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Stasiak B, Czapik A, Kwit M. Dynamic Induction of Optical Activity in Triarylmethanols and Their Carbocations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:643-656. [PMID: 33348985 PMCID: PMC7872417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A series of artificial triarylmethanols
has been synthesized and
studied toward the possibility of exhibiting an induced optical activity.
The observed chiroptical response of these compounds resulted from
the chiral conformation of a triarylmethyl core. The chirality induction
from a permanent chirality element to the liable triarylmethyl core
proceeds as a cooperative and cascade process. The OH···O(R)
and/or (H)O···HorthoC hydrogen
bond formation along with the C–H···π
interactions seem to be the most important factors that control efficiency
of the chirality induction. The position of chiral and methoxy electron-donating
groups within a trityl skeleton affects the amplitude of observed
Cotton effects and stability of the trityl carbocations. In the neutral
environment, the most intense Cotton effects are observed for ortho-substituted derivatives, which undergo a rapid decomposition
associated with the complete decay of ECD signals upon acidification.
From all of the in situ generated stable carbocations, only two exhibit
intense Cotton effects in the low energy region at around 450 nm.
The formation of carbocations is reversible; after alkalization, the
ions return to the original neutral forms. Unlike most triarylmethyl
derivatives known so far, in the crystal, the triarylmethanol, para-substituted with the chiral moiety, shows a propensity
for a solid-state sorting phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Stasiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61 614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czapik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61 614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Kwit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61 614 Poznań, Poland.,Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61 614 Poznań, Poland
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Benincori T, Marchesi A, Pilati T, Ponti A, Rizzo S, Sannicolò F. Chirality in the absence of rigid stereogenic elements: the design of configurationally stable C3-symmetric propellers. Chemistry 2009; 15:94-105. [PMID: 19072792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Residual stereoisomerism is a form of stereoisomerism scarcely considered so far for applicative purposes, though extremely interesting, since the production of stereoisomers does not involve classical rigid stereogenic elements. In three-bladed propeller-shaped molecules, a preferred stereomerization mechanism, related to the correlated rotation of the rings, allows the free interconversion of stereoisomers inside separated sets (the residual stereoisomers) that can interconvert through higher energy pathways. In light of possible future applications as chiral ligands for transition metals in stereoselective processes, some C(3)-symmetric phosphorus-centered propellers, which could exist as residual enantiomers, are synthesized and the possibility of resolving their racemates into residual antipodes is explored. While the tris(aryl)methanes are configurationally stable at room temperature, only selected tris(aryl)phosphane oxides display a configurational stability high enough to allow resolution by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase (CSP HPLC) at a semipreparative level at room temperature. Stability was evaluated through different techniques (circular dichroism (CD) signal decay, dynamic CSP HPLC (CSP DHPLC), dynamic NMR analysis (DNMR)) and the results compared and discussed. Phosphanes were found much less stable than the corresponding phosphane oxides, for which preliminary calculations suggest that the three-ring-flip enantiomerization mechanism (M(0)) would be easier than phosphorus pyramidal inversion. The parameters affecting the configurational stability of the residual enantiomers of C(3)-symmetric propellers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ed Ambientali, Università dell'Insubria via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yamamoto G, Kobayashi Y, Ono K, Yano E, Minoura M, Mazaki Y. Synthesis and Structures of 9-Triptycylallene Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yamamoto G, Ohta S, Kaneko M, Mouri K, Ohkuma M, Mikami R, Uchiyama Y, Minoura M. Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Tris(9-triptycyl)stannane Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The miniaturization of components used in the construction of working devices is being pursued currently by the large-downward (top-down) fabrication. This approach, however, which obliges solid-state physicists and electronic engineers to manipulate progressively smaller and smaller pieces of matter, has its intrinsic limitations. An alternative approach is a small-upward (bottom-up) one, starting from the smallest compositions of matter that have distinct shapes and unique properties-namely molecules. In the context of this particular challenge, chemists have been extending the concept of a macroscopic machine to the molecular level. A molecular-level machine can be defined as an assembly of a distinct number of molecular components that are designed to perform machinelike movements (output) as a result of an appropriate external stimulation (input). In common with their macroscopic counterparts, a molecular machine is characterized by 1) the kind of energy input supplied to make it work, 2) the nature of the movements of its component parts, 3) the way in which its operation can be monitored and controlled, 4) the ability to make it repeat its operation in a cyclic fashion, 5) the timescale needed to complete a full cycle of movements, and 6) the purpose of its operation. Undoubtedly, the best energy inputs to make molecular machines work are photons or electrons. Indeed, with appropriately chosen photochemically and electrochemically driven reactions, it is possible to design and synthesize molecular machines that do work. Moreover, the dramatic increase in our fundamental understanding of self-assembly and self-organizational processes in chemical synthesis has aided and abetted the construction of artificial molecular machines through the development of new methods of noncovalent synthesis and the emergence of supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis as a uniquely powerful synthetic tool. The aim of this review is to present a unified view of the field of molecular machines by focusing on past achievements, present limitations, and future perspectives. After analyzing a few important examples of natural molecular machines, the most significant developments in the field of artificial molecular machines are highlighted. The systems reviewed include 1) chemical rotors, 2) photochemically and electrochemically induced molecular (conformational) rearrangements, and 3) chemically, photochemically, and electrochemically controllable (co-conformational) motions in interlocked molecules (catenanes and rotaxanes), as well as in coordination and supramolecular complexes, including pseudorotaxanes. Artificial molecular machines based on biomolecules and interfacing artificial molecular machines with surfaces and solid supports are amongst some of the cutting-edge topics featured in this review. The extension of the concept of a machine to the molecular level is of interest not only for the sake of basic research, but also for the growth of nanoscience and the subsequent development of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" Università di Bologna via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
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Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Alkyl and Analogous Groups. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Yamamoto G, Oki M. Restricted Rotation Involving the Tetrahedral Carbon. LIX. Stereodynamics of Singlyperi-Substituted 9-(3,5-Dimethylphenoxy)triptycene Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.59.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Koga N, Iwamura H. A KINETIC STUDY OF COUPLED INTERNAL ROTATION IN RACEMIC 2,3-BENZO-9-TRIPTYCYL 2-(DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYL)-9-TRIPTYCYL ETHER BY MEANS OF EXCIPLEX FLUORESCENCE DYNAMICS. CHEM LETT 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1986.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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