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Carr SM, Brothers AJ, Wilson AC. EVOLUTIONARY INFERENCES FROM RESTRICTION MAPS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA FROM NINE TAXA OF
XENOPUS
FROGS. Evolution 2017; 41:176-188. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/1985] [Accepted: 09/30/1986] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Carr
- Department of Biochemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720
- Department of Genetics University of California Berkeley CA 94720
- Department of Zoology University of California Berkeley CA 94720
| | | | - Allan C. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720
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Schwartzbach SD, Hecker LI, Barnett WE. Transcriptional origin of Euglena chloroplast tRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 73:1984-8. [PMID: 16592326 PMCID: PMC430432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA.DNA hybridization studies indicate that Euglena chloroplast tRNAs are transcriptional products of the chloroplast genome, which contains approximately 26 tRNA cistrons. Hybridization with purified chloroplast tRNA(Phe) and tRNA(Asp) shows that the chloroplast genome contains one cistron for each of these two species. No hybridization of chloroplast tRNA with nuclear DNA was observed. tRNAs from Euglena cytoplasm, Escherichia coli, and Agmenellum quadraduplicatum do not compete with chloroplast tRNA for hybridization with chloroplast DNA. Evidence is presented that photoinduction of chloroplast tRNAs is at the level of transcription rather than maturation of tRNA precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Schwartzbach
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
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Cairns SS, Bogenhagen DF. Mapping of the displacement loop within the nucleotide sequence of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cellular titers and subcellular distributions of abundant polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid species during early development in the frog Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol 1982. [PMID: 6180297 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.11.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in translationally active polysomes and inactive ribonucleoprotein particles changes during early development. Cellular levels and subcellular distributions have been determined for most messenger RNAs, but little is known about how individual sequences change. In this study, we used hybridization techniques with cloned sequences to measure the titers of 23 mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial polyadenylate-containing [poly(A)+]RNA species during early development in the frog Xenopus laevis. These RNA species were some of the most abundant cellular poly(A)+ RNA species in early embryos. The concentrations of most of the non-mitochondrial (cytoplasmic) RNAs remained constant in embryos during the first 10 h of development, although the concentrations of a few species increased. During neurulation, we detected several new poly(A)+ RNA sequences in polysomes, and with one possible exception the accumulation of these sequences was largely the result of new synthesis or de novo polyadenylation and not due to the recruitment of nonpolysomal (free ribonucleoprotein) poly(A)+ RNA. We measured the subcellular distributions of these RNA species in polysomes and free ribonucleoproteins during early development. In gastrulae, non-mitochondrial RNAs were distributed differentially between the two cell fractions; some RNA species were represented more in free ribonucleoproteins, and others were represented less. By the neurula stage this differential distribution in polysomes and free ribonucleoproteins was less pronounced, and we found species almost entirely in polysomes. Some poly(A)+ RNA species transcribed from the mitochondrial genome were localized within the mitochondria and were mapped to discrete fragments of the mitochondrial genome. Much of this poly(A)+ RNA was transcribed from the ribosomal locus. Nonribosomal mitochondrial poly(A)+ RNA species became enriched in polysome-like structures after fertilization, with time courses similar to the time course of mobilization of cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA.
