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The antibiotic sorangicin A inhibits promoter DNA unwinding in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis rifampicin-resistant RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30423-30432. [PMID: 33199626 PMCID: PMC7720108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013706117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin (Rif) is a first-line therapeutic used to treat the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The emergence of Rif-resistant (RifR) Mtb presents a need for new antibiotics. Rif targets the enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP). Sorangicin A (Sor) is an unrelated inhibitor that binds in the Rif-binding pocket of RNAP. Sor inhibits a subset of RifR RNAPs, including the most prevalent clinical RifR RNAP substitution found in Mtb infected patients (S456>L of the β subunit). Here, we present structural and biochemical data demonstrating that Sor inhibits the wild-type Mtb RNAP by a similar mechanism as Rif: by preventing the translocation of very short RNAs. By contrast, Sor inhibits the RifR S456L enzyme at an earlier step, preventing the transition of a partially unwound promoter DNA intermediate to the fully opened DNA and blocking the template-strand DNA from reaching the active site in the RNAP catalytic center. By defining template-strand blocking as a mechanism for inhibition, we provide a mechanistic drug target in RNAP. Our finding that Sor inhibits the wild-type and mutant RNAPs through different mechanisms prompts future considerations for designing antibiotics against resistant targets. Also, we show that Sor has a better pharmacokinetic profile than Rif, making it a suitable starting molecule to design drugs to be used for the treatment of TB patients with comorbidities who require multiple medications.
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Mosaei H, Zenkin N. Inhibition of RNA Polymerase by Rifampicin and Rifamycin-Like Molecules. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0017-2019. [PMID: 32342856 PMCID: PMC11168578 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0017-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerases (RNAPs) accomplish the first step of gene expression in all living organisms. However, the sequence divergence between bacterial and human RNAPs makes the bacterial RNAP a promising target for antibiotic development. The most clinically important and extensively studied class of antibiotics known to inhibit bacterial RNAP are the rifamycins. For example, rifamycins are a vital element of the current combination therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we provide an overview of the history of the discovery of rifamycins, their mechanisms of action, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance against them, and progress in their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mosaei
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nikolay Zenkin
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
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3
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Srivastava G, Tripathi S, Kumar A, Sharma A. Molecular insight into multiple RpoB clinical mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An attempt to probe structural variations in rifampicin binding site underlying drug resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:2200-2214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Peek J, Lilic M, Montiel D, Milshteyn A, Woodworth I, Biggins JB, Ternei MA, Calle PY, Danziger M, Warrier T, Saito K, Braffman N, Fay A, Glickman MS, Darst SA, Campbell EA, Brady SF. Rifamycin congeners kanglemycins are active against rifampicin-resistant bacteria via a distinct mechanism. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4147. [PMID: 30297823 PMCID: PMC6175910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifamycin antibiotics (Rifs) target bacterial RNA polymerases (RNAPs) and are widely used to treat infections including tuberculosis. The utility of these compounds is threatened by the increasing incidence of resistance (RifR). As resistance mechanisms found in clinical settings may also occur in natural environments, here we postulated that bacteria could have evolved to produce rifamycin congeners active against clinically relevant resistance phenotypes. We survey soil metagenomes and identify a tailoring enzyme-rich family of gene clusters encoding biosynthesis of rifamycin congeners (kanglemycins, Kangs) with potent in vivo and in vitro activity against the most common clinically relevant RifR mutations. Our structural and mechanistic analyses reveal the basis for Kang inhibition of RifR RNAP. Unlike Rifs, Kangs function through a mechanism that includes interfering with 5'-initiating substrate binding. Our results suggest that examining soil microbiomes for new analogues of clinically used antibiotics may uncover metabolites capable of circumventing clinically important resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peek
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mirjana Lilic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Montiel
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Aleksandr Milshteyn
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ian Woodworth
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John B Biggins
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Melinda A Ternei
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Paula Y Calle
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michael Danziger
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thulasi Warrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kohta Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel Braffman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Allison Fay
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Seth A Darst
