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Abstract
This Perspective article highlights the recent development of mesoionic N-heterocyclic olefins (mNHOs), where the exo-cyclic olefinic carbon is not bonded to strongly electron-withdrawing groups. The unquenched basicity and nucleophilicity of the exo-cyclic olefinic carbon make mNHOs strong σ-donors and enable unique reactivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Liang
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6.
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6.
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Schwarze T, Kelling A, Sperlich E, Holdt H. Influence of Regioisomerism in 9‐Anthracenyl‐Substituted Dithiodicyanoethene Derivatives on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Controlled By Intramolecular Charge Transfer. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwarze
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Alexandra Kelling
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Eric Sperlich
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Golm Germany
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Holdt
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Golm Germany
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Naumann S. Synthesis, properties & applications of N-heterocyclic olefins in catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11658-11670. [PMID: 31517349 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), a recently (re-)discovered type of electron-rich, polar alkene, are comprehensively presented. Along with synthetic aspects and chemical properties, special emphasis is put on the multi-faceted impact NHOs already have had on catalysis. This is discussed along the lines of small molecule organocatalysis, organo- and metal-assisted polymerization and of the understanding and application of NHO-ligated organometallic complexes. Highlighted are the strong basicity of NHOs ("superbases"), their high nucleophilicity and the design principles to tailor NHO (organo-)catalysts. It is demonstrated that NHOs can complement, and in many cases out-perform, the much better established N-heterocyclic carbene-based systems. Examples include among others CO2-sequestration, the polymerization of lactones and epoxides or the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyls. Further, the unique ability to selectively address basic or nucleophilic reaction pathways via NHO-mediation is detailed, as is the bonding situation in NHO-metal complexes and the ability of the olefin to act as an electronically flexible ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Armitt DJ, Bruce MI, Skelton BW, White AH. Reactions of Alkynyl−Ruthenium Complexes with the Ketene Dithioacetal, (MeS)2C═C(CN)2. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om7011437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Armitt
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, and Chemistry M313, SBBCS, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009
| | - Michael I. Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, and Chemistry M313, SBBCS, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, and Chemistry M313, SBBCS, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009
| | - Allan H. White
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, and Chemistry M313, SBBCS, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009
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Makarov VA, Granik VG. Synthesis and properties of β,β-bisfunctionalised keteneN,N-acetals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n11abeh000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sandströum J. Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Push-Pull and Strained Ethylenes. TOPICS IN STEREOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470147238.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Shi Y, Zhang J, Stein PD, Shi M, O'Connor SP, Bisaha SN, Li C, Atwal KS, Bisacchi GS, Sitkoff D, Pudzianowski AT, Liu EC, Hartl KS, Seiler SM, Youssef S, Steinbacher TE, Schumacher WA, Rendina AR, Bozarth JM, Peterson TL, Zhang G, Zahler R. Ketene aminal-based lactam derivatives as a novel class of orally active FXa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5453-8. [PMID: 16213711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-Disubstituted ketene aminals are good bioisosteres of thiourea functional groups. We report the design and synthesis of a novel class of ketene aminal-based lactam derivatives as potent and orally active FXa inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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Shi Y, Zhang J, Grazier N, Stein PD, Atwal KS, Traeger SC, Callahan SP, Malley MF, Galella MA, Gougoutas JZ. One-Pot Synthesis and Conformational Features of N,N‘-Disubstituted Ketene Aminals. J Org Chem 2003; 69:188-91. [PMID: 14703396 DOI: 10.1021/jo0352528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-Disubstituted ketene aminals are bioisosteres of thioureas and are useful building blocks in many synthetic operations. A convenient one-pot synthesis of N,N'-disubstituted ketene aminals from activated methylene compounds and isothiocyanates is described. Most of these aminals exist in rotameric equilibrium around the central C=C bonds in solution, and the rotamers are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding both in solution and in solid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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Mellor JM, Schofield SR, Korn SR. Routes to building blocks for heterocyclic synthesis by reduction of ketene dithioacetals. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kantlehner W, Greiner U. Orthoamide, XLVI. Beiträge zur Chemie von Bis(dialkylamino)malononitrilen. European J Org Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1990199001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Junjappa H, Ila H, Asokan C. α-Oxoketene-S,S-, N,S- and N,N-acetals: Versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schaumann E, Scheiblich S, Wriede U, Adiwidjaja G. Thioketen-Synthesen, VII. Thioketene durch [3 + 2]-Cycloreversion von 1,3-Dithiolan-Derivaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19881210624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berg U, Sjöstrand U. Effects of solute-solvent interactions and acid catalysis on the rotational barriers in polarized ethylenes. The significance of large entropies of activation as measured by dynamic NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1270111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Osman R, Zunger A, Shvo Y. Semiempirical calculations of ground state properties and rotational barriers in conjugated ethylenes. Tetrahedron 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(78)89044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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