hybrids we have determined the position of the ribosomal RNA cistrons on the mtDNA of strain GL, a mtDNA which we have shown to contain a sub-terminal 1 micron duplication-inversion and a terminal palindrome at one end which varies in length from 0 to 5 micron and which includes the 1 micron duplication-inversion (Arnberg et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 477, 51--69). The 21 S ribosomal RNA cistron overlaps the 1 micron duplication-inversion and as a result two or three cistrons are present, depending on the size of the terminal palindrome. Only one 14 S ribosomal RNA cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron is found, located about 10 000 base pairs away from the nearest 21 S cistron and with the same polarity as this cistron. 3. We conclude from these results and those in the preceding paper that the sequence of the ribosomal RNAs and the position of the ribosomal RNA genes in the mtDNA is strongly conserved in Tetrahymena. Possible reasons for the duplication of 21-S ribosomal RNA genes and the terminal heterogeneity of Tetrahymena mtDNA are discussed.
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Goldbach RW, Borst P, Bollen-de Boer JE, van Bruggen EF. The organization of ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 521:169-86. [PMID: 102353 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. We have constructed a physical map of the mtDNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST using the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, PstI, SacI, HindIII and HhaI. 2. Hybridization of mitochondrial 21 S and 14 S ribosomal RNA to restriction fragments of strain ST mtDNA shows that this DNA contains two 21-S and only one 14-S ribosomal RNA genes. By S1 nuclease treatment of briefly renatured single-stranded DNA the terminal duplication-inversion previously detected in this DNA (Arnberg et al. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 359--369) has been isolated and shown to contain both 21-S ribosomal RNA genes. 14 S ribosomal RNA hybridizes to a region in the central part of the DNA, about 8000 nucleotides or 20% of the total DNA length apart from the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 3. We have confirmed this position of the three ribosomal RNA genes by electron microscopical analysis of DNA . RNA hybrid molecules and R-loop molecules. 4. Hybridization of 21 S ribosomal RNA with duplex mtDNA digested either with phage lambda-induced exonuclease or exonuclease III of Escherichia coli, shows that the 21-S ribosomal RNA genes are located on the 5'-ends of each DNA strand. Electron microscopy of denaturated mtDNA hybridized with a mixture of 14-S and 21-S ribosomal RNAs show that the 14 S ribosomal RNA gene has the same polarity as the nearest 21 S ribosomal RNA gene. 5. Tetrahymena mtDNA is (after Saccharomyces mtDNA) the second mtDNA in which the two ribosomal RNA cistrons are far apart and the first mtDNA in which one of the ribosomal RNA cistrons is duplicated.
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Abstract
Crithidia fasciculata ribosomes were found to be 80S and to dissociate into 58 and 41S subunits; on 5 to 50% sucrose gradients, rRNA was separated into 25, 18, and 5S components. The molecular sizes of the heavier rRNA species, estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 1.24 and 0.84 M (X 10(6) daltons). The 25S RNA has a tendency to interact with the 18S RNA to give a complex that is difficult to separate by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 25S RNA is also unstable and dissociates into 0.73 and 0.57 M components. The 18S RNA has molecular size (0.84 M) higher than the 0.7 M reported for most eukaryotes, but similar to that of Euglena and Amoeba. Ribosomal RNA hybridized 0.29% of the nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial RNA, extracted by a rapid procedure was resolved into 16 and 5S components in sucrose gradients.
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Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that a subclass of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, those containing the drug fragment paromamine, stimulates mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from eucaryotic cells. We report here experiments which show that the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (formerly T. pyriformis, syngen 1) is sensitive to the paromamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. The drugs are active with respect to growth inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis in the whole organism, inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro and the stimulation of mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Because of their misreading properties, these drugs may be useful in isolating and propagating strains carrying mutations which can be translationally suppressed (that is, missense and nonsense mutations).
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Kristiansen K, Plesner P, Krüger A. Phosphorylation in vivo of Ribosomes in Tetrahymena pyriformis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 83:395-403. [PMID: 415860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins in vivo was studied in exponentially growing and starved cells of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. No phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins could be demonstrated in cells growing exponentially in complex nutrient media. However, when Tetrahymena cells were transferred into a non-nutrient medium, pronounced phosphorylation of a single ribosomal protein was observed. During two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the phosphorylated ribosomal protein migrated in a manner virtually identical to that of the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 of rat liver. The phosphorylated ribosomal protein has a molecular weight of 38000 as estimated by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the phosphorylated ribosomal protein found in starved Tetrahymena is apparently homologous with the ribosomal protein which is predominantly phosphorylated in higher eukaryotes. When phosphorylated ribosomes were dissociated by treatment with high concentration of KCl, the phosphorylated protein was found only on the small subunit. If dissociation was achieved by dialysis against a buffer low in MgCl2, the phosphorylated protein was distributed almost equally between the two subunits. This indicates that the phosphorylated ribosomal protein is located at the interface between the two subunits.