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Campbell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Sean F Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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Liu LK, Dai Y, Abdelwahab H, Sobrado P, Tanner JJ. Structural Evidence for Rifampicin Monooxygenase Inactivating Rifampicin by Cleaving Its Ansa-Bridge. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2065-2068. [PMID: 29578336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rifampicin monooxygenase (RIFMO) decreases the potency of rifampicin (RIF) by converting it to oxidative products. Further decomposition of RIF has been observed in bacteria producing RIFMO and contributes to RIFMO-mediated drug resistance. Here we report the first crystal structure of RIFMO in complex with the hydroxylated RIF product. The 2.10 Å resolution structure reveals a breach of the ansa aliphatic chain of RIF between naphthoquinone C2 and amide N1. Our data suggest that RIFMO catalyzes the hydroxylation of RIF at the C2 atom followed by cleavage of the ansa linkage, which leads to inactivation of the antibiotic by preventing key contacts with the RNA polymerase target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yumin Dai
- Department of Biochemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Heba Abdelwahab
- Department of Biochemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
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Bujnowski K, Synoradzki L, Darłak RC, Zevaco TA, Dinjus E. Semi-synthetic zwitterionic rifamycins: a promising class of antibiotics; survey of their chemistry and biological activities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22880a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifamycins are an important group of macrocyclic antibiotics highly active against tuberculosis and various other Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bujnowski
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Laboratory of Technological Processes
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Ludwik Synoradzki
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Laboratory of Technological Processes
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Radosław C. Darłak
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Laboratory of Technological Processes
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Thomas A. Zevaco
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Eckhard Dinjus
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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Kim HR, Hwang SS, Kim EC, Lee SM, Yang SC, Yoo CG, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Yim JJ. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacterial infection among patients with tuberculosis. J Hosp Infect 2010; 77:134-7. [PMID: 20850896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Given that anti-tuberculosis medication itself has antibacterial activity and that broad-spectrum antibiotics are frequently used, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria among patients being treated for tuberculosis (TB) is likely. We used a case-control design to study the clinical predictors of MDR bacterial infection among TB patients. Both cases and controls were selected from among patients who were diagnosed and treated as having TB between 1 January 1996 and 31 August 2006. TB patients with MDR bacterial infection were included as cases and those with non-MDR bacterial infection were included as controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to elucidate the risk factors for MDR bacterial infection. During the study period 3667 patients were diagnosed with, and treated for, TB. A total of 123 experienced episodes of bacterial infection, of whom 59 (48.0%) were infected by an MDR strain at least once. The presence of chronic renal failure [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 4.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-18.01] and the use of antimicrobials other than typical anti-TB drugs within three months (adjusted OR: 4.37; 95% CI: 1.74-10.95) were independent risk factors for MDR bacterial infection. Bacterial infection in TB patients is commonly multidrug resistant. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of MDR bacterial infection among TB patients with chronic renal failure or recent use of other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-R Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Lung Institute of Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Aristoff PA, Garcia GA, Kirchhoff PD, Showalter HD. Rifamycins--obstacles and opportunities. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:94-118. [PMID: 20236863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With nearly one-third of the global population infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB remains a major cause of death (1.7 million in 2006). TB is particularly severe in parts of Asia and Africa where it is often present in AIDS patients. Difficulties in treatment are exacerbated by the 6-9 month treatment times and numerous side effects. There is significant concern about the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of TB (0.5 million MDR-TB cases worldwide in 2006). The rifamycins, long considered a mainstay of TB treatment, were a tremendous breakthrough when they were developed in the 1960's. While the rifamycins display many admirable qualities, they still have a number of shortfalls including: rapid selection of resistant mutants, hepatotoxicity, a flu-like syndrome (especially at higher doses), potent induction of cytochromes P450 (CYP) and inhibition of hepatic transporters. This review of the state-of-the-art regarding rifamycins suggests that it is quite possible to devise improved rifamycin analogs. Studies showing the potential of shortening the duration of treatment if higher doses could be tolerated, also suggest that more potent (or less toxic) rifamycin analogs might accomplish the same end. The improved activity against rifampin-resistant strains by some analogs promises that further work in this area, especially if the information from co-crystal structures with RNA polymerase is applied, should lead to even better analogs. The extensive drug-drug interactions seen with rifampin have already been somewhat ameliorated with rifabutin and rifalazil, and the use of a CYP-induction screening assay should serve to efficiently identify even better analogs. The toxicity due to the flu-like syndrome is an issue that needs effective resolution, particularly for analogs in the rifalazil class. It would be of interest to profile rifalazil and analogs in relation to rifampin, rifapentine, and rifabutin in a variety of screens, particularly those that might relate to hypersensitivity or immunomodulatory processes.