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Dworkin MB, Hershey JW. Cellular titers and subcellular distributions of abundant polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid species during early development in the frog Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:983-93. [PMID: 6180297 PMCID: PMC369720 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.11.983-993.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in translationally active polysomes and inactive ribonucleoprotein particles changes during early development. Cellular levels and subcellular distributions have been determined for most messenger RNAs, but little is known about how individual sequences change. In this study, we used hybridization techniques with cloned sequences to measure the titers of 23 mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial polyadenylate-containing [poly(A)+]RNA species during early development in the frog Xenopus laevis. These RNA species were some of the most abundant cellular poly(A)+ RNA species in early embryos. The concentrations of most of the non-mitochondrial (cytoplasmic) RNAs remained constant in embryos during the first 10 h of development, although the concentrations of a few species increased. During neurulation, we detected several new poly(A)+ RNA sequences in polysomes, and with one possible exception the accumulation of these sequences was largely the result of new synthesis or de novo polyadenylation and not due to the recruitment of nonpolysomal (free ribonucleoprotein) poly(A)+ RNA. We measured the subcellular distributions of these RNA species in polysomes and free ribonucleoproteins during early development. In gastrulae, non-mitochondrial RNAs were distributed differentially between the two cell fractions; some RNA species were represented more in free ribonucleoproteins, and others were represented less. By the neurula stage this differential distribution in polysomes and free ribonucleoproteins was less pronounced, and we found species almost entirely in polysomes. Some poly(A)+ RNA species transcribed from the mitochondrial genome were localized within the mitochondria and were mapped to discrete fragments of the mitochondrial genome. Much of this poly(A)+ RNA was transcribed from the ribosomal locus. Nonribosomal mitochondrial poly(A)+ RNA species became enriched in polysome-like structures after fertilization, with time courses similar to the time course of mobilization of cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA.
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Jacob E. Characterization of cloned cDNA sequences derived from Xenopus laevis poly A(+) oocyte RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1980; 8:1319-37. [PMID: 6159593 PMCID: PMC323994 DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.6.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded cDNA sequences were prepared from Xenopus laevis ovary poly A(+) RNA with AMV reverse transcriptase and nuclease S1. They were inserted into the plasmid pBR 322 after ligation with a Hind III linker and were cloned in E. coli strain X1776. Plasmid pools containing a cDNA insert were identified by Hind II restriction and hybridization of the DNA fragments with radiolabelled pBR 322 DNA. Hybridization of the positive pools with ovary RNA labelled in vitro led to the identification of cloned cDNA sequences which represent RNA species of high to intermediate abundance in the ovary. Positive clones were further challenged with in vitro labelled mitochondrial DNA and RNA from different developmental stages. One clone of mitochondrial origin has been detected. The hybridization characteristics of the cDNA sequences with the RNA probes from later developmental stages is discussed.
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Abstract
The twelve most abundant transcripts in X. laevis mitochondria were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by R loop mapping in the electron microscope and by RNA gel transfer hybridization. The transcripts map in nonoverlapping positions with one exception, and they account for about 80% of the coding capacity of mtDNA. Ten of the twelve RNA molecules contain poly(A): the two poly(A)-lacking transcripts are the rRNAs. Analysis withe single-strand-specific nucleases clearly demonstrated the absence of intervening sequences from the coding regions for seven RNAs. For two RNAs, uninterrupted coding sequences are strongly suggested and one RNA could not be analyzed. Eight transcripts of low abundance and high molecular weight were characterized, and their coding regions were mapped approximately. They overlap the coding regions of the abundant mitochondrial RNAs and could be precursors of these RNAs. Most of the RNA molecules characterized were shown to be transcribed from the heavy strand of mtDNA. No abundant discrete light-strand transcript was found.
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Brown WM, Wright JW. Mitochondrial DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). Science 1979; 203:1247-9. [PMID: 424751 DOI: 10.1126/science.424751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morphological, karyological, and allozyme analyses indicate that the parthenogenetic lizards Cnemidophorus neomexicanus and diploid C. tesselatus are hybrids formed, respectively, by crosses involving the bisexual species C. tigris and C. inornatus, and C. tigris and C. septemvittatus. Mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited maternally, was obtained from each of these species. Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA's and their restriction endonuclease digestion products by electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis support the hybridization hypothesis by indicating that C. tigris (specifically the subspecies marmoratus) was the maternal parent species for both C. neomexicanus and C. tesselatus. Furthermore, these data imply that these two parthenogenetic species are younger than some races of C. tigris.