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Morales NM, Roberts JF. A comparative study of the ribonucleic acids of three species of trypanosomatids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 59:1-4. [PMID: 299637 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(78)90260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Morales
- Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607
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Sacchi A, Ferrini U, Londei P, Cammarano P, Maraldi N. Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ribosomes from mammalian tissues. Further characterization of ribosomal subunits and validity of buoyant-density methods for determination of the chemical composition and partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein particles. Biochem J 1977; 168:245-59. [PMID: 563718 PMCID: PMC1183758 DOI: 10.1042/bj1680245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. At 0-4 degrees C mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) dissociate into 39S and 29S subunits after exposure to 300mm-K(+) in the presence of 3.0mm-Mg(2+). When these subunits are placed in a medium containing a lower concentration of K(+) ions (25mm), approx. 75% of the subparticles recombine giving 55S monomers. 2. After negative staining the large subunits (20.3nm width) usually show a roundish profile, whereas the small subunits (12nm width) show an elongated, often bipartite, profile. The dimensions of the 55S ribosomes are 25.5nmx20.0nmx21.0nm, indicating a volume ratio of mitochondrial to cytosol ribosomes of 1:1.5. 3. The 39S and 29S subunits obtained in high-salt media at 0-4 degrees C have a buoyant density of 1.45g/cm(3); from the rRNA content calculated from buoyant density and from the rRNA molecular weights it is confirmed that the two subparticles have weights of 2.0x10(6) daltons and 1.20x10(6) daltons; the weights of the two subunits of cytosol ribosomes are 2.67x10(6) and 1.30x10(6) daltons. 4. The validity of the isodensity-equilibrium-centrifugation methods used to calculate the chemical composition of ribosomes was reinvestigated; it is confirmed that (a) reaction of ribosomal subunits with 6.0% (v/v) formaldehyde at 0 degrees C is sufficient to fix the particles, so that they remain essentially stable after exposure to dodecyl sulphate or centrifugation in CsCl, and (b) the partial specific volume of ribosomal subunits is a simple additive function of the partial specific volumes of RNA and protein. The RNA content is linearly related to buoyant density by the equation RNA (% by wt.)=349.5-(471.2x1/rho(CsCl)), where 1/rho(CsCl)=[unk](RNP) (partial specific volume of ribonucleoprotein). 5. The nucleotide compositions of the two subunit rRNA species of mitochondrial ribosomes from rodents (42% and 43% G+C) are distinctly different from those of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
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Goldbach RW, Arnberg AC, van Bruggen EF, Defize J, Borst P. The structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. I. Strain differences and occurrence of inverted repetitions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 477:37-50. [PMID: 406926 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed the structure of the mtDNAs of six amicronucleate Tetrahymena pyriformis strains, belonging to at least four phenosets, as defined by Borden et al. (Borden, D., Whitt, G.S. and Nanney, D.L. (1973) J. Protozool. 20, 693--700). 2. The mtDNAs of all strains are linear, but they differ in size, in their fragmentation by endonuclease EcoRI and in overall sequence; less than 20% sequence homology was found by DNA-DNA hybridization in all combinations tested, except for the mtDNAs from strains T and ST which are indistinguishable. 3. In spite of these marked sequence differences the mtDNAs of all strains share two structural peculiarities: ragged (gnawed) duplex ends and a duplication-inversion, which varies in length between 0.3 and 1.2 micrometer, depending on the strain. In four strains the duplication-inversion is terminal, allowing formation of single-stranded DNA circles with a duplex tail; in two strains it is subterminal. 4. The ragged ends and sub-terminal position of the duplication-inversion in some of the Tetrahymena mtDNAs do not fit any of the current models for the replication of linear mtDNAs.
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Orias E, Bruns PJ. Chapter 13 Induction and Isolation of Mutants in Tetrabymena. Methods Cell Biol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Saccone C, Quagliariello E. Biochemical studies of mitochondrial transcription and translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:125-65. [PMID: 131112 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ledoigt G, Curgy JJ, Stevens BJ, André J. Analyse de ribosomes par electrophorese en gel de polyacrylamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dierich A, Wintzerith M, Mandel P. Fingerprint studies on mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNAs of mouse liver. Biochimie 1975; 57:395-9. [PMID: 807264 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Leister DE, Dawid IB. Physical Properties and Protein Constituents of Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial Ribosomes of Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Reboul A, Vignais P. Origin of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA in Candida utilis. Hybridization studies. Biochimie 1974; 56:269-74. [PMID: 4858479 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Denslow ND, O'Brien TW. Susceptibility of 55S mitochondrial ribosomes to antibiotics inhibitory to prokaryotic ribosomes, lincomycin, chloramphenicol and PA114A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:9-16. [PMID: 4597411 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sacchi A, Cerbone F, Cammarano P, Ferrini U. Physiochemical characterization of ribosome-like (55-S) particles from rat liver mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 308:390-403. [PMID: 4575966 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schutgens RB, Reijnders L, Hoekstra SP, Borst P. Transcription of Tetrahymena mitochondrial DNA in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 308:372-80. [PMID: 4197078 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Flavell RA, Trampé PO. The absence of an integrated copy of mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 308:101-5. [PMID: 4353002 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chiu AO, Suyama Y. Immunologic studies on intracellular isoenzymes; the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 299:557-63. [PMID: 4196579 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Towers NR, Kellerman GM, Raison JK, Linnane AW. The biogenesis of mitochondria 29. Effects of temperature-induced phase changes in membranes on protein synthesis by mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 299:153-61. [PMID: 4701073 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Cammarano P, Pons S, Romeo A, Galdieri M, Gualerzi C. Characterization of unfolded and compact ribosomal subunits from plants and their relationship to those of lower and higher animals: evidence for physicochemical heterogeneity among eucaryotic ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 281:571-96. [PMID: 4631639 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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