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Godoy-Alcántar C, Medrano F, Yatsimirsky AK. Affinity and enantioselectivity of Rifamycin SV towards low molecular weight compounds. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-008-9528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Pelizzi G. Sampling rifamycin conformational variety by cruising through crystal forms: implications for polymorph screening and for biological models. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b804746d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Li J, Ma Z, Chapo K, Yan D, Lynch AS, Ding CZ. Preparation and in vitro anti-staphylococcal activity of novel 11-deoxy-11-hydroxyiminorifamycins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5510-3. [PMID: 17826091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the preparation and anti-staphylococcal activity of a series of novel 11-deoxy-11-hydroxyiminorifamycins. Many of the compounds synthesized exhibit potent activity against wild-type Staphylococcus aureus with MICs equivalent to, or better than, rifamycin reference agents. In addition, some of the compounds retain potent activity against an intermediate rifamycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. For instance, compound 5k exhibits an MIC of 0.12 microg/mL against an intermediate rifamycin-resistant strain, while the rifamycin reference agents, rifampin and rifalazil, exhibit MICs of 16 microg/mL and 2 microg/mL, respectively, against the same strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cumbre Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1502 Viceroy Drive, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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12
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Kim IH, Combrink KD, Ma Z, Chapo K, Yan D, Renick P, Morris TW, Pulse M, Simecka JW, Ding CZ. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel series of rifabutin-like spirorifamycins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1181-4. [PMID: 17189695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of spirorifamycins was synthesized and their antibacterial activity evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. This new series of rifamycins shows excellent activity against Staphylococcus aureus that is equivalent to rifabutin. However, some compounds of the series exhibit lower MICs than rifabutin against rifampin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Further, compound 2e exhibits comparable efficacy in vivo in a murine model of S. aureus septicemia model following administration by either oral or parenteral dosing routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cumbre Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1502 Viceroy Dr., Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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13
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Chau A, Paquin JF, Lautens M. Diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed formate reduction of allylic carbonates en route to polypropionate systems. J Org Chem 2007; 71:1924-33. [PMID: 16496977 DOI: 10.1021/jo052267s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed formate reduction of allylic carbonates presents unique opportunities for applications in target-oriented organic synthesis provided that selectivity, in particular stereoselectivity, in the course of this metal-catalyzed reaction can be controlled. This article describes our recent developments on new and efficient metal-catalyzed processes exploiting resident stereocenters on the substrates as a means to control stereoselectivity en route to preparing propionate units containing an array of stereochemical patterns. In particular, the effect of the protecting group, the stereochemistry of the aldol adduct, neighboring substituents, and the olefin geometry were examined. Strategic choice of the above parameters provides entry into three of the four possible diastereomeric triads, namely syn-syn, anti-syn, and anti-anti. Preliminary results indicate that construction of the syn-anti triad is possible, albeit in moderate diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Chau
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz G Floss
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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17