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De Vries H, De Jonge JC, Schneller JM, Martin RP, Dirheimer G, Stall AJ. Neurospora crassa mitochondrial transfer RNAs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 520:419-27. [PMID: 152130 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Total mitochondrial tRNA from Neurospora crassa was characterized by base composition analysis, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses and reversed-phase chromatography on RPC5. The guanosine + cytidine content was about 43%, as compared to 60% for cytoplasmic tRNA. The modified nucleoside content was low and about the same as that of total yeast mitochondrial tRNA, though the G + C content is very different. We found psi, T, hU, t6A, m1G, M2G, m22G. Neither the eukaryotic "Y" base, nor the prokaryotic s4U were present. On two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electropherograms about 25 species were separated. One species for phenylalanine, two for leucine and two for methionine could be located. Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tRNA does not hybridize with yeast mitochondrial DNA.
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Ohi S, Ramirez JL, Upholt WB, Dawid IB. Mapping of mitochondrial 4 S RNA genes in Xenopus laevis by electron microscopy. J Mol Biol 1978; 121:299-310. [PMID: 671539 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hayashi J, Yonekawa H, Gotoh O, Motohashi J, Tagashira Y. Two different molecular types of rat mitochondrial DNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 81:871-7. [PMID: 666798 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ramirez JL, Dawid IB. Mapping of mitochondrial DNA in Xenopus laevis and X. borealis: the positions of ribosomal genes and D-loops. J Mol Biol 1978; 119:133-46. [PMID: 633366 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Innis MA, Craig SP. Mitochondrial regulation in sea urchins. II. Formation of polyribosomes within the mitochondria of 4-8 cell stage embryos of the sea urchin. Exp Cell Res 1978; 111:223-30. [PMID: 627230 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Barnett WE, Schwartzbach SD, Hecker LI. The transfer RNAs of eukaryotic organelles. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1978; 21:143-79. [PMID: 358277 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dawid IB. DNA-DNA hybridization on membrane filters: a convenient method using formamide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 477:191-4. [PMID: 406929 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
It is well known that mitochondria are only partly an autonomous system since they are subjected to nuclear control. For this reason, in studying mitochondrial genes one has to consider constantly the integration of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic systems. This fact makes experimental approaches still more sophisticated, especially, when one turns from individual genetic structures to mitochondrial heredity on the level of cells and multicellular organisms. Here we shall discuss some theoretical aspects of mitochondrial heredity that have been comparatively rarely dealt with in the literature.
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Attardi G, Costantino P, Lynch D, Mitchel C, Murphy W, Ojala D. Molecular and genetic approaches to the analysis of the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 14:151-64. [PMID: 854029 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has been involved in the last few years in investigations aiming at analysing by molecular approaches the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells and the mechanisms and control of its expression, H eLa cells and other mammalian cell lines have been utilized for these studies. These investigations, as well as work carried out in other laboratories, have yielded a considerable amount of information concerning the mechanism, products and regulation of transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA), the apparatus and products of mitochondria-specific protein synthesis in animal cells, and the number and topology of the sites on mit-DNA which code for the primary gene products identified so far. It is the purpose of the present report to summarize the latest observations in this area, as well as some recent results on the isolation and characterization of chloramphenicol-resistant variants of a human cell line. Reference is made to previous review articles 1,2,3 for the earlier work.
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Abstract
The genes coding for the large rRNAs (rDNA) were purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by two different methods. Purified rDNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases and by electron microscopy. Each repeating unit of rDNA consists of a gene region that codes for a transcript which includes the 18S and 28S rRNA sequences plus a nontrascribed spacer. Analysis of rRNA/rDNA hybrids in the electron microscope reveals that two types of repeating units exist in the rDNA from this fly. One of these is characterized by insertions of various lengths within the 28S gene. Insertions range in size from about 0.5 kilo base pairs (kb) to 6.0 kb and occur in distinct size classes which are multiples of 0.5 kb. Figure 10 summarizes the structure of the rDNA repeating unit. Repeats with insertions constitute about two thirds, and repeats without insertions about one third of all repeating units in the sample studied where 86% of the rDNA is derived from the X chromosome nucleolus organizer. Statistical analysis of pairs of of nearest-neighbor repeats demonstrates that repeats with and without insertions are interspersed in the X chromosome nucleolus organizer, and that scrambling is close to that expected for random arrangement. Insertions are the major source of length heterogeneity in this rDNA. A minor length heterogeneity also exists in thie nontranscribed spacer of Drosophila rDNA as demonstrated by heteroduplex mapping of restriction fragments in the electron microscope.