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Rifamycin antibiotics—new compounds and synthetic methods. Part 1: Study of the reaction of 3-formylrifamycin SV with primary alkylamines or ammonia. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Henwood SQ, Liebenberg W, Tiedt LR, Lötter AP, de Villiers MM. Characterization of the solubility and dissolution properties of several new rifampicin polymorphs, solvates, and hydrates. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:1017-30. [PMID: 11794804 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Based on reports that tuberculosis is on the increase, this investigation into the physicochemical properties of rifampicin when recrystallized from various solvent systems was undertaken. Rifampicin is an essential component of the currently recommended regimen for treating tuberculosis, although relatively little is known about its solubility and dissolution behavior in relation to its solid-state properties. A rifampicin monohydrate, a rifampicin dihydrate, two amorphous forms, a 1:1 rifampicin:acetone solvate, and a 1:2 rifampicin:2-pyrrolidone solvate were isolated and characterized using spectral, thermal, and solubility measurements. The crystal forms were relatively unstable because except for the 2-pyrrolidone solvate, all the hydrated or solvated materials changed to amorphous forms after desolvation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the favorable three-dimensional organization of the pharmacophore to ensure antibacterial activity in all the crystal forms except the 2-pyrrolidone solvate. In the 2-pyrrolidone solvate, the strong IR signals of 2-pyrrolidone interfered with the vibrations of the ansa group. The 2-pyrrolidone solvate was the most soluble in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. This solvate also had the highest solubility (1.58 mg/ml) and the fastest dissolution in water. In 0.1 M HCl, the dihydrate dissolved the quickest. A X-ray amorphous form (amorph II) was the least soluble and had the slowest dissolution rate because the powder was poorly wettable and very electrostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Henwood
- Research Institute for Industrial Pharmacy, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, South Africa
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Campbell EA, Korzheva N, Mustaev A, Murakami K, Nair S, Goldfarb A, Darst SA. Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial rna polymerase. Cell 2001; 104:901-12. [PMID: 11290327 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rifampicin (Rif) is one of the most potent and broad spectrum antibiotics against bacterial pathogens and is a key component of anti-tuberculosis therapy, stemming from its inhibition of the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). We determined the crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus core RNAP complexed with Rif. The inhibitor binds in a pocket of the RNAP beta subunit deep within the DNA/RNA channel, but more than 12 A away from the active site. The structure, combined with biochemical results, explains the effects of Rif on RNAP function and indicates that the inhibitor acts by directly blocking the path of the elongating RNA when the transcript becomes 2 to 3 nt in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Campbell
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Funayama S, Cordell GA. Ansamycin antibioticsA discovery, classification, biosynthesis and biological activities. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART D) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bacchi A, Pelizzi G, Nebuloni M, Ferrari P. Comprehensive study on structure-activity relationships of rifamycins: discussion of molecular and crystal structure and spectroscopic and thermochemical properties of rifamycin O. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2319-32. [PMID: 9632365 DOI: 10.1021/jm970791o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of rifamycins against bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been explained on the basis of the spatial arrangement of four oxygens which can form hydrogen bonds with the enzyme. Structural descriptors are derived from X-ray diffraction crystal structures of 25 active and nonactive rifamycins. Principal component analysis is used to find the combination of structural parameters which better discriminate between active and nonactive rifamycins. Two possible mechanisms of molecular rearrangement are described which can convert nonactive into active conformations. The energy involved for conformational rearrangements is studied by molecular modeling techniques. Methyl C34 is found to play a key role for determining the geometry of the pharmacophore. Rifamycin O, reported to be active, is obtained by oxidation of rifamycin B and is studied by X-ray single-crystal diffractometry, by solution IR and NMR spectroscopy, and by thermal analysis. Surprisingly the oxidation process is totally stereospecific, and an explanation is given based on solution spectroscopic evidence. The conformation found in the solid state is typical of nonactive compounds, and molecular mechanics calculations show that a molecular rearrangement to the active conformation would require about 15 kcal/mol. Thermal analysis confirms that rifamycin O has a sterically constrained conformation. Therefore, it is likely that the antibiotic activity of rifamycin O is due either to chemical modification prior to reaching the enzyme or to conformational activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bacchi
- Biosearch Italia S.p.A., Via Lepetit, 34, I-21040 Gerenzano, Italy
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23
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Yadav J, Srinivas Rao C, Chandrasekhar S, Rama Rao A. Asymmetric synthesis of C-19 to C-27 fragment of rifamycin-S. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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N(7)-protonation-induced conformational flipping in hypermodified nucleic acid base N6-(N-glycylcarbonyl) adenine. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00388-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Yazawa K, Mikami Y, Maeda A, Akao M, Morisaki N, Iwasaki S. Inactivation of rifampin by Nocardia brasiliensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1313-7. [PMID: 8328779 PMCID: PMC187958 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.6.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampin was glycosylated by a pathogenic species of Nocardia, i.e., Nocardia brasiliensis. The structures of two glycosylated compounds (RIP-1 and RIP-2) isolated from the culture broth of the bacterium were determined to be 3-formyl-23-(O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl])rifamycin SV and 23-(O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl])rifampin, respectively. Both compounds lacked antimicrobial activity against other gram-positive bacteria as well as the Nocardia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yazawa
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan
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Bartolucci C, Cellai L, Cerrini S, Di Filippo P, Lamba D. X-Ray Crystal Structure of 25-O-Deacetyl-27, 28-didehydro-27-demthoxy-11-deoxo-11, 29-epoxy-28,29-dihydro-21,23-O-isopropylidenerifamycin S. Helv Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19920750112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cella L, Heumann H, Baer G, Werel W. Mechanism of inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli by rifamycins. Eur J Med Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(89)90103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Johnson RS. A resonance Raman study on the interaction of rifampicin with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 839:16-25. [PMID: 3884050 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The technique of resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the interaction of the antibiotic rifampicin with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Spectra were analyzed by generating the first derivative of each recorded spectrum using the Savitsky-Golay algorithm. The only band that shifted significantly in the resonance Raman spectrum of rifampicin upon the formation of the drug-core polymerase complex was the amide III band. It underwent an 8 cm-1 shift from 1306 cm-1 in aqueous solution to 1314 cm-1. A comparable shift was observed for the rifampicin-holoenzyme complex. Thus, the interaction of the sigma subunit with the core polymerase does not significantly alter the manner in which rifampicin interacts with RNA polymerase. The nature of this shift has been analyzed further by recording the resonance Raman spectrum of rifampicin in a variety of solvents with different hydrogen-bonding solvents (benzene and carbon disulfide) the amide III band was observed at approximately 1220 cm-1; in dimethyl sulfoxide, a weak hydrogen-bond acceptor, 1274 cm-1; in water, a strong hydrogen-bonding solvent, 1306 cm-1; and finally, in triethylamine, a stronger hydrogen-bonding solvent than water, it was observed at 1314 cm-1. Thus, as the hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent increased, the amide III band shifted to higher frequency. Based on these results, the rifampicin binding site in RNA polymerase provides a stronger hydrogen-bonding environment for the amidic proton of rifampicin than is encountered when rifampicin is free in aqueous solution.
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Wu CW, Tweedy N. Mechanistic aspects of promoter binding and chain initiation by RNA polymerase. Mol Cell Biochem 1982; 47:129-49. [PMID: 6755217 DOI: 10.1007/bf00229597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gallo GG, Radaelli P. Rifampin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Rinehart KL, Shield LS. Chemistry of the ansamycin antibiotics. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1976; 33:231-307. [PMID: 11155 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-3262-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fuska J, Proksa B. Cytotoxic and antitumor antibiotics produced by microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 20:259-370. [PMID: 998366 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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