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Klukas CK, Dawid IB. Characterization and mapping of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 1976; 9:615-25. [PMID: 827333 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and some properties of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (mt-rRNA) of Drosophila melanogaster, and a restriction map of the mtDNA of this organism which shows the position of the rRNA genes and of the A + T-rich region in the DNA. The mt-rRNAs are about 860 and 1500 nucleotides long and have the unusual composition of about 20% G+C. Some 25% of the mtDNA is very rich in A+T and is visualized as a contiguous early melting region in denaturation mapping. We mapped the three cleavage sites of the restriction endonuclease Hae III and the four sites of Hind III on mtDNA relative to each other and relative to the early melting region. The rRNA genes have been positioned on this map. The two rRNA genes are next to each other, separated by a gap of about 160 bases. We determined the polarity of the rRNA molecules: transcription proceeds in the direction small-to-large rRNA. Despite great divergence in nucleotide composition and sequence, the properties of mt-rRNA and the arrangement of mt-rRNA genes are very similar in Drosophila and vertebrate animals.
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Feldmann H, Kleinow W. Base composition of mitochondrial RNA species and characterization of mitochondrial 4 S RNA from Locusta migratoria. FEBS Lett 1976; 69:300-4. [PMID: 992042 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lewis FS, Rutman RJ, Avadhani NG. Messenger ribonucleic acid metabolism in mammalian mitochondria. Discrete poly(adenylic acid) lacking messenger ribonucleic acid species associated with mitochondrial polysomes. Biochemistry 1976; 15:3367-72. [PMID: 986158 DOI: 10.1021/bi00660a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA species released from mitochondrial polysomes prepared by the Mg2+ precipitation technique have been further characterized using various analytical techniques. Mitochondrial polysomes were dissociated by treatment with puromycin and chemically labeled with (3H) dimethyl sulfate. About 51% of steady-state mitochondrial mRNA bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose indicating the presence of poly(adenylic acid)(poly(A)) in this fraction. The poly(A)-containing mRNAs resolve into discrete bands of 9-16 Se, while the RNA fraction unable to bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose representing poly(A)-lacking mRNA contains 8-12 Se species. About 90% of poly(A) lacking RNA hybridizes with mitochondrial DNA and less than 7% hybridizes with nuclear DNA. The extent of hybridization of poly(A)-lacking RNA with mitochondrial DNA was not significantly affected by the presence of excess mitochondrial rRNA, cytoplasmic rRNA, or a tenfold concentration of poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from total mitochondrial RNA. Possible differences in sequence properties between poly(A)-containing and -lacking mitochondrial mRNAs were further verified using a solid phase-bound cDNA procedure. Poly(A)-containing mRNA released from mitochondrial polysomes shows over 85% sequance homology with oligo(dT)-cellulose-bound cDNA prepared against total mitochondrial poly(A)-lacking mitochondrial mRNA hybridizes with the cDNA providing direct evidence for the distinct sequence properties of the two mRNA species.
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Dawid IB, Wellauer PK. A reinvestigation of 5' leads to 3' polarity in 40S ribosomal RNA precursor of Xenopus laevis. Cell 1976; 8:443-8. [PMID: 954098 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 5' leads to 3' polarity of the 40S precursor rRNA molecule relative to the location of the 18S and 28S RNA regions in the precursor has been reinvestigated. Fragments of rDNA derived by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and cloned in E. coli were partially digested with the exonuclease induced by bacteriophage lambda and with exonuclease III from E. coli. The resulting rDNA fragments with single-stranded tails were hybridized separately with 18S and 28S rRNA, and the formation of the hybrid was monitored by determination of radioactivity and by electron microscopy. Since the location of the EcoRI sites in rDNA is known, and the specificity of the two exonucleases for 5' and 3' ends of DNA strands has been established, the hybridization of the different partially digested rDNA fragments with either 18S or 28S rRNA could be interpreted in terms of polarity of the coding strand of rDNA, and consequently of the RNA (see models in Figure 1). The results supports the following model for the rRNA precursor moleculre: 5' end-transcribed space-18S gene-transcribed space-28S gene-3' end.
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Lynch DC, Attardi G. Amino acid specificity of the transfer RNA species coded for by HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA. J Mol Biol 1976; 102:125-41. [PMID: 775098 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Martin N, Rabinowitz M, Fukuhara H. Isoaccepting mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA species transcribed from different regions of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 1976; 101:285-96. [PMID: 768489 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Smith JD. Transcription and processing of transfer RNA precursors. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 16:25-73. [PMID: 766079 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Saccone C, Quagliariello E. Biochemical studies of mitochondrial transcription and translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:125-65. [PMID: 131112 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mahler HR, Raff RA. The evolutionary origin of the mitochondrion: a nonsymbiotic model. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:1-124. [PMID: 131111 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fouts DL, Manning JE, Wolstenholme DR. Physicochemical properties of kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia acanthocephali. Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi. J Cell Biol 1975; 67:378-99. [PMID: 1104639 PMCID: PMC2109601 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.2.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoa Crithidia and Trypanosoma contain within a mitochondrion a mass of DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) which consists mainly of an association of thousands of small circular molecules of similar size held together by topological interlocking. Using kDNA from Crithidia acanthocephali, Crithidia luciliae, and Trypanosoma lewisi, physicochemical studies have been carried out with intact associations and with fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules, and of open single circular and unit length linear molecules obtained from kDNA associations by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium centrifugation. Buoyant density analyses failed to provide evidence for base composition heterogeneity among kDNA molecules within a species. The complementary nucleotide strands of kDNA molecules of all three species had distinct buoyant densities in both alkaline and neutral cesium chloride. For C. acanthocephali kDNA, these buoyant density differences were shown to be a reflection of differences in base composition between the complementary nucleotide strands. The molar ratios of adenine: thymine:guanine:cytosine, obtained from deoxyribonucleotide analyses were 16.8:41.0:28.1:14.1 for the heavy strand and 41.6:16.6:12.8:29.0 for the light strand. Covalently closed single circular molecules of C. acanthocephali (as well as intact kDNA associations of C. acanthocephali and T. lewisi) formed a single band in alkaline cesium chloride gradients, indicating their component nucleotide strands to be alkaline insensitive. Data from buoyant density, base composition, and thermal melting analyses suggested that minor bases are either rare or absent in Crithidia kDNA. The kinetics of renaturation of 32P labeled C. acanthocephali kDNA measured using hydroxyapatite chromatography were consistent with at least 70% of the circular molecules of this DNA having the same nucleotide sequence. Evidence for sequence homologies among the kDNAs of all three species was obtained from buoyant density analyses of DNA in annealed mixtures containing one component kDNA strand from each of two species.
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Baldacci G, Carnevali F, Frontali L, Leoni L, Macino G, Palleschi C. Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and genetic information for tRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1975; 2:1777-86. [PMID: 1103084 PMCID: PMC343545 DOI: 10.1093/nar/2.10.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA from wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from an "extreme" petite mutant were analyzed by hybridization of several tRNAs on DNA fragments of different buoyant density, obtained by sonication and fractionation on a CsCl gradient. The hybridization patterns show that the genes for tRNAser, tRNAphe, tRNAhis, tRNAval, tRNAileu are present on wild-type mitochondrial DNA, while only genes for tRNAser and tRNAhis are present on petite mitochondrial DNA; moreover the hybridization patterns indicate that these genes are not clustered and suggest that more than one gene might exist for tRNAser and tRNAhis.
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Chang AC, Lansman RA, Clayton DA, Cohen SN. Studies of mouse mitochondrial DNA in Escherichia coli: structure and function of the eucaryotic-procaryotic chimeric plasmids. Cell 1975; 6:231-44. [PMID: 1102112 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mouse mitochondrial DNA genome has been cloned in Escherichia coli by linking it to the pSC101 plasmid replicon at cohesive-ended cleavage sites generated by Eco Rl restriction endonuclease. The four possible configurations of chimeric molecules that contain the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA in their native relationship were distinguished by Hind III restriction endonuclease digestion and electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis. Chimeric molecules utilize the pSC101 replication origin and do not maintain the "D-loop" region or the low frequency of ribonucleotides found in native mitochondrial DNA. Hybridization of the RNA synthesized in E. coli minicells carrying the four types of chimeras indicates that transcription occurs predominately on the light strand of the mitochondrial DNA in all cases. This result implies that initiation of RNA synthesis occurs within the mitochondrial DNA segment. Although specific polypeptide synthetis is directed by the mitochondrial DNA segment of each of the chimeras in E. coli minicells, the molecular weight distribution of the polypeptides synthesized consists primarily of low molecular weight species and thus differs from that observed in mitochondria in mouse L cells.
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Abstract
The endosymbiont and episome theories about the origin of mitochondria are reviewed. Biochemical and genetic data, relevant to these theories are discussed. An alternative theory is also proposed; this theory is that nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs developed from compartmentalized duplicate prokaryote DNAs.
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Leister DE, Dawid IB. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in Xenopus laevis/X. mulleri interspecific hybrids. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:119-23. [PMID: 1159786 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Webb AC, LaMarca MJ, Smith LD. Synthesis of mitochondrial RNA by full-grown and maturing oocytes of Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1975; 45:44-55. [PMID: 1081057 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Schneller JM, Faye G, Kujawa C, Stahl AJ. Number of genes and base composition of mitochondrial tRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 1975; 2:831-8. [PMID: 1096083 PMCID: PMC343470 DOI: 10.1093/nar/2.6.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of mitochondrial [32P] tRNA (4S fraction), were hybridized with mitochondrial DNA OF Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At saturation, the calculated number of genes for 4S mitochondrial RNA was 20. Mitochondrial [32P] tRNA eluted from the hydrids obtained either with an excess of tRNA or an excess of DNA showed, after alkaline hydrolysis and chromatography, a G+C content of 28 and 35 p. cent respectively. This last value is similar to that found with the total 4S fraction. The odd nucleotides T (about 1T per sequence), U, hU are present in mitochondrial tRNA. Some sequence may begin with pG.
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42
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Dierich A, Wintzerith M, Mandel P. Fingerprint studies on mitochondrial and cytoplasmic rRNAs of mouse liver. Biochimie 1975; 57:395-9. [PMID: 807264 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Randerath E, Chia LL, Morris HP, Randerath K. Base analysis of RNA by 3H postlabeling--a study of ribothymidine content and degree of base methylation of 4 S RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 366:159-67. [PMID: 4376020 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Casey JW, Hsu HJ, Getz GS, Rabinowitz M. Transfer RNA genes in mitochondrial DNA of grande (wild-type) yeast. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:735-47. [PMID: 4372363 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Leister DE, Dawid IB. Physical Properties and Protein Constituents of Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial Ribosomes of Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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Wu GJ, Dawid IB. In Vitro Transcription of Xenopus Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Homologous Mitochondrial Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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48
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Abstract
The content of 5-methylcytidylic acid in nuclear DNA and mito chondrial DNA of Xenopus laevis and HeLa cells has been determined. Both nuclear DNA's contain 5-methylcytidylic acid. The 5-methylcytidylic acid content of X. laevis DNA is 1.7 mole percent of total nucleotides, and that of HeLc cell DNA is 0.7 mole percent. In neither mitochondrial DNA could any 5-methylcytidylic acid be detected; the limit of sensitivity was judged at below 0.1 mole percent for X. laevis DNA and below 0.05 mole percent for HeLa cell DNA.
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49
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Reboul A, Vignais P. Origin of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA in Candida utilis. Hybridization studies. Biochimie 1974; 56:269-74. [PMID: 4858479 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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Dubin DT, Friend DA. Methylation properties of mitochondrion-specific transfer RNA from cultured hamster cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 340:269-77. [PMID: 4856973 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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